Basic Concepts of Chemistry

BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT23-CHEMISTRY (ONLINE) -2021
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
The branch of science which deals with the study of matter, its composition and changes in composition
during various physical and chemical processes.
Matter
Anything which can occupy space and has mass is called matter
Classification of matter according to the chemical nature
I. Elements
They are pure substances containing only a single type of atoms.
On the basis of physical and chemical properties, elements are subdivided into metals, non metals &
metalloids.
II. Compounds
They are formed by the combination of 2 or more elements in a fixed proportion by mass.
The properties of compounds are entirely different from the corresponding elements.
eg : Organic compounds such as, alcohols, hydrocarbons etc. Inorganic compounds such as copper
sulphate, CO2, NH3 etc.
III. Mixtures
They are formed by the combination of 2 or more elements or compounds without any fixed mass
ratio.
The components retain their respective identity in a mixture
1) Homogenous mixtures
Characteristics of homogenous mixture
i) The components have uniform composition throughout the mixture
ii) Components are in same phase in the mixture
iii) The components are indistinguishable with naked eye or even with microscopes
1
All homogenous mixtures are called as solutions

eg : 1. Rectified spirit (alcohol 95 % + water 5 %)
2. Gasoline (mixture of hydrocarbons)
3. Pure air
4. German silver [56 % - Cu + 24 % - Zn + 20 % - Ni]
5. 22ct gold [91.6 % Au + 8.4 % (Cu + Cd + Cr)]
2) Heterogeneous mixture
Characteristics of heterogeneous mixture
i) Components have different compositions at different portion of the mixtures
ii) The components generally are in different phases
iii) Components are distinguishable with naked eye or with microscopes
eg : 1. mixture of oil and water
2. milk, blood etc. (components are distinguishable with microscopes)
3. Iodised table salt (NaCl + KI + NaIO3) (components are also distinguishable with microscopes)
Laws of chemical combination
1. Law of conservation of mass (proposed by lavoisier)
The total mass of reactants are equal to the total mass of products during any physical or chemical
change.

ex : CaCO 3   CaO CO 2
100g 56g 44g
This law can also be stated as “matter can neither be created nor be destroyed, but can be transformed
for one form to another.” Therefore, this law is also called as law of indestructibility.
An exception for this law is nuclear reactions. Here, a par of the mass of reactants are converted into
energy.
2. Law of constant or definite proportions (proposed by Joseph Proust)
Same compounds always contain same elements combined in a fixed proportion by mass.
ex : Pure water from any source contains H2 and O2 in 1.8 mass ratio.
Exceptions :
1. Compounds containing isotopes : In the case of compounds containing isotopes, 2 or more
same compounds have same elements in different mass ratios.
12 14
CO 2 CO 2
12 : 32 14 : 32
2
2. Isomers : In the case of isomers, 2 or more different compounds have same elements in same
mass ratio.
CH3  CH 2  OH 
 C H O  C : H 2 : O 2  24 : 6 :16
CH3  O  CH 3  2 6
Qn: A sample of CaCO3 has the following percentage composition Ca- 40%, C - 12%, O2 - 48%. If law of
constant proportion is true, mass of carbon in another sample of CaCO3 having mass 12 gm is
1) 2.88 gm 2) 1.44 gm 3) 1.94 gm 4) 2.34 gm
According to the law of constant proportions, the second sample of CaCO3 will also contain 12 % of
carbon.
Therefore the required answer is 12% of 12 gm.
12  12
Therefore mass of carbon =  1.44gm
100
Law of multiple proportions (proposed by Dalton)
When 2 elements combine together to form more than one compound, then the ratio of mass of the
element which combined with a fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio.
ex : CO & CO 2
12 :16 12 : 32
Here, we can fix the mass of carbon as 12 g, then the ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with 12g
of C = 16 : 32 = 1 : 2
ex : N 2 O, NO, N 2 O3 , N 2 O 4 & N 2 O5
28 :16 14 :16 28 : 48 28 : 64 28 : 80
Here, we can fix the mass of nitrogen as 14 g, then the ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with
14g of N2 = 8 : 16 : 24 : 32 : 40 = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5
Law of reciprocal proportions (proposed by Ritcher)
The ratio of the masses of the 2 elements, A and B which combined with a fixed mass of a third
element C is either the same or a simple multiple of the ratios of masses of A & B which combined with
each other.
ex : NaCl HCl & NaH

