Module 1 Microwave Fundamentals and Electromagnetic Field Theory

7/31/2014
Microwave Communication
Engineering
Dr. S D Ruikar
Associate Professor
Electronics Engg Dept.
Walchand College of Engg.
Sangli
Syllabus
Module 1: Microwave Fundamentals and Electromagnetic
field Theory
• Microwave regions and band designations, microwave
devices, applications of microwaves, Interaction between
electrons and fields, electron motion in electric, magnetic
and electromagnetic field, electromagnetic plane waves
Module 2: Microwave Transmission Lines
• Review of transmission line theory, transmission line
equations,
q , reflection coefficient and transmission
coefficient, standing waves and standing wave ratio, line
impedance and admittance, Smith chart and impedance
matching, microwave coaxial line.
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Syllabus
Module 3: Microwave Waveguide and Components
• Rectangular
g and circular waveguide,
g , TE and TM modes,,
power transmission and power losses in waveguide,
excitation modes in waveguide, microwave cavities,
microwave hybrid circuits, Sparameters, directional coupler,
circulator and isolator.
Module 4: Microwave Tubes and Solid State Devices
• Klystron, Reflex klystron, TWTs, Magnetrons, forward
wave crossed field amplifier
p (FWCFA),
( ), microwave
transistors, tunnel diode, microwave FET, PIN diode, Gunn
diode, microwave generation and amplification, LSA diode,
Read diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode, BARITT
DIODE, solid state ruby laser, semiconductor laser.
Syllabus
Module 5: Microwave Measurements
• Detection of microwave signal, units of
measurement, measurement of frequency, power
measurement, measurement of attenuation,
VSWR measurement, impedance measurement.
Module 6: Microwave Strip Lines and Antenna
• Micro-strip line, Slot line, Parallel strip line,
advantages, Horn antenna, Dish Antenna, Micro-
strip antenna
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Microwave regions and band

designations
Table Position of microwave bands in the entire radio-spectrum

designations
Table IEEE microwave frequency bands
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designations
Table U.S. Military microwave bands (Radar bands)

designations
Table U.S. New military microwave bands (New radar bands)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROWAVES
• Short wavelengths
• More bandwidth (information carrying capacity).
capacity)
• Small antenna size with large antenna gain
(narrow beam antenna)
• Travel by line of sight propagation through
ionosphere with negligible absorption and
reflection.
• Reflection from metallic surfaces
• Microwave heating
• Molecular, atomic and nuclear resonance, etc.
APPLICATIONS OF
MICROWAVES
• Microwave Communication Systems
• R d Systems
Radar S t andd Countermeasures
C t
• Radiometry/Radio-astronomical Research
• Industrial Applications
• Microwaves in Basic and Applied Research
• Biomedical Applications
• Potential Application in the Field of Energy
Transfer
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Table Summary of typical and unique

applications of microwaves
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Microwave Devices
• Passive Devices
– Transmission lines – waveguide, thin film transmission
lines
– Various passive devices – coupler, transformer, hybrid
– microwave resonator
– Antenna
• Active Devices
– Diodes – Schottky diode, resonant tunneling diode
– Transistors – heterostructure FET, heterostructure bipolar
transistor
– Special
p diodes for signal
g generation
g – IMPATT,, Gunn
Di d
Diode
• System Components
– MMICs
– RF Switch – MMIC, RF MEMS
TYPICAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM

