20EEE1003 AKHIL NAYAK ELECTRICAL SIMULATION LAB

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled and Controlled Rectifier

Aim: To design and implement Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled and Controlled
rectifiers, and simulate them with R and RL loads.

Software Used: MATLAB 2022b

Theory:
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A
half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that only allows one half-cycle of an
AC voltage waveform to pass, blocking the other half-cycle. and only require a single
diode to construct.

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier: This rectifier comprises of an

AC source, a diode and a load. The diode gets forward biased during the positive half
cycle of the AC source, and the circuit conducts. During the negative half cycle, the
diode becomes reverse biased and blocks current.

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier: This rectifier comprises of an AC

source, a Thyristor/SCR and a load. The key difference here, is the presence of the
thyristor/SCR, which conducts only when gate pulses at a firing angle α are applied to
it. The SCR automatically turns off when its voltage is reverse biased for a period
longer than the SCR turn off time and its current falls below holding current.

Theoretical Calculations:
For a R load, average output voltage and current for an uncontrolled and controlled
half wave rectifier are given by:
Vo, average = 𝑉𝑚 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠∝)/2𝜋 I o, average = 𝑉0/𝑅
Where α is the firing angle of the thyristor. For uncontrolled rectifiers, the thyristor is
replaced by a diode, and α = 0. Considering an AC source with RMS voltage of 230V
and a resistive load of 10Ω;
For a single-phase half wave uncontrolled rectifier Vo = 103.53V; Io = 10.53A
For a single-phase half wave-controlled rectifier with α = 30◦ Vo = 96.6V; Io = 9.66A
 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with R load
Circuit Diagram:

Graphs:

Components Required:
Sr. Parameters Ratings Quantity
No.
1 AC Single Phase 230V(Vrms) 1
Voltage Source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Diode - 1
4 Voltmeter - 2
5 Ammeter - 1

Observation:
Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V

Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 103.53V 103.1V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 10.35A 10.31A

AC Input Power 2389.5 (W) 2372 (W)

DC Output Power 1071.53 (W) 1063 (W)

Efficiency (%) 44.84 44.84

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load

Circuit Diagram:

Graphs:
 Components Required:

Sr. Parameters Ratings Quantity

No.
1 AC Single Phase 230V(Vrms) 1
Voltage Source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 1
5 Voltmeter - 2

Observation:
Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V

Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 103.53V 100.8V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 10.35A 10.08A

AC Input Power 2389.5 (W) 2318 (W)

DC Output Power 1071.53 (W) 1017 (W)

Efficiency (%) 44.84 43.84

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load and Freewheeling diode

Circuit Diagram:
Graphs:

Components Required:
Sr. Parameters Ratings Quantity
No.
1 AC Single Phase 230V(Vrms) 1
Voltage Source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 2
5 Voltmeter - 2

Observation
Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V

Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 103.53V 103.8V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 10.35A 9.855A
AC Input Power 2389.5 (W) 2266 (W)
AC Input Power 1071.53 (W) 1015 (W)
Efficiency (%) 44.84 44.8

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RLE load

Circuit Diagram:

Graphs:

Components Required:

Sr. Parameters Ratings Quantity

No.
1 AC Single Phase 230V(Vrms) 1
Voltage Source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 1
5 DC Source 100V 1
Observation
 Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V

Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 103.53V 156V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 10.35A 5.61A
AC Input Power 2389.5 (W) 1290 (W)
DC Output Power 1071.53 (W) 875.8 (W)
Efficiency (%) 44.84 67.88

Result:
1. From the output voltage and current waveforms, it can be observed that the
diode gets forward biased during the positive half cycle of the AC source. The
efficiency of uncontrolled rectifier with R load is 44.84%.
2. As the load is inductive in nature, the output current lags the output voltage.
The efficiency of uncontrolled rectifier with RL load is 44.84%.

3. The addition of the freewheeling diode is able to cut off the notch during the
negative half cycle of AC Voltage Source as the lagging current starts flowing
through the freewheeling diode rather than the rectifier circuit. The efficiency
of uncontrolled rectifier with RL load with freewheeling diode is 44.8%.

4. It is observed that the simulated output voltage follows the same waveform
shape as the RL load, with the differences being that its voltage is always
positive, and when the output current falls to zero, the diode stops conducting,
and the output voltage becomes 100V.The efficiency of uncontrolled rectifier
with RLE load is 67.88%.

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R load

Circuit Diagram:
Graphs:

Components Required:
Sr. No. Parameters Ratings Quantity
1 AC Single Phase Voltage Source 230V(Vrms) 1
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Thyristor - 1
4 Voltmeter - 2
5 Ammeter - 1
6 Firing Angle 30◦ -

Observation:
Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values
AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 96.6V 96.28V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 9.66A 9.628A
AC Input Power 2214.44 (W) 2214 (W)

DC Output Power 926.98 (W) 926.9 (W)

Efficiency (%) 41.86 41.86
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load
Circuit Diagram:

Graphs:
 Sr. No. Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase voltage source 230V(Vrms) 1

2 Resistor 10Ω 1

3 Inductor 10mH 1

4 Thyristor - 1

5 Voltmeter - 2

6 Ammeter - 1

7 Firing Angle 30◦ -

Components Required:

Observations:
Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V

Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 96.6V 93.96V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 9.66A 9.396A
AC Input Power 2214.44 (W) 2161 (W)

DC Output Power 926.98 (W) 882.8 (W)

Efficiency (%) 41.86 40.85

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE load

Circuit Diagram:
Components Required:

Sr. No. Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase voltage 230V(Vrms) 1

source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1

3 Inductor 10mH 1

4 Thyristor - 1

5 DC Source 100V 1

6 Voltmeter - 2

7 Ammeter - 1

8 Firing Angle 30◦ -

Graphs:
Observation:
Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V

Output Average Voltage (Vo,avg) 96.66V 155.1V
Output Average Current (Io,avg) 9.66A 5.507A

AC Input Power 2214.44 (W) 1266 (W)

DC Output Power 926.98 (W) 853.9 (W)

Efficiency (%) 41.86 67.43

Result:
1. As the load is resistive in nature, the output current is in phase with output
voltage. The efficiency of controlled rectifier with R load is 41.86%.
2. As the load is inductive in nature, the output current lags the output voltage.
This causes the diode to conduct till output current reaches zero, thus making
the output voltage negative in this time period. Once the output current
becomes zero, the thyristor stops conducting, and output voltage also returns
to zero. The efficiency of controlled rectifier with RL load is 40.85%.
3. Once the circuit starts conducting, it is similar to the characteristics of an
uncontrolled half wave rectifier with RLE load. The efficiency of controlled
rectifier with RL load is 67.43%.

Conclusion:
The design of single-phase half wave rectifiers, both controlled and uncontrolled, with
R, RL, RL with freewheeling diode, and RLE loads were implemented successfully in
MATLAB using Simulink. The output waveforms for voltage and current were obtained
in each case, and a comparison between theoretically calculated and simulated output
parameter values was also performed.