23 : 35.5 1: 35.5 23 :1
Ratio masses of Na & H2 combined with 35.5 g of Cl2 = 23 : 1

Ratio of mass of Na & H2 in NaH = 23 : 1
ex : CS2 SO 2 & CO 2
6 : 32 32 : 32 12 : 32
3
Ratio of masses of C & O2 combined with 32 g of S = 6 : 32 ....(a)

Ratio of mass of C & O2 in CO2 = 12 : 32 ....(b)
a & b are multiplies
Qn2: Which of the following compounds will obey the law of reciprocal proportions ?
i) CO2, SO2 & CS2
ii) H2O, CH4 & H2O2
iii) CH4, H2O & CO2
iv) CO, SO2 & CO2
v) H2O, H2S & H2O2
vi) H2S, H2O & SO2
Ans : i, iii, vi
Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes
When reactants in the gaseous state, reacts together to products in their gaseous state, volume
reactants to products bear a simple whole no. ratio under identical conditions of temperature and
pressure.
H 2(g)  Cl2 g   HCl(g) N 2(g)  3H 2(g)  2NH 3(g)

vol. 
1 : 1 : 2 1 : 3 : 2
ratio 
Therefore, it is clear that the volume ratios of gaseous reactants and products are equivalent to the
mole ratios under identical conditions of temperature & pressure.
Atoms and Molecules
Atoms are the smallest particles of elements. Atoms may or may not have independent existence.
ex : H, N, O, He, Ne,.......
Molecules are the smallest particles of compounds or some types of elements, with independent
existence.
ex : CO2, NH3, H2, N2, O2,......
Homoatomic molecules
They contain only a single type of atoms.
ex : H2, N2, O2, ......
Heteroatomic molecules
They contain more than one type of atoms.
ex : CO2, NH3.....
4
Atomicity of a molecule
The total number of atoms present in a molecule is called its atomicity.
ex : Atomicity of O2 = 2
Atomicity of CO2 = 3
Atomicity of NH3 = 4
Atomicity of CaCO3 = 5
Atomic mass
It is measured using mass spectrometer, and is expressed in terms of amu.
1
1 amu can be defined as the mass equivalent to the mass of a C-12 isotope.
12 th
1
1 amu =  mass of one C  12 isotope
12
24 24
= 1.66  10 g  10 6  10 g
 1.66  1027 kg
Atomic mass is a number, which expresses how many times the mass of an atom of an element is
heavier than 1 the mass of a C-12 isotope (1 amu)

12 th
mass of the given atom

 atomic mass of an atom = mass equivalent to1amu
Therefore, it is clear that atomic mass is a unitless quantity

ex : atomic mass of
H - 1.008 Na - 23 Ca - 40
He - 4 Mg - 24 Mn - 55
C - 12 Al - 27 Fe - 56
N - 14 S - 32 Cu = 63.5
O - 16 Cl - 35.5 Br = 80
F - 19 K = 39 Ag = 108
Ne - 20 I = 126
Average atomic mass
Chlorine has 2 isotopes Cl 35 and Cl 37 in 3 : 1 natural abundance ratio. Therefore, we take the
average of these two values as the atomic mass of chlorine.
5
35  3  37  1
Therefore, average atomic mass of chlorine =  35.5
3 1
Consider n isotopes of an element having atomic masses M1, M2, M3, ......Mn with percentage of
abundance P1, P2, P3,.....Pn respectively.
M1P1  M 2 P2  M 3 P3  .........  M n Pn
Therefore, average atomic mass =
P1  P2  P3  P4  .........  Pn
M P i i
i.e, average atomic mass = i 1
100
Consider 2 isotopes of an element having atomic masses M1 and M2 with percentage of abundance P1
& P2 respectively.
M1P1  M 2 P2
Therefore, average atomic mass =
P1  P2
But P1 + P2 = 100
 P2  100  P1 
M1P1  M 2 100  P1 
 average atomic mass =
100
Qn. Boron has 2 isotopes. B - 10 and B - 11 with an average atomic mass of 10.81. Calculate their
percentage of abundance ratio.
M1P1  M 2 100  P1 
Average atomic mass =
100
10P1  11100  P1 
10.81 
100
1081  10P1  1100  11P1