Microwave Engineering include four major areas of study, namely
1. Microwave Transmission Lines – Waveguides
2 Waveguide Component and Applications
2.
3. Microwave Sources – Tubes and Solid State Devices
4. Microwave Measurements.
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Motion of an Electron in an
Electric Field
• In an electric field, the motion of an electron can be obtained using
the newtons second law of motion, the force must be related to the
mass and acceleration of the electron by
mass and acceleration of the electron by
F = qE
dv
F = −eE = ma = m
dt
where,
m = 9.109 × 10−31 kg , mass of electron
a=acceleration
l i in i meters per secondd squaredd
v = velocity of electrons in meters per second
e= 1.602 ×10−19C , charge of electron that is negative
Electric Field
d 2x e
=− Ex
2 m
dt
d2y e
=− Ey
dt 2 m
d 2z e
=− Ez
dt 2 m
where
e / m = 1.759 ×1011C / kg
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Magnetic Field
• Motion of electron in an magnetic field experience a
force that is directly proportional to the charge Q, its
velocity v, the flux density B and the sine of the angle
between the vectors v and B
F = Qv × B
F = − qv × B
d 2x e ⎛ dy dz ⎞
=− ⎜ Bz − By ⎟
dt 2 m⎝ dt dt ⎠
d2y e ⎛ dy dx ⎞
=− ⎜ Bx − Bz ⎟
dt 2 m⎝ dt dt ⎠
d 2z e⎛ dx dy ⎞
=− ⎜ By − Bx ⎟
dt 2 m⎝ dt dt ⎠
Electromagnetic Field
• In electric field and magnetic field, particles
experiences a Lorentz force
i L t f
(
F =Q E+v×B )
(
F = −q E + v × B )
d 2x e⎛ dy dz ⎞
=− ⎜ E x + Bz − By ⎟
dt 2 m⎝ d
dt ddt ⎠
d2y e⎛ dy dx ⎞
=− ⎜ E y + Bx − Bz ⎟
dt 2 m⎝ dt dt ⎠
d 2z e⎛ dx dy ⎞
=− ⎜ Ez + B y − Bx ⎟
dt 2 m⎝ dt dt ⎠
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Electromagnetic plane waves
Summary of electromagnetics: Maxwell’s equations
• summarizing everything we have so far, valid even if things are
changing in time
Faraday’s law ∇× E = −
∂B ∇ ⋅ D = ρν Gauss’s law
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J +
∇⋅B = 0
Ampere’s law
∂t
• p
plus material properties
p p
D= ε E B= μ H J =σE
ε rε o μr μo
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Maxwell’s equations in integral form
• Faraday’s law
∂B
∫ E ⋅ dl = −∫
S
∂t
⋅ dS
• Ampere’s law
dD
∫ H ⋅ dl
C
== ∫ ( J +
S
dt
) ⋅ dS
• Gauss’s law(s) ∫ closed
surface S
D • dS = ∫volume
enclosed by S
ρv dv
d
∫ closed
surface S
B • dS = 0
Maxwell’s Equation in Harmonic field
∂A ∂
= Re( AS ⋅e jωt ) = Re( jω ⋅ AS ⋅e jωt )
∂t ∂t
∂A
i.e. = jω ⋅ A S
∂t
A
Similarly , ∫ A ⋅ ∂t ⇒ jωs
Po int form Integral form
∇ ⋅ Ds = ρ vs ⇒ ∫ Ds ⋅ dS = ∫ ρ vs dv
∇ ⋅ Bs = 0 ⇒ ∫ Bs ⋅ dS = 0
∇ × Es = − jωBs ⇒ ∫ Es ⋅ dl = jω ∫ Bs ⋅ dS
∇ × H s = J s + jωDs ⇒ ∫ H s ⋅ dl = ∫ ( J s + jωDs ) ⋅ dS
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Electromagnetic Waves
• Waves means transporting Energy or information.
• Wave is a function of both time & space.
Waves Equation
• Free space wave is characterized by
ε r = 1, μr = 1, or ε = ε 0 , μ = μ0 , and σ = 0, ρ v = 0 and J = 0
• Maxwell’s equation in phasor form
∇ ⋅ Ds = 0 =∇ ⋅ Es
∇ ⋅ Bs = 0 =∇ ⋅ H s
∇ × Es = − jω Bs = − jωμ0 H s
∇ × H s = J s + jω Ds =0+jω Ds =jωε 0 Es
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Waves Equation
• Consider the Maxwell’s equation to derive
wave equation
∇ × Es = − jω Bs = − jωμ0 H s
Now
∇ × Es = − jωμ0 H s
Taking the curl on both sides of equation, we get
∇ × ∇ × Es = − jωμ0∇ × H s
from Maxwell'e equation ,
∇ × ∇ × Es = − jωμ0 ( jωε 0 Es )
∇ × ∇ × E s = ω 2 μ 0ε 0 E s
Waves Equation
∇ × ∇ × E s = ω 2 μ 0ε 0 E s
Using
Us g vec
vector
o identity,
de y,
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇(∇i A) − ∇ 2 A
∇(∇i Es ) − ∇ 2 Es = ω 2 μ0ε 0 Es
Since , ∇i Es = 0 Thus
0 − ∇ 2 E s = ω 2 μ 0ε 0 E s
∇ 2 Es = −ω 2 μ0ε 0 Es
This is the wave equation in phasor form.
(Helmholtz wave equation)
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Waves Equation
Similarly we can find wave equationin terms of magnetic field
∇ × Es = − jω Bs = − jωμ0 H s
Now
∇ × H s = jωε 0 Es
Taking the curl on both sides of equation, we get
∇ × ∇ × H s = jωε 0∇ × Es
from Maxwell'e equation ,
∇ × ∇ × H s = jωε 0 (− jωμ0 H s )
∇ × ∇ × H s = ω 2 μ 0ε 0 H s
Waves Equation
∇ × ∇ × H s = ω 2 μ 0ε 0 H s
Using vector identity,
identity
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇(∇i A) − ∇ 2 A
∇(∇i H s ) − ∇ 2 H s = ω 2 μ0ε 0 H s
Since , ∇i H s = 0 Thus
0 − ∇ 2 H s = ω 2 μ0ε 0 H s
∇ 2 H s = −ω 2 μ0ε 0 H s
This is the wave equation in phasor form in terms magnetic filed.
(Helmholtz wave equation in terms magnetic filed)
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Waves Equation
Consider the wave equation in phasor form.
(i.e. Helmholtz wave equation)
∇ 2 Es = −ω 2 μ0ε 0 Es El i Component
Electric C
