LESSON 2: PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
PR 2
| SIR. Christian | SEM 1 2022
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
● Population- the entire group that
you want to draw conclusions
about (big group of people).
● Sample- number of individuals
included in a research study to
represent a population.
○ is the specific group that
you willcollect data from.
The size of the sample is
always less than the total
size of the population.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
 Sampling frame - list of the
members of the population to
which you want to generalize or
apply your findings about the
sample.
 Sampling unit - term referring to
every individual in the population.
FACTORS AFFECTING SAMPLE
SELECTION
1. Sample Size- to determine the right
samplesize is the representativeness of
the sample with respect to the
population.
2. Sampling Technique:
o Probability sampling- random
selection.
o Non- probability sampling-
purposive or controlled selection.
3. Heterogeneity of Population-
composed of individuals with varied
abilities.
4. Statistical Techniques- accuracy of
the sample depends on how precise
your methods are in calculating the
numbers used in measuring the chosen
samples or in giving a certain value to
each of them.
5. Time and cost- choosing samples
dealt with one big whole population
with each member of this large group
needing your attention, time and effort,
let alone the amount of money you will
fork out for the materials you will need
in making the sampling frame.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
 is used to calculate the sample size (n)
given the population size (N) and a
margin of error (e).
 -it's a random sampling technique
formula to estimate sampling size
 It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
o whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error
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LESSON 2: PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
PR 2
| SIR. Christian | SEM 1 2022
Example: Use Slovin’s formula to find out
what sample of a population of 1,000
people you need to take for a survey on
their soda preferences.
Step 1: Figure out what you want your
confidence level to be. For example, you
might want a confidence level of 95
percent (giving you an alpha level of 0.05),
or you might need better accuracy at the
98 percent confidence level (alpha level of
0.02).
Step 2. Plug your data into the formula. In
this example, we’ll use a 95 percent
confidence level with a population size of
1,000.
n = N / (1 + N e2) =
1,000 / (1 + 1000 * 0.05 2) = 285.714286
Step 3: Round your answer to a whole
number (because you can’t sample
a fraction of a person or thing)
285.714286 = 286
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
1. Simple random sampling- choosing of
respondents based on pure chance.
2. Stratified random sampling- choosing
a sample that willl ater on be subdivided
into strata, sub- groups, or sub-samples
during the stage of the data analysis.
3.Cluster sampling- selecting
respondents in clusters, rather than in
separate individuals.
4. Systematic sampling- picking out from
the list every 5th or every 8th member
listed in the sampling frame until the
completion of the desired total number of
respondents.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
1. Convenience sampling- (availability
sampling) is a specific type of non-
probability sampling methodthat relies on
data collection from population members
who are conveniently available to
participate in study. Facebook polls or
questions can be mentioned as a popular
example for convenience sampling.
2. Snowball sampling- selecting samples
from several alternative samples like drug
dependents, street children etc.
3. Purposive sampling- choosing
respondents whom you have judged as
people with good background knowledge
or with great enthusiasm about the
research.
4. Quota sampling- choosing specific
samples that you know correspond to the
population in terms of one, two or more
characteristics.