- 19 = - 1 P1
P1 = 19
(100 - 19) = P2
P2 = 81
P1 : P2 = 19 : 81
6
ALTERNATE METHOD
10.81 11
10
0.81 0.19
0.19 : 0.81
19 : 81
Molecular mass
Molecular mass is a number, which expresses how many times the mass of a molecule of a compound
is heavier than 1/12th the mass of a C-12 isotope.
Mass of the given molecule

Molecular mass of a molecule =
Mass equivalent to1amu
ex : Molecular mass of CO2 = 44
Therefore, it is clear that the molecular mass of a molecules in the sum of the atomic masses of
atoms of various elements present in a molecule.
Mole Concept
One mole is the collection of avogadro number (NA) of particles.
NA = 6.023 × 1023
1 mole books = 6.023 × 1023 books
1 mole atoms = 6.023 × 1023 atoms
1 mole molecules = 6.023 × 1023 molecules
1 mole ions = 6.023 × 1023 ions
Qn. Calculate the no. of years required to count avogadro number of rupees at the rate of 10 lakh rupees
per second
106 Rs  1 sec
365 × 24 × 60 × 60 × 106 Rs  1 yr
1
 1R s  yrs
365  24  60  60  106
6.022  1023
 6.022  10 Rs 23
yrs
365  24  60  60  106
 2 1010 yrs
7
Gram atomic mass

The atomic mass expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass.
If the atomic mass of an atom is x, then,
Mass of one atom of the element = x. amu
= x × 1.66 × 10-24g
10
 x  1024 g
6
10
 Mass of 1 mole atoms = x  1024  6  1023 g
6
=x×1g=xg
One gram atom of the element = 1 mole atoms = x g
ex : atomic mass of He is 4, then
Mass of one He atom = 4 a.m.u
Mass of one mole He atom = 4 g
One gram atom of He = 1 mole He = 4 g He
Gram molecular mass
The molecular mass expressed in grams is called the gram molecular mass.
If the molecular mass of a molecule is x, then
Mass of one molecule of the compound = x a.m.u
Mass of one mole molecule = x g
One gram molecule of the compound = 1 mole molecules = xg
Eg : Molecular mass of CO2 is 44, then
Mass of one CO2 molecule = 44 a.m.u
Mass of one mole CO2 = 44 g
One gram molecule of CO2 = 1 mole CO2 = 44 g CO2
Molar mass
It is the mass of one mole of particles
Molar mass of atoms = gram atomic mass
Molar mass of molecules = gram molecular mass
The unit of molar mass is gram mole-1
8
Calculation of the no. of moles, no. of molecules and no. of atoms from the given mass of a
substance.
Let w be the mass of the substance in grams and M be its molar mass in g mole-1 then,
given mass in grams w

no. of moles  1

molar mass in g mole M
w
no. of molecules  no. of moles  N A   NA
M
no. of molecules
no. of moles 
NA
w
no. of atoms  no. of moles  N A  atomicity   N A  atomicity
M
Percentage composition of various elements present in a molecule
The percentage of an element A in a compound is given by
atomic mass of A  no.of atoms of A

% of A   100
molecular mass of the compound
Qn1. Calculate the no. of atoms of Ag present in 1404 a.m.u of Ag.
Atomic mass of Ag = 108
 Mass of 1 silver atom = 108 a.m.u

108 a.m.u Ag  1 Ag atom
1
 1 a.m.u Ag  Ag atoms
108
1404
 1404 a.m.u Ag  Ag atoms = 13 Ag atoms
108
Qn2. The mass of 1 H2O molecule is
1) 30 × 10-23 g 2) 3 × 10-23 g 3) 3 × 10-23 amu 4) 18 × 10-23 g
10
Mass of 1 H2O molecule = 18 a.m.u = 18   1024 g = 3 × 10-23 g
6
9
Qn3. From 320 mg of SO2, 12 × 1020 molecules are removed. The no. of moles of SO2 left are ?
1) 30 × 1010 2) 18 × 1020 3) 6 × 10-3 4) 3 × 10-3
Molar mass of SO2 = 64 g mole-1
w 320 103 g
No. of SO2 molecules =  NA = 1
 6 1023 molecules mol1 = 30 × 1020 molecules
M 64g mole
No. of molecules removed = 12 × 1020
 No. of molecules remaining = 30 × 1020 - 12 × 1020 = 18 × 1020 molecule
no. of molecules 18  1020 molecules

