ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) ASEAN member: Cambodia

LITERATURE
•Head of State : His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or
ASEAN Member: Cambodia
ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Head of Government : Prime Minister Hun Sen
Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding
Fathers of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, •Capital : Phnom Penh
Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined •Language : Khmer
ASEAN on 7 January 1984, followed by Viet Nam on
28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July •Currency : Riel
1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up
•Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation
what is today the Ten Member States of ASEAN.
ofC Website: www.mfaic.gov.kh
The five Foreign Ministers who signed it – Adam
•Government: Unitary dominant-party parliamentary
Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the
elective Constitutional monarchy
Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S.
Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of •Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade of Brunei
Thailand – would subsequently be hailed as the DarussalamWe www.mfa.gov.bn
Founding Fathers of probably the most Successful inter-
governmental organization in the developing world •Government: Unitary Islamic absolute monarchy
today. And the document That they signed would be ASEAN member: Indonesia
known as the ASEAN Declaration.
•Head of State : President Joko Widodo
ASEAN MOTTO
•Capital : Jakarta
- “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”
•Language : Indonesian
ASEAN DAY
•Currency : Rupiah
- August 8
•Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia Website:
ASEAN Member States www.kemlu.go.id
1. Brunei Darussalam – January 7, 1984 •Government: Unitary presidential republic
2. Malaysia – August 8, 1967
3. Cambodia – April 30, 1999 ASEAN member: Lao People’s Democratic Republic
4. Philippines – August 8, 1967
•Head of State : President Thongloun Sisoulith
5. Indonesia – August 8, 1967
6. Singapore – August 8, 1967 •Head of Government : Prime Minister Sonexay
7. Thailand – August 8, 1967 Siphandone
8. Myanmar – July 23, 1997
9. Lao PDR – July 23, 1997 •Capital : Vientiane
10. Viet Nam – July 28, 1995 •Language : Lao
ASEAN Leaders’ Statement on the Application of •Currency : Kip
Timor-Leste For ASEAN Membership
•Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao PDR Website:
We, the Leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, gathering in Phnom Penh, the Kingdom of www.mofa.gov.la
Cambodia for the 40th and 41st ASEAN Summits and •Government: Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party
Related Summits, considering the outcomes of the Fact- socialist Republic
Finding Missions to Timor-Leste conducted by the
ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN ASEAN Member: Malaysia
Economic Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural
•Head of State : His Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda The
Community, and agreed:
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong Al-Sultan Abdullah
1. In-principle to admit Timor-Leste to be the 11th Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah IIbni Almarhum
member of ASEAN; Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah
2. To grant an OBSERVER status to Timor Leste
•Head of Government : Prime Minister Dato’ Seri
and allow its participation in all ASEAN
Anwar bin Ibrahim
Meetings Including at the Summit plenaries;
•Capital : Kuala Lumpur
ASEAN member: Brunei Darussalam
•Language(s) : Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil
•Head of State : His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal
Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah •Currency : Ringgit
•Capital : Bandar Seri Begawan •Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia Website:
www.kln.gov.my
•Language(s) : Malay, English
•ASEAN-Malaysia National Secretariat
•Currency : B$ (Brunei Dollar)
•Website: www.kln.gov.my/myasean •Head of Government : Prime Minister Pham Minh
Chinh
•Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional
elective monarchy •Capital : Ha Noi
•Language : Vietnamese
ASEAN member: Myanmar •Currency : Dong
•Head of State : President U Win Myint •Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Viet Nam Website:
www.mofa.gov.vn
•Capital : Nay Pyi Taw
•Government: Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party
•Language : Myanmar
socialist republic
•Currency : Kyat
ASEAN observer: East Timor, Timor-Leste
•Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Myanmar Website: LLiteratur
www.mofa.gov.mm
•President: José Ramos-Horta
•Government: Unitary assembly-independent republic
•Prime Minister: Taur Matan Ruak
under a Military junta
•Capital : Dili
ASEAN member: The Philippines
•Language : English, Indonesian
•Head of State : President Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos
Jr. •Currency : United States dollar (USD)
•Capital : Manila •Government: Unitary semi-presidential republic
•Language(s) : Filipino, English, Spanish
•Currency : Peso • Literature - written artistic works, especially those
with a high and lasting artistic value.
•Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines
Website: www.dfa.gov.ph a.) Fiction - the type of book or story that is
written about imaginary characters and
•Government: Unitary presidential republic
events and not based on real people and
ASEAN member: Singapore facts.
b.) Non Fiction - writing that is about real
•Head of State : President Halimah Yacob events and facts, rather than stories that have
•Head of Government : Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong been invented.