∇ 2 H s = −ω 2 μ0ε 0 H s Magnetic Component
Simplify,
∇ 2 Es + ω 2 μ0ε 0 Es =0 Electric Component
∇ 2 H s + ω 2 μ0ε 0 H s =0 Magnetic
g Component
p
Let wave constant k=γ
∇ 2 Es + k 2 Es =0 Electric Component
∇ 2 H s + k 2 H s =0 Magnetic Component
= ω μ0ε 0 = Wave number
k7/31/2014 or Propagation constant (γ )
Dr. S D Ruikar, WCE, Sangli 29
Waves Equation in differential form
• If we consider Ex component, we can write
wave equation in differential form
∂2 Ex ∂2 Ex ∂2 Ex 2
+ + + k Ex = 0
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
Since the wave will have no variation along the plane perpendicular
to z i.e. xy plane
∂2 Ex ∂2 Ex
= 2 =0
∂x2 ∂y
Therefore equation reduces to
∂2 Ex 2
+ k Ex = 0
∂ z 2
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• The solution to this wave equation can be
written as
itt
Exs ( z ) = Exs+ ( z ) + Exs− ( z )
= Es+0 e − jkz + Es−0 e + jkz
Es+0 and Es−0 are the amplitude constant
In the time domain
E(z,t)=Re(Exs+ ( z )e jωt )
E ( z , t ) = Es+0 cos(ωt − kz ) + Es−0 cos(ωt + kz )
Es+0 and Es−0 are the real constant
• If we fix our attention to phase of the wave i.e
ω t − k z = c o n s ta n t
F o r tra v e llin g w a v e
ωΔt = kΔz
Δz ω
=
Δt k
w hen Δ t → 0,
Δz dz
w e w rite L im = = p h a s e v e lo c ity v p
Δt→ 0 Δ t dt
ω ω 1
vp = = = = c
k ω μ 0ε 0 μ 0ε 0
This is the EM wave travelling in free space
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The wavelength λ is defined as the distnce bet two max
(ωt − kz ) − [ωt − k ( z + λ ))] = 2π
k λ = 2π
2π
λ=
k
ω
substituting k=
vp
2π v p vp
λ= =
2π f f
λ f = vp
Thus wavelength also represents the distance covered
in one oscillation of the wave.
Consider only forward wave
Ex + ( z ) = E0+ e − jkz aˆ x
1
H =− ∇× E
jωμ
k
H= E0+ e − jkz aˆ y
ωμ
E0+
= e − jkz
jk
aˆ y = H 0+ e − jkz
jk
aˆ y
η
ωμ ωμ μ
η= = =
k ω με ε
which is called as interensic
7/31/2014 impedance of medium.
Dr. S D Ruikar, WCE, Sangli 34
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• In time domain
E0+
+
H ( z , t ) = aˆ y cos((ωt − β z )
η
Which represents the magnetic field of the wave travelling
in the +z direction
For the negative travelling wave,
E0+
H − ( z , t ) = − aˆ y cos(ωt + β z )
η
For the plane waves, both the E & H fields are perpendicular to the
direction of propagation, and these waves are called TEM waves.
E − = f ( z − ut ) Backward wave
E + = g ( z + ut ) Forward wave
E = E − + E + = f ( z − ut ) + g ( z + ut ) Resultant field
∂ Es
2
− β 2 Es = 0 Wave equation in terms of Electric field intensity,
∂Z 2
If we assume harmonic field e jωt
E + = Ae ( j ω t − β z ) Backward wave Phase constant &
time element
E − = Be ( j ω t + β z ) Forward wave
E = A sin( ω t − β z ) 2
• It
It is time harmonic because we assumed time dependence
i ti h i b d ti d d e j ωt
• A is called the amplitude of the wave and has the same units as E.
• (ω t − β z ) is the phase (in radians) of the wave; it depends on time t and
space variable z.
• w is the angular frequency (in radians/second); is the phase constant
or wave number (in radians/meter). β
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λ
In fig a) Wave repeats by a distance called as wave length in meters λ = uT
In fig b) Wave takes time T to repeats itself , which is called as period T in seconds
u=v Wave takes time T to travel a distance at the speedλ u = v = fλ
Angular velocity ω = 2πf
ω
Phase constant β=
u
1 2π 2π
T= = β=
7/31/2014 f ω Dr. S D Ruikar, WCE, Sangli λ 37
In equation wave is travelling with constant velocity in + Z direction.
Consider point p on wave, as wave advances with time, point P moves along
+ Z direction, it has constant phase therefore,
, p ,
ωt − βz = cons tan t
dz ω
= =u
dt β
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• Solve Maxwell’s equation & derive EM wave
motion in
ti i
– Free space (σ = 0, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ0 )
– Lossless dielectrics (σ = 0, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ << ωε )
– Lossy Dielectrics (σ ≠ 0, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 )
Good conductor (σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
– Good conductor
Lossy Dielectrics (σ ≠ 0, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 )
A lossy dielectric is a medium in which an EM wave loses power as it propagate due to
poor conduction.
A lossy dielectric is a partially conducting medium (imperfect dielectric or imperfect
σ ≠o
conductor) with , as distinct from a lossless dielectric (perfect or good dielectric)
i hi h
in which σ = 0
Consider a linear, isotropic, homogeneous, lossy dielectric medium that is charge free
ρv = 0 e jωt
. Assuming and suppressing the time factor , Maxwell’s equation
Po int form Integral form