No. of moles of SO2 remaining =   3  103 mole
NA 6 1023 molecules mol1
Qn4. Percentage of oxygen in the metal carbonate M2CO3 in 45.28. The atomic mass of metal M is :
1) 46 2) 23 3) 18 4) 27
Let the atomic mass of metal M be A.
 Molecular mass of M2CO3 = 2 A + 60
3  16
Percentage of oxygen =  100
2A  60
48
45.28   100
2A  60
48
2A  60   100
45.28
 100
2A  40
A  20
Ans : 23
Qn.5 The percentage of water in Na2SO4 . x H2O is 55.9. Calculate the value of x.
1) 6 2) 4 3) 7 4) 10
Molecular mass of Na2SO4 . x H2O = 142 + 18 x
18x
% of H2O in Na2SO4 . x H2O =  100  55.9
142  18x
10
18x
  100  142  18x
55.9
 33x  142  18x
 15x  142
142
x  10
15
Avagadro’s Hypothesis
Equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of moles or molecules under identical condition of
temperature and pressure.
Application
1. Relation between molecular mass and vapour density
Molecular mass  2  V.D

Density of the gas
Vapour Density 
Density of H 2 gas
2. Molar volume of a gas at NTP or STP

NTP  273 K and 1 atm pressure
STP  273 K and 1 bar pressure
Molar volume of a gas at NTP = 22.4 L
Molar volume of a gas at STP = 22.7 L
given volume of the gas at NTP or STP

No.of moles of a gas 
molar volume of the gas at NTP or STP
1m3 = 103 L = 103dm3 = 106 cm3 = 106 mL

3. Loschmidt’s number :
The number of gas molecules present in 1 mL of a gas at NTP is called Loschmidt’s number.
22400 mL of a gas at NTP  6.023 × 1023 gas molecules
6.023 1023
 1 mL of a gas at NTP  gas molecules = 2.687 × 1019 gas molecules
22400
Qn: V.D of a gas is equal to 4 times that of Cl2. Calculate the mass of 0.25 moles of the gas.
molecular mass 71
V.D of Cl2 =   35.5
2 2
11
 V.D of the given gas = 4 × 35.5 = 142

Molecular mass of given gas = 2 × V.D = 2 × 142 = 284
Mass of 1 mol of the gas = 284 g
 Mass of 0.25 mol of the gas = 0.25 × 284 = 71 g
Empirical formula (EF) & Molecular formula (MF)
E.F is the simplest formula which gives the simplest ratio of atoms of various elements present in a
molecules.
E.F. of Benzene is CH and that of glucose is CH2O
M.F is the correct formula which gives the actual no. of atoms of various elements present in a molecule.
MF of Benzene is C6H6 and that of glucose is C6H12O6.
MF  n  EF 
MF mass
n
EF mass
2xVD

EF mass
Determination of EF from the percentage composition of various elements present in a molecule

Step 1 : Determination of the relative no. of moles.
To calculate its value, we devide the % of each element by its atomic mass.
Step 2 : Determination of the simplest mole ratio.
To calculate its value, we divide the relative no. of moles obtained in step 1 by the smallest value.
Step 3 : Determination the simplest whole no. ratio.
To calculate its value, we multiply the simplest mole ratios obtained in step 2 by a suitable no.
The simplest whole number ratio obtained in step 3 gives the no. of atoms of various element present
in the empirical formula
Qn. Analysis of an organic compound shows that it contains 52.2 % of C, 13% H2, and remaining % of
oxygen. Calculate the E.F of the compound
Simplest Simplest
Rel. no. of
Element At mass % whole whole no.
moles
no. ratio ratio
54.2 4.35
C 12 52.2  4.35 2 2
12 2.175
13 13
H 1 13  13 6 6
1 2.175
34.8 2.175
O 16 34.8  2.175 1 1
16 2.175
Note : The no. of atoms of various elements present in the E.F corresponds to the simplest ratio of relative
no. of moles of the corresponding elements.
12
Qn. Analysis of an organic compound shows that it contains 52.2% of C, 13% of H2 and 34.8% of O2.
Calculate the MF of the compound if its VD = 46
52.2 13 34.8
C:H:O  : : = 4.35 : 13 : 2.175 = 2 : 6 : 1
12 1 16
 EF = C2H6O
 EF mass = 24 + 6 + 16 = 46
n
2 VD 2  46
= 2
EF mass 46
MF = 2 [EF] = 2 [C2H6O] = C4H12O2