•Capital : Singapore Elements of Story

•Language(s) : English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil 1.SETTING

•Currency : S$ (Singapore Dollar) - Includes the time and location in which a story
takes place.
•Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore Website:
www.mfa.gov.sg - A Geographical location. Where is the action of
the story taking place?
•Government: Unitary dominant-party parliamentary - When is the story taking place? (historical
republic period, time of day, year, etc)
- Weather conditions – Is it rainy, sunny, stormy,
ASEAN member: Thailand
etc )
•Head of State : His Majesty King Maha Vajiralongkorn - Social conditions – What is the daily life of the
Bodindradebayavarangkun characters like? Does the story contain local
colet (writing that focuses on the speech, dress,
•Head of Government : Prime Minister General Prayut mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular place)?
Chan-o-cha - Mood or atmosphere -What feeling is created at
•Capital : Bangkok the beginning of the story? Is it bright and
cheerful Or dark and frightening?
•Language : Thai
2.CHARACTERS
•Currency : Baht
The representations of human being in a story.
•Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand Website:
www.mfa.go.th - The combination of both inner and outer self.
- They are convincing if they are: consistent,
•Government: Unitary parliamentary semi-democratic[3] motivated, and Life-like (resemble real people)
Constitutional monarchy - Characterization is the method used by the
author to reveal the personality of the character.
ASEAN member: Vietnam
The author gives the Reader information about
•Head of State : President Nguyen Xuan Phuc the characters themselves.
The author may reveal a character in several ways:
- What he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams
(thoughts of the characters)
- What he/she does/does not (actions of the
characters)
- What others say about him/her and how others
react to him/her (description of other characters)
Descriptions of the author
Kinds of Character:
According to Principality:
- Protagonist is the character with whom the
reader empathizes.
- Antagonist is the character that goes against the
main character, usually the protagonist.
According to Development:
- Dynamic is the character that exhibits noticeable
development.
- Static is the character who exhibits no changes
and development, a stereotyped character.
According to Personality:
- Round is the character that displays
different/multiple (complex) personalities
throughout the story.
- Flat is the character that reveals the
conventional traits, who remains the same
throughout the story. Its Characterization does
not grow.
3.PLOT
Five essential parts of plot:
1. Introduction - beginning of the story where the
characters and the setting are revealed.
2. Rising action - The events in the story become
complicated and the conflict in the story is
revealed (events between the introduction and
climax).
3. Climax – The highest point of interest and the
turning point of the story. The reader wonders
what will happen next; Will the conflict be
resolved or not?
4. Falling action – The events and complications
begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows
what has happened next and if The conflict was
resolved or not (events between climax and
denouement).
5. Resolution – The final outcome or untangling of
events in the story.
The Kinds of Plot:
1. Linear plot - Moves with the natural sequence
of events where actions are arranged
sequentially.
2. Circular plot - It’s a kind of plot where linear
development of the story merges with an
interruption in the chronological Order to show
an event that happened in the past.
3. En Media Res,- a kind of plot where the story
commences in the middle part of the action.
Plot Techniques:
1. Flashback – It is the writer’s use of interruption
of the chronological sequence of a story to go
back to related incidents Which occurred prior to
the beginning of the story.
2. Foreshadowing - It is the writer’s use of hints
or clues to indicate events that will occur later in
the story. The use of this Technique both creates
suspense and prepares the reader for what is to
come.
4.CONFLICT
Two types of conflict:
1. Internal - It is a struggle within one’s self; a
person must make some decision, overcome
pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.
2. External - It’s a struggle with a force outside
one’s self. “man vs. man, man vs.
circumstances, man vs. society
5.POINT OF VIEW
It is the angle from which the story is told.
1. Innocent Eye - The story is told through the
eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different
