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Practical Research 2
Quarter 1- Module 1
Nature of Quantitative Research
Introduction
Research has become part of man’s curiosity. As Hurston (2001) quoted, it is poking and prying
with a purpose. And such purpose is to build the best thing we could possibly build, create
inventions we could possibly use in the future and discover something no one knew before.

To Senior High School students, the purpose is generally for you to become someone who
have contributed solutions, may it be little or big, to the problems our society concerns. But
research comes with a challenge that may fill you with dread. Specifically, academic writing is a
real task-on-hand especially on how students come up with a research work. Thus, academic
writing is clearly very important for a student and is inevitable to be taken lightly when it comes
to research.

Hence, this module, ‘Practical Research II, aims to guide the students through the process of
completing a quantitative research project. Basically, this is written for students to acquire
required research skills and knowledge acquisition on research in a more comprehensive way
while at home.

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. Define quantitative research;

b. Describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research; and
c. Sketch a diagram that explains the characteristics and functions of quantitative research.

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 What I Know
Directions: Read the following questions and select the letter that contains the best
answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Which one of the following instruments is used in conducting a qualitative research?

A. Survey sheet C. Checklist
B. Observation D. Rating Scale
2. What is the result of passed wisdom from generation to the next?
A. Inquiry C. Experience
B. Research D. Hypothesis
3. What characteristic of research is followed by ABM students when they get to investigate and
produce complete data on their study about “Success in bookkeeping”?
A. Original Work C. Systematic
B. Empirical D. Controlled
4. What characteristic of research is followed by Grade 12 HUMSS students of Alpaco National
High School when they based their research on observation and experimentation of strategies
implemented by the teacher in the classroom?
A. Original Work C. Systematic
B. Empirical D. Controlled
5. What characteristic of research is considered by Inodoro Casillas Jr. when he led his
groupmates to follow orderly and sequential procedures based on valid procedures and
principles in creating a robot which will automatically clean the bathroom?
A. Original Work C. Systematic
B. Empirical D. Controlled
6. What characteristic of research is considered by Pasensyoso Manigbasay when he tested all
variables that will create a strong insecticide out from horse radish?
A. Original Work C. Systematic
B. Empirical D. Controlled
7. What seeks for truth, information or knowledge?
A. Inquiry C. Research
B. Experience D. Hypothesis
8. What refers to an educated guess made by the researcher?
A. Inquiry C. Research
B. Experience D. Hypothesis
9. What is referred to as norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior?
A. Inquiry C. Ethics
B. Experience D. Research
10. What is the significant impact of research to the lives of people in the society when it
helps in the understanding and appreciation of the works of artists in literature, painting
and other fine arts?
A. To make changes C. To understand arts
B. To know the truth D. For a safer life
11. Which is the significant impact of research to the lives of people in the society that refers to
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 What’s In

In Grade 11, research has been presented as Practical Research I (Qualitative Research)
wherein you were engaged in conducting an exploratory research on a certain problem/
phenomenon related to their strand. From what you have learned in the Research 1, here are
some essential points for you to remember to guide you all throughout this semester’s course:

1. The term research comes from the French word recerche which means to travel
through or to survey;
2. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon (Babbie, 2001)
3. Research is a systematic and objective creation of knowledge.
Keywords: Systematic (w/ a system or method, the scientific method), Objective
(no bias, all angles presented), Knowledge Creation (a creative process)
4. On broader perspective is classified into two groups; qualitative or quantitative (Tesch,
2013)
5. There exists a fundamental distinction between two groups of research. A qualitative
research is descriptive and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not
measured, such as language while quantitative research is information about quantities,
and therefore numbers (Mcleod, 2019).

Based on your prior experiences in conducting a research study, reflect on the

following questions below and use your thoughts as gear as we move forward in this
topic. (There is no need for you to write the answer.)

1. What are the things/experiences you like/learn in doing research?

2. What are your challenges and difficulties?

What’s New
Explain in your own understanding how the following pictures relate to
quantitative research. Limit your answer to one (1) sentence only. Write your answers in
your notebook.

1. ______________________
______________________
______________________

https://bit.ly/3CW6qb0

2. ______________________

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 ______________________
______________________
https://bit.ly/3iSPlaa

What Is It
Reflect on the following questions. (No need to write your answer)

1. Based on your answers from the above activity, what is quantitative research?

2. Given that you have learned from Grade 11 the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and
kinds of qualitative research, what do you think are the differences of qualitative research and
quantitative research?