3 a
∇ ⋅ Ds = 0 ⇒ ∫ Ds ⋅ dS = 0
∇ ⋅ Bs = 0 ⇒ ∫ Bs ⋅ dS = 0 3 b
∇ × Es = − jωBs ⇒ ∫ Es ⋅ dl = jω ∫ Bs ⋅ dS 3 c
∇ × H s = J s + jωDs ⇒ ∫ H s ⋅ dl = ∫ ( J s + jωDs ) ⋅ dS 3 d

7/31/2014 Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 40
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Faraday’s Law
Bs = μH s = μ 0 μ r H s
∇ × Es = − jωμ 0 μ r H s ⇒ ∫ Es ⋅ dl = jωμ 0 μ r ∫ H s ⋅ dS
Ampere’s Law 4
Ds = εEs = ε r ε 0 Es
∇ × H s = J s + jωε r ε 0 Es ⇒ ∫ H s ⋅ dl = ∫ ( J s + jωε r ε 0 Es ) ⋅ dS
5
Gauss’s Law for electrostatic Field
∇ ⋅ Es = 0 ⇒ ∫ Es ⋅ dS = 0 6
Gauss’s Law for magneto static Field
∇⋅ Hs = 0 ⇒ ∫ H s ⋅ dS = 0 7
Consider the maxwell’s equation (4)
Bs = μH s = μ 0 μ r H s
∇ × Es = − jωμ 0 μ r H s = − jωμH s
Taking the curl on both side
∇ × ∇ × E s = ∇ × ( − jωμ H s ) = − jωμ ∇ × H s 8
By vector identity
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇ (∇ ⋅ A) − ∇ 2 A
Use vector identity , On left hand side of equation ( 8 ) and use Maxwell’s equation ( 5),
Use vector identity On left hand side of equation ( 8 ) and use Maxwell’s equation ( 5)
can be written as
∇ (∇ ⋅ E s ) − ∇ 2 E s = − jωμ ( J s + jωε E s ) = − jωμ (σ + jωε ) E s

Using in above equation J s = σEs
By using Gauss law of electrostatic field
7/31/2014 ∇⋅E = 0 s
Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 42
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0 − ∇ 2 E s = − jωμ (σ + jωε ) E s
∇ 2 E s − jωμ
μ (σ + jωε ) E s = 0
We may write above equation as
∇ 2 Es − γ 2 Es = 0 9
γ Is called as propagation constant (per meter)
γ = jωμ (σ + jωε )
2
γ = jωμ (σ + jωε ) 10
By similar procedure we can write wave equation in terms of Magnetic field intensity
∇2H s − γ 2H s = 0 11
Equation (9) & (10) are known as Homogeneous vector Helmholtz wave equations
γ= jωμ (σ + jωε ) γ= jωμσ − ω 2 με )
γ = propagation cons tan t ( per meter )

γ = α + jβ 12
α = attenuation cons tan t ( Np / m)

β = phase cons tan t (rad / m)
Use equation (10) & (12) to determine phase constant & attenuation constant
γ 2 = α 2 − β 2 + j 2αβ 13
γ 2 = jωμ (σ + jωε ) = jωμσ − ω 2 με By comparing equation (13)