from that of an adult).
2. Stream of Consciousness - The story is told so
that the reader feels as if they are inside the head
of one character and Knows all their thoughts
and reactions.
3. First person – The story is told by the
protagonist or one of the characters who
interacts closely with the protagonist or
Other characters (using pronouns I, me, we, etc).
The reader sees the story through this person’s
eyes as He/she experiences it and only knows
what he/she knows or feels.
6.THEME
- It is the controlling idea or the central insight in
a fiction.
- The author’s underlying meaning or main idea
that he is trying to convey.
- May be the author’s thoughts about a topic or
view of human nature – the significant truth
about life and its nature Which take place in the
illustrations of the actions, preoccupations, and
decisions of the characters.
- The title of the short story usually points to what
the writer is saying and he may use various
figures of speech to Emphasize his theme, such
as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor,
hyperbole, or irony.
Some simple examples of common themes from
literature, TV, and film are:
1. Independence is necessary to grow up, though it
can be scary at times.
2. People are afraid of change.
3. Love, if taken to extremes, can be negative
rather than positive.
4. Love can conquer even the greatest evil.
Principles in Stating the Theme of the Story
1. It reports for all major details of the story.
2. It may be avowed in more than one way.
 3. It is stated in complete statements.
4. It asserts a sweeping statement about life.
5. It avoids statements that condense the theme to
some familiar adage, aphorism, dictum, maxim,
saying, or value.
PHILIPPINES
1. Si Mabuti by Genoveva Edroza – Matute
Setting : Walang pintang paaralan, library
Characters: Fe and Mabuti
PLOT
INTRODUCTION
Si mabuti, hindi niya tunay na pangalan pero Mabuti ang
tawag sa kanya noon ng mga estudyante niya. Siya ay
guro sa pampublikong paaralan.
RISING ACTION
May isang anak si Mabuti at gusto niya itong maging
doktor. Wala siyang sinabi tungkol sa asawa niya. Isang
araw, nabalitaan ni Fe na namatay ang ama ng anak ni
Mabuti ngunit hindi sa bahay nila inihimlay kundi sa
bahay ng ibang babae. At ngayon, naiintindihan na ni Fe
kung bakit hindi nagkukwento si Mabuti tungkol sa
kanyang asawa.
CLIMAX
Isang araw, narinig at nakita niyang umiiyak ang
kanyang estudyante sa isang sulok ng silid-aklatan at
tinanong niya ang kanyang estudyante kung gusto
niyang ibahagi ang dahilan sa likod ng mga luhang iyon.
At umiiyak din si mabuti ng mga oras na iyon.
FALLING ACTION
Nag taka si Fe sa kabila ng masaying guro ay may
problema pala ito. Sinubukan ni Fe na tanungin si
Mabuti kung bakit siya umiiyak at sinagot lang ni
Mabuti na napakabata pa ni Fe para umintindi. May
isang anak si Mabuti at gusto niya itong maging doktor.
Wala siyang sinabi tungkol sa asawa niya. Isang araw,
nabalitaan ni Fe na namatay ang ama ng anak ni Mabuti
ngunit hindi sa bahay nila inihimlay kundi sa bahay ng
ibang babae. At ngayon, naiintindihan na ni Fe kung
bakit hindi nagkukwento Si Mabuti tungkol sa kanyang
asawa.
RESOLUTION
Sa kabila ng problema ni mabuti ay nagawa nya pading
tumawa at ipakita sa iba na maayos at masaya sya.
POV
The story, Si Mabuti by Genoveva Edroza – Matute, is
written on 1st Person’s Point of View. The student is
describing and telling how their teacher, Mabuti interacts
with them on a day-to-day basis, all while including
them in the narrative as well.
THEME
We must never lose faith in ourselves, regardless any
setbacks. It will happen if we think we can fix the
problem. She is a flawed person, but we are all flawed in
some way.
2.TATA SELO by Rogelio Sikat
Setting: Munisipyo, Istaked, Sakahan
CHARACTERS:
Tata Selo
Isang matandang nasa laylayan kung saan walang laban
sa pang-uusig ng mga mamamayan. Siya ay magsasaka
na naparusahan at nakulong matapos patayin ang
Kabesa, na siyang dahilan ng pagkawala ng kaniyang
lupang pagmamay-ari noon.
Kabesang Tano
Mayamang may-ari ng sakahan. Sinanlaan ni Tata Selo
sa sakahang dati niyang pag-mamay-ari.
Saling
Ang nag-iisang anak ni Tata Selo. Namasukan bilang
kasambahay kay Kabesang Tano na umuwi dahil sa
iniindang sakit.
Alkalde o Presidente
Ang Mayor ng lungsod. Siya ang nagpatahimik sa mga
taong nakikiusyoso sa pangyayari.
Hepe
Iniluklok ng Kabesa kaya’t walang awang
pinagmalupitan ang magsasakang si Tata Selo. Kasama
siya ng alkalde sa pagkausap kay Tata Selo tungkol sa
nangyari.
Binata
Anak ng pinakamayamang propitoryo sa San Roque, Isa
sa nag-usisa kay Tata Selo habang nagsisigarilyo.
Isang Bata
Anak ng isang magsasaka na naniniwala kay Tata Selo.