Since the previous semester, you were introduced to creating solutions to simple to complex
problems you observed in our society through your qualitative research work. You have done
interviews, observations, and analyzed the data gathered to create possible themes and
subthemes considered as keys to solving the problems diagnosed. However, there are certain
biases to the nature of qualitative research that can be solved through quantifying it and
representing a statistical evidence to better prove the solution you provide. This is where
quantitative research is needed. So, what is quantitative research and how useful is it for you?
How does it differ from Qualitative research done in the previous semester?

What is Quantitative Research?

 Quantitative Research is a systematic, objective and comprehensive investigation
of certain phenomenon which involves accurate data gathering, recording, and
critical analyzing and interpreting of all facts about the phenomenon through
numerical evaluations and statistical interpretations. Thus, quantitative research
uses quantities and numbers.
Examples: scores, ratings, frequencies, percentages, prices

How does quantitative research differ from qualitative?

 These two are considered as the approaches of research.

1. Qualitative Research investigator views the phenomena to be investigated as more

personal. Qualitative research uses methods such as personal accounts, unstructured
interviews and participant observation to gain an understanding of the underlying
reasons and motivations for peoples’ attitudes preferences or behaviors. Generating
hypotheses from the data collection rather than testing a hypothesis is the emphasis
of qualitative research.

2. Quantitative Research usually starts with a theory or a general statement proposing a

general relationship between variables. This typically concentrates on measuring or
counting and involves collecting and analyzing numerical data and applying statistical
tests.

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How do
you
know if
SYSTEMATIC OBJECTIVE COMPREHENSIVE
the

RESEARCH INVESTIGATION PHENOMENON

Accurate
Gathering
Recording Critical
Analyzing Interpreting

DATA

SCHEMA 1: THE NATURE OF RESEARCH

research you have done is a good?

Paul Leedy and Best (2000)

1. Systematic
Research becomes systematic when it follows orderly and sequential
procedures, based on valid procedures and principles. Researchers are
advised to refer to the research guidelines provided or prescribed by the
school.
2. Controlled
In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on, are
kept constant.
3. Empirical
Research is based on observations and experimentations of theories. It takes
into account the direct experiences that fuse the researcher’s speculation
with reality. Most researches are based on real-life situations.
4. Analytical
There is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in the
researcher’s interpretations.
5. Objective, unbiased and logical

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 The term also refers to the research as unbiased and logical. All findings are
logically based on empirical data, which as earlier mentioned, are based on
real life situations.
6. Employs hypothesis
Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent guess or prediction, that gives
directional to the research to answer the research question. It provides
understanding to the researchers about what to expect from
the results of the study, especially when conducting a quantitative research.
Without hypotheses, research would be like aimless wandering.
7. Employs qualitative or statistical methods
A qualitative researcher can do thematic analysis which emphasize
identifying, analyzing, and interpreting patterns of meaning. While in
a quantitative approach, a researcher uses statistical methods such as
descriptive statistics (summarize data from a sample using indexes such as
mean or standard deviation) or inferential statistics (draw conclusions from
data that are subject to random variation).
8. Original work
It requires effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and produce the
data needed to complete the study. Go to the library to check on the originality
of your work.
9. Done by an expert
Researchers become expert when they conduct a study based on their field
of specialization. It takes an expert to create a valuable research output.
10. Patient and unhurried activity
There are two types of research: short-term and long term studies. May it be
short-term (conducted within a period of three to six months) or long-term
(conducted within one to five or more years), a researcher must be patient
enough to gather necessary data on a certain research for it to have coherent,
valid, and relevant evidences.

How does research affect your life as a researcher and the society?
 Research discovers new facts or new “truths” about known phenomenon for primal
existence.
 Research corrects perceptions as well as expands them.
 Research gathers information on subjects or phenomena with little
knowledge/information.
 Research expands or verifies existing knowledge.
 Research finds answers to queries by means of scientific studies.
 Research develops and evaluates concepts, practices and theories.
 Research also develops and evaluates method that test concepts, practices and
theories.
 Research obtained-knowledge can be utilized for practical purposes.
 Research provides hard facts which serve as basis for planning, decision making,
monitoring and evaluation.
 To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity by searching again exhaustively new facts either for
personal satisfaction or society’s gain.

Strengths of Quantitative Research

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1. Precision of numbers
2. Level of significance (statistical) can be determined – those results are not due to chance
alone
3. Sample is less prone to sampling bias
4. Error can be computed, e.g., sampling error

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

1. Inadequacy of numbers for total picture and depth of analysis
2. Less than 100% accuracy in sampling, instrument construction and administration
3. Assumptions in statistical methods

Hence, quantitative research deploys researchers and statisticians to do mathematical

frameworks and theories that pertain to the quantity under question. The results achieved from
this research approach are logical, statistical, and unbiased.