Balancing of chemical reactions
I. Balancing of ionic reactions
Ay + + Bx -
y x
 A x By
Qn. BaCl2  Na 3 PO 4  Products
BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl-
Na3PO4 3Na+ + PO34
Ba2+ + PO34 Ba 3  PO4 2
2 3
Na   Cl   NaCl
3BaCl2  2Na 3PO 4  Ba 3  PO 4 2  6NaCl
Balancing of combustion reaction of organic compounds
13
Balance the combustion reaction of following organic compounds

i) Methane :
4 4
CH 4  O2  1CO2  H 2O
2 2
CH 4  2O 2  CO 2  2H 2 O
ii) Ethane :
7 6
C 2 H 6  O 2  2CO 2  H 2 O
2 2
7
C 2 H 6  O 2  2CO 2  3H 2 O
2
iii) Propane :
9 6
C3 H 6  O 2  3CO 2  H 2 O
2 2
9
C3 H 6  O 2  3CO 2  3H 2 O
2
iv) Methanol :
3 4
CH 3OH  O 2  1CO 2  H 2 O
2 2
3
CH 3OH  O 2  CO 2  2H 2 O
2
v) Glucose :
C6 H12 O6  6O 2  6CO 2  6H 2 O
Stoichiometry of chemical reactions

The co-efficients of reactants and products in a balance chemical equation is called the stoichiometric
co-efficients of reactants and products in that chemical reaction. The simplest ratio of stoichiometric
coefficients is called the stoichiometry of a chemical reaction
ex : The stoichiometry of N2, H2 and NH3 in the reaction N 2  3H 2  2NH 3 is 1 : 3 : 2
14
Limiting reagent
The reagent which react completely in a chemical reaction is called the limiting reagent and the reagent
which react incompletely is called the excess reagent. The amount of product will be limited to a
particular value by the limiting reagent.
Qn. 3 moles of N2 and 6 moles of H2 are mixed. Calculate the maximum amount of NH3 produced.
N 2  3H 2  2NH 3
1 mole N2  3 mole H2
3 mole N2  9 mole H2
But, given only 6 moles of H2. H2 is the limiting reagent.

3 mole H2  2 mole NH3
6 mole H2  4 mole NH3

OR
N2 + 3 H2 2NH3
No. of moles 3 6 0
before reaction
( 3 - 2) (6 - 6) 4
No. of moles
after reaction 0
1
Qn: 1 g of Mg react with 0.56 of O2. Calculate the mass of excess reactant remaining unreacted.
1
Mg + O2 MgO
2
Mole 1 : 0.5 : 1
ratio
Mass 24 : 16 : 40
ratio 3 : 2 : 5
3g Mg  2g O 2
 1 g Mg  2 g O 2  0.66 g O 2
3
But, given only 0.56 g of oxygen
 oxygen is the limiting reagent & Mg is the excess reagent.
15
2g O 2  3g Mg
1g O 2  3 / 2g Mg
3
0.56g O 2   0.56g Mg = 0.84 g Mg
2
Mass of Mg remaining = 1 - 0.84 = 0.16 g
Qn. 22.4 L of H2 & 11.2 L of Cl2 (each at NTP) are mixed. Calculate the no. of moles of HCl produced.
22.4
No. of moles of H2 =  1mol
22.4
11.2 1
No. of moles of Cl2 =  mol
22.4 2
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
No. of moles 1 : 0.5 : 0

before reaction
No. of moles (1-0.5) : (0.5 - 0.5) : 1
after reaction 0.5 : 0
Qn. Calculate the volume of O2 gas produced at NTP by heating 12.25 grams of KClO3
Molecular mass of KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 + 48 = 122.5
No. of moles of KClO3 = 12.25 / 122.5 = 0.1 mole
3
1 mole KClO3  mole O 2
2
3 3
0.1 mole KClO3   0.1 mol O 2 =  0.1 22.4 of O 2 at NTP = 3.36 L
2 2
Qn. 20 g of 50% pure CaCO3 reacts with excess dil. H2SO4. Calculate the volume of CO2 gas produced at
NTP.
50
Mass of pure CaCO3 = 20   10 g
100
CaCO3  H 2SO 4  CaSO 4  CO 2  H 2O

 excess 
10
 no. of moles of CaCO3 =  0.1 mole
100
16
 0.1 mol of CaCO3  0.1 mol of CO2 = 0.1 × 22.4 L of CO2 at NTP = 2.24 L
Equivalent mass
1. Equivalent mass of elements
A) The mass of the element which combined with 1.008 g of H2 (1 eq. mass of H2)
Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element  1.008
Mass of H 2 combined
Equivalent mass of an element Mass of the element