Siya ang inutusan ni Tata Selo na ayain umuwi si Saling
ngunit hindi ito pinayagang papasukin sa tanggapan ng
alkalde.
PLOT
INTRODUCTION
Sa pagtaas ng araw, napuno ang bakuran ng munisipyo
nang kumalat ang balitang tinaga at napatay ni Tata Selo
& Kabesang Tano
RISING ACTION
Nagpaliwanag si Tata Selo sa Binatang anak ng
pinakamayamang Propitoryo. Ngunit kibit balikat
Lamang ang binata sa inilahad na Panig ng magsasaka
CLIMAX
Dumating ang alkalde at hepe sa istaked at salaysay ni
Tatang Selo ang tunay na Pangyayari. Nang makaalis
ang alkalde, Pinagmalupitan ng hepe ang kaawa-awang
Matanda
FALLING ACTION
Sa ikalawang araw sa istaked ni Tata Selo, Nagdesisyon
na ang alkalde na siya ay Dadalhin sa kabesera at doon
makukulong Nang panghabambuhay.
RESOLUTION
Matapos pauwin ni Tata Selo ang batang magbubukid na
nagpalakas ng kaniyang loob,Sinambit niya ang mga
katagang “Ang lahat ay Kinuha na sa amin habang
nakakapit sa rehas at Nakatingin sa labas.
POV
3rd person. Ang maikling kwento na Tata Selo ay
inilahad kung saan hindi siya karakter sa loob ng
kwento. Ang lahat ng pananaw ng bawat karakter ay
nailahad dahil sa pagiging tagapagsalaysay lamaPOV
THEME
Ang maikling kwentong akda ni Rogelio Sikat na
pinamagatang Tata Selo ay nagpapakita ng malungkot na
reyalidad ng mga taong nasa laylayan ng lipunan.
Talamnak ang diskriminasyon at hindi pagkakapantay-
pantay ng hustisya sa pagitan ng mahirap at mayaman.
Pabor lamang ito sa mga may kapangyarihan at hindi
makakamit ng mga walang kakayahan.
3.MORNING IN NAGREBCAN by Manuel E.
Arguila
SETTING
It was during sunrise as the sun start to give warm to the
whole barrio at the house of Baldo in Nagrecban situated
near in the cornfields and tabacco fields where the
katayaghan hills is visible.
CHARACTERS
Baldo
A 10 years old boy the older of the two siblings and a
puppy lover.
Ambo
A 7 years old boy the younger of the two siblings and
who eat the banana with feeling.
Tang Ciaco
Father’s of Baldo and Ambo, husband of Nana Elang
and who beaten the puppy of Baldo at threw it to the
cornfield.
Nana Elang
Mother of Baldo and Ambo the wife of Tang Ciaco
PLOT
INTRODUCTION
It was early morning in Nagrebcan. Before long the sun
would top the Katayaghan hills, but as yet no people
were around. Nana Elang was preparing her family’s
breakfast. Her oldest son saw the puppies and started to
play with them when his younger brother, Ambo, woke
up
RISING ACTION
Baldo was playing with the only black-spotted puppy
and Ambo wanted to play with that puppy too but Baldo
did not let him to touch it. Ambo was too young that he
eats a banana without peeling it so Baldo was afraid that
Ambo would not take good care of the puppy. Ambo
tried to snatch away the puppy so Baldo became mad.
Baldo pushed Ambo and there started the fight.
CLIMAX
The brothers wriggled and struggled against each other.
When Ambo finally gets his hand of the dog, he holds its
tail tightly making it mad and bites him in his palm.
Their father, Tang Ciaco heard their noise and
immediately went there with an angry voice. They both
feared their father because Tang Ciaco drunk great
quantities of liquor and every time he went home, he
keeps on blaming his wife and children for their hard
life. He beat the puppy with a piece of firewood until the
puppy stay still. Baldo begged him to stop but he also
beat Baldo until the bay fell down in the ground. He was
back to the puppy and gave it another blow and kicked it
to see if its dead and the puppy did not move. Baldo
cried and Ambo ran to her mother.
FALLING ACTION
Tang Ciaco picked up the dog after it had been
slaughtered and threw it into the cornfields after the boys
had been beaten. Still cursing, he entered the home
again. Ambo’s hand was still bleeding when he ate
breakfast and departed for work, so Nana Elang took a
seat next to him and sucked it.
RESOLUTION
The neighbors who have seen the incident went back to
work and also Tang Ciaco. Nana Elang wash the dishes
while Ambo and Baldo keep searching where Tang
Ciaco throw the dead puppy. Beside the tall corn plant,
they found the puppy. They dug a hole and buried it,
then put a stone on top of the grave. Then they went
back to house. For them, it was a typical morning in
Nagrebecan.
POV
Morning in Nagrebcan is told in 3rd Person’s Point of
View, it does not include the narrator in the narrative nor
talk to them, the narrator just describes what is taking
place in the story.
THEME
The theme of the story is morning is time of renewal.
Renewal because every day we encountered different
problems and at the end of the day, we see ourselves
passed all the struggles. It is also telling that we should
learn how to take our anger on the lighter side and never