What’s More

Given the elements in the box, indicate their correct approach in research. Copy the table
format in your notebook and write your answer in it.

Elements:
To quantify variation To describe variation
Open ended questionnaire Close ended questionnaire
Measured or Treated Textual
Numerics Exploratory
Non Probability Observed -
Rigid or Concrete Themes
Tables or Graphs Probability
Explanatory Flexible (Interview Guide)

Table Format:
No Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
.
1. To describe variation To quantify variation
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

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 What I Have Learned

Let’s try to remember the following points:

1. Quantitative research is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable

data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.

2. A lot of researchers consider the distinction between experimental and non-experimental

research to be an extremely important one. This is partly due to the fact that experimental
research can accommodate the manipulation of independent variables, which is something
non-experimental research cannot.

3. As a researcher who is interested in using one of experimental and non-experimental

research, it is important to understand the distinction between these two. This helps in deciding
which method is better for carrying out particular research.

What I Can Do

In your notebook, create a Venn diagram showing the comparison and contrast of
quantitative and qualitative research according to their characteristics, strengths,
weaknesses, and kinds.

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 Post Assessment

On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions.

(Important Note: Do not use the same definition or explanation written in the module.
Use paraphrasing and summarizing in creating your answers to the questions given)

1. How do you define quantitative research?.

2. How does quantitative research differ from qualitative research?
3. What are the advantages of using quantitative research? Cite one only and explain
further.
4. How about its disadvantages? Cite one only and explain further.
5. What are the two types of quantitative research and how do they differ from one
another?

Additional Activities

Directions: Analyze and give your insights on how quantitative research functions on
the following situations. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Karina is a Grade 12- Bread and Pastry student of San Jose Bakery Tech-Institute. During
their entrepreneurship class, their teacher gave them a task to bake an original pastry they
wanted to showcase during the expo. As for Karina, she chose her fruitcake loaf cake. Their
teacher added that their grade during the expo lies on how satisfied their customers are of the
pastry they tasted. What will Karina do to know whether her future customers like the cake she
baked?

2. Clerk is a Grade 12-HUMSS student in Don Emilio Canonigo National High School. In his
Research 2 class, he proposed to identify the number of students who will possibly enroll in
HUMSS strand in School Year 2021-2022. What will Clerk do in order to gather the number of
incoming HUMSS students?

3. Pacita wants to open a food stall inside Alpaco National High School. As a newbie in the
business industry, she wanted to know the kinds of food the students prefer to eat during lunch
time at school. What will Pacita do in order to gather data on the food these students want?

4. Dionisio Jardenero has an eggplant and okra plantation in Jaguimit, City of Naga. He
had noticed that for the past two months that the fertilizer he used didn’t make his
vegetables healthy. With this, he wanted to shift to another fertilizer. His friend,

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Carmelotes, an agriculturist, introduced to him three varieties of fertilizer namely:
indigenous microoganisms (IMO), animal manure, muriate of potash (potassium
chloride). How will Dionisio know what type of manure be best for his plantation?

REFERENCES:

Prieto, N. et al. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quantitative.
Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Prieto, N. et al. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 1Qualitative.
Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Acar, B. (2017). Mass Training For Teachers on Practical Research 2 and 3.
Harland, D. (2020). Experimental Research Designs: Types, Examples and
Methods. Formplus Blog. Retrieved from www.formpl.us

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Babbie, E. (1998). The Practice of Social Research. Detroit: Wadsworth Publishing
Company.

Online Sources

USC Libraries. Research Guides. October 4, 2020. Retrieved from

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/variables
Cramer, Duncan and Dennis Howitt. The SAGE Dictionary of Statistics. London:
SAGE, 2004; Penslar, Robin Levin and Joan P. Porter. Institutional Review
Board Guidebook: Introduction. Washington, DC: United States Department of
Health and Human Services, 2010; "What are Dependent and Independent
Variables?"
Identifying Variables.. October 5, 2020. Retrieved from
https://www.pacrim.org/ourpages/auto/2016/9/29/67714237/
Identifying_Variables_Worksheet_2.pdf
Dependent Variables in Experiment. October 5, 2020. Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-dependent-variable-2795099
Independent and Dependent Variables. October 6, 2020. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/independent-and-dependent-variables/

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