α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 με 14
2αβ = ωμσ 15
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From equation (15), we get
ωμσ ωμσ
α= AND β=
2β 2α
γ= jωμ (σ + jωε ) γ = ωμ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2
γ = α + jβ γ = α2 +β2
γ = α 2 + β 2 = ωμ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2
γ = α 2 + β 2 = ωμ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2
2
16
From equation (14) and (15), by adding we get
α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 με α 2 + β 2 = ωμ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2
2α 2 = −ω 2 μ
με + ωμ
μ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2
α =
1
2
(
ωμ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2 − ω 2 με )
1 ⎛⎜ 2 ⎡ σ ⎤ ⎞⎟
2
α = ω μ
με 1 + ⎢ ⎥ − ω 2 μ
με
2⎜ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
με ⎛⎜ ⎡σ ⎤ ⎞
2
α =ω 1+ ⎢ ⎥ − 1⎟
2 ⎜ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎟
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β
Similarly can be found by
με ⎛⎜ ⎡σ ⎤ ⎞
2
β =ω 1 + ⎢ ⎥ + 1⎟
Phase constant
2 ⎜ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 17
με
β =ω (secθ + 1) = ω 0.5με (sec θ + 1)
2
με ⎛⎜
μ ⎡σ ⎤ ⎞
2
− 1⎟
Attenuation constant
α =ω 1+ ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎜ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎟ 18
⎝ ⎠
με
α =ω (sec θ − 1) = ω 0.5 με (sec θ − 1)
7/31/2014
2 Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 47
Consider wave equation ∇ 2 Es − γ 2 Es = 0
If we assume that wave is propagating along + az direction & Es has only X component, then
Es = E xs ( z )aˆx
∂ 2 E xs ∂ 2 E xs ∂ 2 E xs
+ + − γ 2 E xs = 0
Wave equation becomes ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
0 0
∂ E xs
2
− γ 2 E xs = 0 19
∂z 2
This is a scalar wave equation, a linear homogeneous equation
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E xs ( z ) = E0 e −γz + E0 e + γz
E ( z , t ) = Re[ E xs ( z )e jωt axˆ ] = Re[ E0 e −γz e jωt axˆ ] 20
We Know that γ = α + jβ
E ( z , t ) = Re[ Exs ( z )e jωt axˆ ] = Re[ E0 e −α z e j (ωt − β z ) axˆ ]
E ( z , t ) = E0 e −α z cos(ωt − β z )axˆ 21
Similarly
Similarly
H ( z , t ) = Re[ H ys ( z )e jωt ayˆ ] = Re[ H 0 e −α z e j (ωt − β z ) ayˆ ]

22
Let us consider Maxwell’s equation in phasor form
∇ × Es = − jωμH s
Simplify the component , as wave propagating along with +Z direction & electric field
vector along ax & magnetic field vector along ay.
∂E xs
= − jωμH ys 23
∂z
Since
E xs = E x 0 e −γz axˆ
Equation (23) can be written as
∂ ( E x 0 e − γz )
= − jωμH ys
∂z
γE x 0 e −γz
− γE x 0 e −γz = − jωμH ys H ys =
7/31/2014 Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT
jωμ 50
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γE x 0 e −γz
H ys =
jωμ
γ 2 = jωμ (σ + jωε ) γ = jωμ (σ + jωε )
jωμ (σ + jωε ) E x 0 e −γz

H ys = 24
jωμ
Since
Since H ys = H y 0 e −γz ayˆ
Equation(24) becomes
−γz jωμ (σ + jωε ) E x 0 e −γz