let our emotions get the best of us. Moreover, we should
also respect the life of animals around US.
VIETNAM
GEOGRAPHY
• Vietnam’s first civilizations arose in the Red River
Valley some 5,000 years ago. Vietnam is a long,
narrow nation shaped like the letter s. It is in
Southeast Asia on the eastern edge of the peninsula
known as Indochina. Its neighbors include China to the
north and Laos and Cambodia to the west.
PEOPLE AND CULTURE
Most Vietnamese people live in the countryside, mainly
in the river delta regions of the north and south.
Vietnamese food is a blend of Chinese and Thai styles
and features seafood and homegrown fruits and
vegetables.
As a communist country, Vietnam has no official
religion. But people are free to worship if they want to,
and many follow what’s called the “Three Teachings”
of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.
Nature
Vietnam’s mountainous terrain, forests, wetlands, and
long coastline contain many different habitats that
support a great variety of wildlife. Many rare and
unusual animals live in Vietnam, including giant
catfish, Indochinese tigers, Saola antelopes, and
Sumatran rhinos.
GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY
Vietnam is a socialist state governed by the
Communist Party of Vietnam. A president, chosen by
the National Assembly, is head of state and commander
of the armed forces. An appointed prime minister runs
the government.
Vietnam’s main exports include crude oil, seafood, rice,
shoes, wooden products, machinery, electronics, coffee,
and clothing.
Vo This Ann Xuan is the current President in Vietnam.
1. THE CHERISHED DAUGHTER
Mother, I am eighteen this year
And still without a husband.
What, Mother, is your plan?
The magpie brought two matchmakers
And you threw them the challenge:
Not less than five full quan,
Five thousand areca nuts,
Five fat pigs,
And five suits of clothes.
Mother, I am twenty-three this year
And still without a husband.
What, Mother, dear, is your plan?
The magpie brought two matchmakers
And you threw them the challenge:
Not less than three full quan,
Three thousand areca nuts,
Three fat pigs,
And three suits of clothes.
Mother, I am thirty-two this year
And still without a husband.
What, Mother, darling, is your plan?
The magpie brought two matchmakers
And you threw them the challenge:
Not less than one full quan,
One thousand areca nuts,
One fat dog this time,
And one suit of clothes.
Mother, I am forty-three this year.
Still without a husband.
Mother, look, Mother,
Will you please just give me away?
 Anonymous (c. 1700 AD)—
Analysis: The daughter is longing to get married however
because of their culture and respect to her mother she needs to
follow and obey what her mother ought to do.
2. A SCHOOL BOY’S APOLOGY by Phan Nhien Hao tr.
Linh Dinh
If sometimes I fall asleep in a lecture
Or shOut and sCream as if im alone
Please forgive me, please don’t be angry
For I have no place to play
I’m growing up I want to be a sailor
I’m waiting for giant arena,a streAM
I feel like Yelling my life is beginning
Every minute I want to hOld tight to my dreams
But the firEs of war shriveled my joy
At every step I see guns turn On Me
At every word I hear the crash of steel
Not believing,not understanding I only stare.
The slaughter goes on and on,
Bloods And bones and hatred all strained red.
pEople running from the front to look Out for themselves
Cheating,lying,stabbing othErs in the back
Some of my friends have fallen.
No One knew, no one cared, they were dewdrops that’s all.
My Home will be burnt to the ground
The way back cut off, partitioned ….
Analysis: The poem is bound up in the Vietnam’s history,
specifically their war history from USA. The 2 decades of war
killed million of soldiers, villagers, women, men and children.
3. INSIDE SUBMARINES by Le Thanh Huan
We live inside odd-shaped submarines
Chasing after secrets and the darkness of the ocean
On a voyage toward plastic horizons
Where vague connections are always out of reach
And hopes are not deployed

Before the storm arrives and the alarm command starts

To rouse the last illusions to stand up and put life jackets on

Looking to each other for help

Once I was at the equator

Trying to slice the Earth in half along the dotted line

But someone held my hand and said:

“If you do that, friend, water will fall into the void,

And then our submarine

Won’t have any place to dive.”

Analysis: This poem describes this man as a lone submarine

fighting for deep life on a deep, dark ocean. Travelling without
a set of destination, drifting alone with the waves. The man
tries to live his life despite how hard and painful it may seem,
trying to have a positive outlook and hope for better things.