Equivalent mass of H 2 Mass of H 2 combined
B) Mass of the element which combined with 35.5 g of chlorine
Mass of element
Equivalent mass of an element   35.5
Mass of Cl2 combined


Equivalent mass of Cl2 Mass of Cl 2 combined
C) The mass of the element which combined with 80 g of Br2 (1 equivalent mass of Br2)
Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element   80
Mass of Br2 combined


Equivalent mass of Br2 Mass of Br2 combined
D) The mass of the element which combined with 8 g of O2 (1 eq. mass of O2)
Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element  8
Mass of O 2 combined


Equivalent mass of O 2 Mass of O 2 combined
17
2. Equivalent mass of metals
Atomic mass
Eq. mass of metals =
Valency
3. Equivalent mass of acids
Molecular mass
Eq. mass of acids =
Basicity
Basicity of acids
The no. of moles of replaceable H+ ions from 1 mole of an acid is called its basicity.
ex : Basicity HCl = 1, H2SO4 = 2 etc.....
4. Equivalent mass of bases
Molecular mass
Eq. mass of bases =
Acidity
Acidity of bases
The no. of moles of replicable OH  ions from one mole of the base is called its acidity..
ex : Acidify of NaOH = 1, Ca(OH)2 = 2 , .......

5. Equivalent of ions
Formula mass
Eq. mass of ion =
Charge
23
Eq. mass of Na+ =  23
1
40
Eq. mass of Ca2+ =  20
2
27
Eq. mass of Al3+ = 9
3
60
Eq. mass of CO32   30
2
2 96
Eq. mass of SO 4   48
2
18
6. Equivalent mass of compounds
Molecular mass
Eq. mass of compounds =
Total change of anions or cations
Note : Eq. mass of a compound = eq. mass of corresponding cation + eq. mass of corresponding anion
ex : Eq. mass of Al2(SO4)3 = eq. mass of Al3+ + eq. mass of SO 24 
Experimental determination of atomic masses

1. Dulong and Petit’s law (applicable for solid elements with high metallic character)
Atomic mass × specific heat  6.4
6.4
Atomic mass =
specific heat
where the specific heat is in calories

2. Isomorphism method
Isomorphous compounds
According to Mitscherlisch’s law of isomorphism isomorphous compounds contains similar number of
similar atoms united in a similar manner gives the similar crystalline structure.
ex : Fe 2SO 4  7H 2 O and ZnSO 4  7H 2 O
KMnO4 and KClO4

Consider a metal M with atomic mass A has a compound which on isomorphous with MgSO4 . 7H2O,
then formula of the meta compound can be taken as MSO4 . 7H2O
Molecular mass of MSO4.7H2O = A + 96 + 7 × 18 = A + 222
A
% of M =  100
A  222
The % of M is determined experimentally. From this, we can calculate the value of A
Qn: The carbonate of a metal is formed to be isomorphous with Magnesium carbonate & contains 6.091 %
of carbon. The atomic mass of the metal will be
1) 192 2) 167 3) 137 4) 122
Let the metal = M
Let At. mass of M = A
The formula of the metal carbonate can be taken as MCO3.
Molecular mass of MCO3 = A + 60
19
12 1200
% of C =  100 =
A  60 A  60
1200
 6.91 
A  60
1200
A  60   200
6.091
A  140
 A  137
3. Volatile chloride method
Consider a metal M with atomic mass A, equivalent mass E and valency n, then
A
E
n
 A  En
The formula of the metal chloride can be taken as MCln.