H y 0e =
7/31/2014
jωμProf. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 51
Ex0 jωμ
= =η 25
H y0 (σ + jωε )
η = η ∠θ n = η e jθ
26
η Is a complex quantity is known as the intrinsic impedance, of the medium
Ex0 E0
H y0 = H0 =
η η
H ( z , t ) = Re[ H 0 e −αz e j (ωt − βz ) ayˆ ]
E
H ( z , t ) = Re[ 0jθ n e −αz e j (ωt − βz ) ayˆ ]
7/31/2014 ηe Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 52
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E0 −αz j (ωt − βz )
H ( z , t ) = Re[ e e ayˆ ]
η e jθ n
OR
E0
H ( z, t ) = e −αz cos(ωt − βz − θ n )ayˆ 26
η
α = attenuatio n cons tan t ( Np / m)
1NP = 20 log10 e = 8.686dB
Compare equation (21) & (26), it is observed that E is lead H by an angle θn
OR H lags E by an angle
θn
jωμ
η= intrinsic impedance of the medium
(σ + jωε )
ω 2μ 2 ωμ
η = =
σ 2 + ω 2ε 2 σ ⎞
1/ 2
⎛
ωε ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ ωε ⎠
μ
ε σ
η = , tan 2θ n =
⎡ ⎛σ ⎞ ⎤ 2 1/ 4 ωε 27
⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
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⎢⎣ ⎝ ωε ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0 ≤ θ n ≤ 45
Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT
0
54
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ω 2π
u=
β
λ= In Lossy dielectric velocity & wavelength
β
Ratio of conduction current to displacement current densities can be calculated as
Ratio of conduction current to displacement current densities can be calculated as
J cs σEs σ
= = = tan θ
J ds jωεEs ωε
σ
tan θ = 28
ωε
θ = 2θn 29
tan θ
7/31/2014 θ
Loss tangent & is called as loss angle
∇ × H s = J s + jωεEs
J ds = jωε E s
⎡ jσ ⎤
∇ × H s = J s + jωεEs = jωε ⎢1 - ⎥
⎣ ωε ⎦
∇ × H s = jωε c Es
θ
ε c = complex permitivity
⎡ σ ⎤
ε c = ε ⎢1 − j ⎥
⎣ ωε ⎦ J s = σE s
ε c = ε ′ − jε ′′
Loss angle of a lossy medium
ε ′′ σ
tan θ = =
7/31/2014
ε ′ ωε Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 56
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tan θ OR θ may be used to determine how lossy a medium is. A
medium is said to be a good (Lossless or perfect) dielectric if tan θ
y (σ << ωε ) g tan yθ g
Is very small or a good conductor if is very large (σ >> ωε )
From the view point of wave propagation, the characteristics behavior of a medium
(σ , ε and μ )
depends not only on its constitutive parameters but also on the
frequency of operation. A medium that is regarded as a good conductor at low
frequencies may be a good dielectric at high frequencies.
Plane waves in lossless dielectrics
(σ = 0, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μr μ0 OR σ << ωε )
• In lossless medium (σ << ωε )
and (σ = 0, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μr μ0 OR σ << ωε )
γ = jωμ (σ + jωε )
Lossy dielectric
jωμ medium
η=
(σ + jωε )
From above condition of medium
γ = jωμ (0 + jωε ) = − 1ω 2 με = jω με = α + jβ
Attenuation constant α =0
30
Phase constant β = ω με
29
7/31/2014
Plane waves in lossless dielectrics
(σ = 0, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μr μ0 OR σ << ωε )
ω ω 1
Velocity of wave u= = =
propagation β ω με με
2π 2π 31
Wavelength
of wave λ= =
β ω με
μ 0
Intrinsic impedance η= ∠0 32
ε
E ( z , t ) = E0 cos(ωt − βz )axˆ 33
E0
H ( z, t ) = H 0 cos(ωt − βz )ayˆ = cos(ωt − βz )ayˆ
η
7/31/2014 Thus E & H are in time phase each other
Plane waves in Free space (σ = 0, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ0 )
The condition of free space are
(
If we replace only In equation (30)to (33)
σ = 0, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ 0 )
γ = jωμ(σ + jωε )
Attenuation constant α =0
34
Phase constant β = ω μ 0ε 0
ω ω 1
u= = = = 3 ×108 m / s
Velocity of wave
β ω μ 0ε 0 μ 0ε 0 35
2π 2π
λ= =
β
Wavelength of wave
ω μ 0ε 0
36
μ0 0
Intrinsic impedance η= ∠0 = 120π ≅ 377Ω
7/31/2014
ε0
60
30
7/31/2014
Plane waves in Free space (σ = 0, ε = ε , μ = μ ) 0 0
E ( z , t ) = E0 cos(ωt − βz )axˆ 38
E0
H ( z , t ) = H 0 cos(ωt − β z )ayˆ = cos(ωt − β z )ayˆ
η
E0
H ( z, t ) = cos(ωt − βz )ayˆ 39
120π
Plane waves in Good Conductor
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
σ >> ωε so that σ / ωε → ∞
με ⎛⎜ ⎡σ ⎤ ⎞
2
β =ω 1 + ⎢ ⎥ + 1⎟
2 ⎜ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ Lossy Dielectric
με ⎛⎜ ⎡σ ⎤ ⎞
2
α =ω 1+ ⎢ − 1 ⎟
2 ⎜ ⎥
⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ωμσ
Attenuation constant
& Phase constant
α =β = = π f μσ 40
2
ω ω 2ω
Velocity of wave u= = = 41
7/31/2014
propagation β Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT
πfμσ μσ 62
31
7/31/2014
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
γ= jωμ (σ + jωε )
⎛ σ ⎞
= jωμ
μ × jωε ⎜ + 1⎟
⎝ jωε ⎠
⎛ σ ⎞
= jω με ⎜1 − j
⎝ ωε ⎟⎠
⎛ σ ⎞
= jω με ⎜1 − j
⎝ ωε ⎟⎠
σ
for good conductor 1
ωε
⎛ σ ⎞
γ = jω με ⎜ − j
⎝ ωε ⎟ ⎠
σ
γ = j ω 2 με × − j = j 2 × − jωμσ
7/31/2014
ωεProf. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 63
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
σ
γ = j ω 2 με × − j = j 2 × − jωμσ
ωε
Since, j2 = −1, j=1∠900 , 1∠900 = 1∠450
γ = ωμσ ∠450
1 1
Since, 1∠450 = +j = 0.707 + j 0.707
2 2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 + j1 ωμσ
γ =⎜ +j ⎟ ωμσ = ωμσ = (1 + j1)
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
γ = α + jβ
ωμσ
∴ α =β = = π f μσ
7/31/2014
2 Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 64
32
7/31/2014
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
2π 2π π
λ=
Wavelength
= =2
β πfμσ fμσ
42
jωμ
η= Lossy Dielectric
(σ + jωε )
ωμ
Intrinsic Impedance η= ∠45° 43
σ
Thus E leads H by an angle 450
jωμ
η=
(σ + jωε )
Since σ ωε
ωε is
i negligible
li ibl
jωμ
η=
σ
Since, j=1∠900 , 1∠900 = 1∠450
ωμ
η= ∠450
σ
1 1
Since, 1∠450 = +j = 0.707 + j 0.707
2 2
ωμ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
η= ⎜ +j ⎟
σ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT
7/31/2014 66
33
7/31/2014
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
E ( z , t ) = E0 e −αz cos(ωt − βz )axˆ 44a
E0
H ( z , t ) = H 0 e −αz cos(ωt − β z )ayˆ = e −αz cos(ωt − β z )ayˆ
η
ωμ
Since,
η= ∠45°
σ Thus E leads H by 450
E0
H ( z, t ) = e −αz cos((ωt − β z − 45°)ayˆ
ωμ 44b
σ
Therefore, E (or H) wave travels in a conducting medium, its amplitude is attenuated by
the factor
7/31/2014
e −α zProf. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT 67
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
• The distance shown in fig through which the wave amplitude decreases
