STATISTICS – II

SAMPLING & DESIGN

 STATISTICS – II
SAMPLING & DESIGN

For B.Sc. (CSIT)

Second Semester

Dr. Vikash Raj Satyal

Professor
Amrit Science Campus
Kathmandu
Tribhuvan University

Bijay Lal Pradhan Nabaraj Poudyal Prakash Bahadur Amatya

Lecturer Lecturer Lecturer
Birendra Multiple Campus Amrit Science Campus Patan Multiple Campus
Chitwan Kathmandu Lalitpur
Tribhuvan University Tribhuvan University Tribhuvan University

KEC
Publication and Distribution
Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 01-4168301, 01-4241777
STATISTICS – II (Sampling & Design )
For B.Sc. (CSIT) Second Semester

First Edition 2014

Copyright by Authors.
author's e-mail address:
vrsatyal@gmail.com
bijayprad@gmail.com
nrpl2001@gmail.com
prakashbdr@gmail.com

Publisher & Distributor by

KEC PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
Kathmandu
Ph. 01 4168301, 01 4241777, 01 4168215

email: kecpublication14@mail.com
Price Rs. 375.00
ISBN No.: 978 – 9937 – 8892 – 1 – 6

Printed in Nepal
Preface

The book has been especially designed as a text book for the students and teachers of
Statistics-II of B.Sc. CSIT who have taken statistics as an optional paper under Tribhuvan
University. This book is also expected to serve the need of students of B.Sc./B.A. Statistics,
B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Forestry having similar course.

Authors of this book have tried their highest attempt to written it in lucid language, free from
ambiguity with derivations and worked out examples to make it easy to understand the basic
statistical concepts, derivations and the use of formula. As the coverage topics of Statistics-II is
more technical and demands a good pre requisite knowledge and experience of the users in
basic statistics, authors of this book have used their decade long teaching and research
experience in fulfilling this requirement.

We are indebted to all the students who in past given us insights by asking different questions,
and to our colleagues for their academic discussions that has improved the quality of this
book. We express our thanks to all such named and unnamed contributors for this book who
have been the source of our perennial inspirations.

We would like to express special thanks to Mr. Badri Singh Adhikari, Managing Director, KEC
Publication & Distribution for his keen interest to publish this book with great speed and
efficiency. We are also thankful to Mr. Binod Shrestha and Mr. Jeevan Neupane for their
painstaking computer work without which the book will not have come in this nice look.

We highly expect that all our good wishers and contributors, students, teachers, colleagues will
encourage our effort and will continue to suggest us to improve this book, as before, for which
we will be open and highly thankful to all of them.

Authors.
Brief Contents

Chapter 1

METHOD OF DATA SUMMARIZATION 1

Chapter 2

SAMPLE SURVEY METHODS 15

Chapter 3

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 75
Chapter 4

SIMPLE DESIGN 125

Chapter 5

FACTORIAL DESIGN 171

Contents

Chapter 1

METHOD OF DATA SUMMARIZATION

Concept of Population and Sample ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
Census and Sample Survey ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Advantages of sampling over Census --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Limitations of sampling -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Needs of Sampling --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Basic Steps in Sampling --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Sampling and Non Sampling Errors ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Non-Sampling error ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Questionnaire Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Sample Selection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
EXERCISE – 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Chapter 2

SAMPLE SURVEY METHODS

Types of Sampling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Simple Random Sampling --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Selection of Simple Random Sampling ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Merits and demerits of Simple random sampling ---------------------------------------------------- 25
EXERCISE – 2(A) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Stratified Random Sampling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
 Purpose of stratification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
Comparison of stratified random sampling with simple random sampling: ------------------ 22
EXERCISE – 2(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Ratio and Regression Method of Estimation under Simple and Stratified
Random Sampling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
Regression Estimator ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Regression estimate in stratified sampling: ------------------------------------------------------------ 52
EXERCISE – 2(C) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
Systematic Sampling ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
EXERCISE -2 (D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
Cluster Sampling --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
EXERCISE – 2(E)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Multistage Sampling ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
EXERCISE – 2(F) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
Probability Proportion to Size Sampling (PPS) ------------------------------------------------------- 70
Lahiri’s Method ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
EXERCISE – 2(G) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74

Chapter 3

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Cochran’s theorem ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
Linear model -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
Assumptions of ANOVA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
Application of ANOVA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
EXERCISE – 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 120

Chapter 4

SIMPLE DESIGN
Experimental Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
Objectives of the experimental design ----------------------------------------------------------------- 125
Steps in design of experiments --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
Terminology in Experimental Design ------------------------------------------------------------------ 126
Efficiency of design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127
 Principles of design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127
Randomization----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
Local control -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
Completely randomized design (CRD) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 128
Advantages of CRD----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132
Disadvantages of CRD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132
Randomised block design (RBD) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 135
Efficiency of RBD relative to CRD----------------------------------------------------------------------- 143
Latin square design (LSD)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149
Statistical analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150
Advantages of LSD ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155
Disadvantages of LSD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155
EXERCISE – 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167

Chapter 5

FACTORIAL DESIGN
Factorial design: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 171
Advantages of factorial design --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172
Main effect of A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172
CRD is performed for 2² design -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175
LSD is performed for 2² design -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176
Contrast-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
Ortogonal contrast ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 183
Sum of square due to contrast---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
Confounding in factorial design ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197
EXERCISE– 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211

Appendices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 214

 STATISTICS – II

Unit 1: Sample Survey 10 Hrs.

Concept of Population and Sample; Needs of Sampling; Censuses and Sample Survey;
Basic Concept of Sampling; Organizational Aspect of Sample Survey; Questionnaire
Design; Sample Selection and Determination of Sample Size; Sampling and Non
Sampling Errors.

Unit 2: Sample Survey Methods 13 Hrs.

Types of Sampling; Simple Random Sampling with and without Replacement; Stratified
Random Sampling; Ratio and Regression Method of Estimation under Simple and
Stratified Random Sampling; Systematic Sampling; Cluster Sampling; Multistage
Sampling; Probability Proportion to Size Sampling (PPS), Estimation of population total
and its Variance

Unit 3: Design of Experiments 5 Hrs.

Concept of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), F Statistic and it’s Distribution, Linear Model
in ANOVA , Analysis of One way, Two way classification (1 and m observations per cell)
in Fixed Effect Model.

Unit 4: Simple Design 10 Hrs.

Need for design of Experiment, Fundamentals Principles of Design, Completely
Randomized Design(CRD), Randomized Block Design(RBD), Latin Square Design (LSD)
and their Analysis, Missing Plot techniques for RBD and LSD(One Observations Missing
Only).

Unit 5: Factorial Design 7 Hrs.

2 3 2 3
2 , 2 and 3 Designs, Main Effects and Interaction Effects, Confounding in 2 Factorial
Design.