Molecular mass of MCln = A + 35.5 n
 2 VD  En  35.5n
= n [E + 35.5]
2  VD
n
E  35.5
Then the correct atomic mass A = En.
Qn. The VD of a metal chloride is 66.100 g of the metal oxide contains 53 g of the metal. Calculate the
atomic mass of the metal.
Let the metal be M, its its at mass-A, equivalent mass E, and valency n.
Mass of metal
E 8
53
 8
100  53
53
= 8  9
47
20
2VD 2  66 132
n   3
E+35.5 9  35.5 44.5
A = En = 3 × 9 = 27
Experimental determination of equivalent masses
1. Hydride formation method
Mass of the compound

Equivalent mass of the element =  1.008
Mass of H 2 combined
Mass of the element

=  11.2
Vol. of H 2 combined in L at NTP
2.016 g H2  22.4L
 NTP
1.008g H2  11.2L 
2. Chloride formation method
Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element =  35
Mass of Cl 2 combined
Mass of the element

  11.2
Vol. of Cl 2 combined in L at NTP
71g Cl2  22.4 L 

 NTP
35.5gCl2  11.2 L 
3. Oxide formation method
Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element = 8
Mass of the element

=  5.6
Vol.of O 2 combined in L at NTP
22.4L  32g O2 
 NTP
5.6L O2  8g O2 
4. Metal displacement method
More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their solutions.
eg : CuSO 4 (aq)  Zn(s)  ZnSO 4 (aq)  Cu(s)
21
Eq.mass of metal added Mass of metal added


Eq. mass of metal displaced Mass of metal displaced
5. Double displacement method
AB  CD  AD   CB  Eg : AgNO 3  NaCl  AgCl   NaNO 3 
Eq.mass of AB Mass of AB added


Eq. mass of AD Mass of AD obtained
Qn. 0.84 g of a metal hydride contains 0.042 g of hydrogen. The equivalent mass of the metal is
1) 10 2) 20 3) 30 4) 40
 1.008 = 0.84  0.042  1.008

Mass of the metal
Eq. mass of metal =
Mass of O 2 combined 0.042
0.84
  1  20
0.042
Qn. V.D of a metal chloride is 95 and specific heat of the metal is 0.13. Equivalent mass of the metal will be
1) 12 2) 17 3) 22 4) 9
Let the metal be M, its at mass be A, equivalent mass be E valency be ‘n’. The formula of metal chloride
is MCln.
6.4 6.4
A   50 .
Sp.heat 0.13
Molecular mass of MCln = A + 35.5 n
 2VD  50  35.5 n
2 × 95 = 50 + 35.5 n
 35.5n  190  50
35.5 n = 140
140
n
35.5
n4
A 50
E   12
n 4
22
Qn. 3g of a metal oxide when converted to its chloride gives 5 g of the metal chloride. Calculate the
equivalent mass of the metal.
Eq.mass of metal chloride Mass of metal chloride


Eq.mass of metal oxide Mass of metal oxide
E metal  E chlorine 5

E metal  E oxygen 3
E  35.5 5

E 8 3
3(E + 35.5) = 5(E + 8)
3E + 106.5 = 5E + 40
106.5 - 40 = 2E
2E = 66.5
E = 33.25
Qn. 0.4426 g of a metal chloride is dissolved in water and is made upto 1000 mL. 500 mL of this solution
requires 0.51 grams of AgNO3 for the complete precipitation of Cl- ions as AgCl. Calculate the valency
of the metal, if its atomic mass is 112.3.
Eq.mass of metal chloride Mass of metal oxide


Eq.mass of AgNO3 Mass of AgNO3
E  35.5 0.4426 / 2
E Ag  E NO = 0.51
3
E  35.5 0.2213

108 62 0.51

1 1
E  35.5 0.2213

170 0.51
 0.2213 
E  170   35.5  38
 0.51 
Atomic mass 112.3

Valency   3
Equivalent mass 38
23
Solutions
The homogeneous mixture of 2 or more non-reacting substances are called as solutions.
Solute
The component present in smaller amount
Solvent
The component present in larger amount
Concentration of solutions
Mass fraction
Consider a binary solution of components A & B having masses MA & MB respectively, then
MA
Mass fraction of A 
MA  MB
MB
Mass fraction of B 
MA  MB
Mass percentage
Mass percentage = mass fraction × 100
For the above example,
MA
Mass % of A =  100
MA  MB
MB
Mass % of B =  100
MA  MB
Mole fraction (  )
Consider a binary solution of components A & B, having number of moles nA & nB respectively. Then,
nA
mole fraction of A (  A ) =
nA  nB
nB
mole fraction of B (  B ) =
nA  nB
A  B  1
24
Molarity (M)
The number of moles of solute present per litre of the solution is called its molarity.
no.of moles of solute