−1
by a factor e
of the medium. i.e.
(about 37%) is called skin depth or penetration depth
E0 e −αδ = E0 e −1
1
δ= 45
α
The skin depth is a measure of the depth to
which an EM wave can penetrate the medium.
h h h d
Fig: Illustration of skin depth
Illustration in fig for a good conductor is exaggerated.
For a partial conducting medium, the skin depth can be considerably large.
34
7/31/2014
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
For good conductor from equation (40) & (45) we get
1 1
δ= =
πfμσ α
1 jπ 1+ j
η= 2e 4 =
σδ σδ
Noting that for a good conductor equation (44a) can be written as
1
α =β =
δ
z
E ( z , t ) = E0 e − z / δ cos(ωt − )axˆ
δ
Showing that skin depth measures the exponential damping of wave as it travels
through the conductor
Skin depth decreases with increasing frequency. Thus E & H Hardly propagate
through good conductor
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
The phenomenon whereby field intensity in a conductor rapidly decreases is known
as skin depth.
The skin depth in silver is very small.
EM shielding of electrical devices can be provided by conducting enclosure a few
EM shielding of electrical devices can be provided by conducting enclosure a few
skin depths in thickness.
The skin depth is useful in calculating the ac resistance due to skin effect. The
resistance in below equation is called the dc resistance , i.e.
l
Rdc =
σS
η
We define the surface or skin resistance Rs as the real part of for a good conductor .
1 πfμ
Rs = =
σδ σ
This is the resistance of a unit width & unit length of the conductor.
It is equivalent to the dc resistance for a unit length of the conductor having cross
sectional area
7/31/2014
1× δ
35
7/31/2014
(σ ≅ ∞, ε = ε r ε 0 , μ = μ r μ0 OR σ >> ωε )
Thus for a given width w and length l , the ac
a δ resistance is calculated by using the familiar dc
resistance relation & assuming uniform current
resistance relation., & assuming uniform current
flow in resistance.
l Rs l
Rac = =
σδw w
Where S = δw
l
Rac σ 2πaδ a a
= = = πfμμσ
Fig skin depth at high frequency
Fig: skin depth at high frequency. Rdc l 2δ 2
δ << a σπa 2
δ << a
Since at high frequencies, this shows that
Rac is far greater than Rdc. In general the ratio of the
ac resistance starts at 1.0 for dc & very low
frequencies & increases as the frequency increases.
P
Power Flow
Fl &P
Pointing
i ti V Vector
t
Electromagnetic waves can transport energy from one point to
another point. The electric and magnetic field intensities
associated with a travelling electromagnetic wave can be related to
the rate of such energy transfer.
transfer The rate of such energy
transportation can be obtained from Maxwell's equations:
36
7/31/2014
Power Flow & Pointing Vector
• Let us consider Maxwell’s curl equation
∂B
∇×E = − Faraday’s Law 1
∂t
Since B = μH
∂H
∇ × E = −μ
∂t
dD
(∇ × H ) = J + Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law 2
dt
Since D = εE
dE
(∇ × H ) = J + ε
dt
u & ε are not var ying
7/31/2014 with time
∇ ⋅ ( A × C ) = C ⋅ (∇ × A) − A.(∇ × C )
Re place
E=A and H =C
∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = H ⋅ (∇ × E ) − E.(∇ × H )
Substituting ∇ × E and ∇ × H in above equation
⎛ dH ⎞ ⎛ dE ⎞
∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = H ⋅ ⎜⎜ − u ⎟ − E.⎜ J + ε
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟ 3
⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
Here we have assumed that the
medium is isotropic Hence
d
ε ,u, σ
are scalar and they are ∂(A ⋅C ) ∂C ∂A
= A ⋅ + C ⋅
constant. ∂t ∂t ∂t
∂(A ⋅ A) ∂A
= 2A ⋅
∂t ∂t
Also note that 2
∂A 1 ∂(A ⋅ A) 1 ∂ A74
7/31/2014 A ⋅
Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT = =
∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂t
37
7/31/2014
⎛ dH ⎞ ⎛ dE ⎞
∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = H ⋅ ⎜⎜ − u ⎟ − E.⎜ J + ε
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎟⎠
J = σE σ
Since & is not function of time then above equation becomes
2 2
udH ε dE 2
∇ ⋅ (E × H ) = − − −σ E 4
2 dt 2 dt
By integrating with Volume
⎛ 2 2
⎞
⎜ u d H ε d E 2 ⎟
∫S ∇ ⋅ ( E × H )dv = V∫ ⎜⎜ − 2 dt − 2 dt − σ E ⎟⎟dv
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2
⎞ ⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ u d H ⎟ ⎜ε d E ⎟ 2
∫S ∇ ⋅ ( E × H )dv = ∫ ⎜ 2 dt ⎟⎟ ∫v ⎜⎜ 2 dt ⎟⎟ ∫v
V ⎜
− dv − dv − σ E dv
7/31/2014
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT
⎠ 75
⎛ 2
⎞ ⎛ dE2⎞
⎜ udH ⎟ ⎜ε ⎟ 2
∫S ∇ ⋅ ( E × H )dv = ∫ ⎜ − 2 dt
V ⎜
⎟ dv − ∫ ⎜ 2 dt ⎟ dv − ∫ σ E dv
⎟ v ⎜ ⎟
5
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
v
ohmic
Energy Energy Loss
stored stored
in H field in E field Power is dissipated
Rate of decrease in energy stored in because the
Electric & Magnetic Field medium is
conducting
By applying Divergence theorem
⎛ 2
⎞ ⎛ dE2⎞
⎜ udH ⎟ ⎜ε ⎟ 2
∫S ( E × H ) ⋅ d S = ∫ ⎜ − 2 dt
V ⎜
⎟ dv − ∫ ⎜ 2 dt ⎟ dv − ∫ σ E dv
⎟ v ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
v
ohmic 6
Energy Energy Loss
stored stored
in H field in E field
Right side of the equation represents the total decrease in power
within the volume
38
7/31/2014
∫ ( E × H ).dS = ∫ P ⋅ dS
s s
where,
W
P = E×H ( )
m2
It is called as Poynting vector & it represents power density
P = E×H vector associated with the electromagnetic field
The integration of the Poynting vector over any closed surface gives the net power
flowing out of the surface.
Poynting theorem states that the net power flowing out of a given volume V is equal to the
time rate of decrease in the energy stored within V minus the ohmic loss.
Power OUT
Ohmic
Ohmic
loss
B
E
Stored
Stored Magnetic
Electrical Energy
E
Energy
Fig: Illustration of power
balance in EM fields
7/31/2014 Prof. Sachin Ruikar E&TC DEPT
Power IN 78
39
7/31/2014
Polarisation of plane wave
• The polarisation of a plane wave can be defined as
the orientation of the electric field vector as a
function of time at a fixed point in space.
• For an electromagnetic wave, the specification of the
F l t ti th ifi ti f th
orientation of the electric field is sufficient as the
magnetic field components are related to electric
field vector by the Maxwell's equations.
– Linear Polarisation
– Circular Polarisation
Circular Polarisation
– Elliptical Polarisation
40
7/31/2014
Thank You
Th kY
for
endurance !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
41

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Module 1 Microwave Fundamentals and Electromagnetic Field Theory

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7/31/2014

Microwave regions and band

Microwave regions and band

Microwave regions and band

Microwave regions and band

Table Summary of typical and unique

TYPICAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM

Electromagnetic plane waves

Po int form Integral form

∇ × H s = J s + jωDs ⇒ ∫ H s ⋅ dl = ∫ ( J s + jωDs ) ⋅ dS 3 d

∇ (∇ ⋅ E s ) − ∇ 2 E s = − jωμ ( J s + jωε E s ) = − jωμ (σ + jωε ) E s

γ = propagation cons tan t ( per meter )

α = attenuation cons tan t ( Np / m)

γ 2 = jωμ (σ + jωε ) = jωμσ − ω 2 με By comparing equation (13)

E ( z , t ) = Re[ E xs ( z )e jωt axˆ ] = Re[ E0 e −γz e jωt axˆ ] 20

H ( z , t ) = Re[ H ys ( z )e jωt ayˆ ] = Re[ H 0 e −α z e j (ωt − β z ) ayˆ ]

jωμ (σ + jωε ) E x 0 e −γz

−γz jωμ (σ + jωε ) E x 0 e −γz

E ( z , t ) = E0 e −αz cos(ωt − βz )axˆ 44a

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