Molarity(M) 
volume of solution in L
Molarity law (Dilution law)
M1V1 = M2V2
Before After
dilution dilution
w
Molarity × volume of solution (in L) = Number of moles =
M
w
Molarity × volume of solution (in mL) = Number of millimoles = 100
M
w = given mass in g
M = molar mass in g mole-1
Note :
Number of moles or millimoles of reactants reacts according to the stoichiometry of the reaction and
produce the number of moles or millimoles of products according to the corresponding stoichiometry.
Qn. 20 ml of 0.1 M H2SO4 is mixed with 30 ml of 0.2 M NaOH. Calculate the maximum amount of Na2SO4
produced (in g).
Molecular mass of Na2SO4 = 46 + 96 = 142
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
No. of millimoles (0.1 × 20) (0.2 × 30) 0 0

before reaction 2 6
Millimoles after (2 - 2) (6 - 4) 2 4
reaction 0 2
Millimoles of Na2SO4 produced = 2
w
  1000  2
M
25
2M 2  142
w   0.284 g
1000 1000
Molality (m)
The number of moles of solute present per kilogram of the solvent is called its molality.
Number of moles of solute

Molality (m) =
Mass of solvent in kg
Normality (N)
The no. of equivalents of the solute present per litre of the solution.
No of equivalents of the solute

Normality (N)  Volume of solution in L
Given mass w
No. of equivalents of the solute = Equivalent mass  E
Note : Both normality and molarity involves the volumes of solutions. Therefore both are temperature dependent.
Relation between normality and molarity
Molecular mass
Normality  Molarity 
Eqivalent mass
M olecular mass
 Basicity (for acids)
Equivalent mass
= Acidity (for bases)

Normality = Molarity × Basicity (for acids)
Normality = Molarity × Acidity (for bases)
Normality equation (Dilution law)
N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
before after
dilution dilution
Normality × Volume of solution (in L) = no of equivalents
w
Normality × Volume of solution (in mL) = no of milliequivalent =  1000
E
26
w = given mass in g
E = e q u i v a l e n t m a s s i n g e q
–1
Note: No. of equivalents or milliequivalents of reactants reacts in equal no and produce the same no. of equivalent
of milli equivalents of products separately.
Qn. 20 ml of 0.1 M H2SO4 is mixed with 30 ml of 0.2 M NaOH. Calculate the max. amount of Na2SO4
produced (in grams)
Normality of H2SO4 = Molarity × Basicity = 0.1 × 2 = 0.2 N
Normality of NaOH = Molarity × Acidity = 0. 2 × 1= 0.2 N
molecular mass 142

Equivalent mass of Na2 SO4 = total charge of anions/cations  2  71
H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
milliequivalents (0.2 × 20) (0.2 × 30) 0 0

before reaction 4 6
Milliequivalents (4 - 4) (6 - 4) 4 4
after reaction 0 2
Milliequivalents of Na2SO4 produced = 4
w
  1000  4
E
4  E 4  71
 w   0.284g
100 1000
Normality in a mixture of two or more non- reacting solutions
Consider a mixture of 3 non- reacting solutions having normalities N1, N2, & N3 with volumes V1, V2 & V3
respectively. Then resulting normality N4 of the mixture having final total volume V4 is given by
N1V1 + N2V2 + N3V3 = N4V4 = N4 (V1 + V2 + V3)
Note : If a particular volume of water is added to the resulting mixture then, final total volume.
V4 = V1 + V2 + V3 + Vwater added
Note : If N1 normal of an acid is mixed with N2 normal V2 ml of a base, then
i) If N1V1 = N2V2  Resulting solution is neutral
ii) If N1V1 > N2 V2  Resulting solution is acidic
27
N1V1  N 2 V2
 Normality of resulting acidic solution = V1  V2
iii) If N1 V1 < N2V2  Resulting solutions is basic
N 2 V2  N1V1
 Normality of resulting basic solution = V1  V2
Parts per million (ppm)

The number of parts by mass of solute present per million parts by mass of the solution.
mass of solute
ppm   106
mass of solution
28

Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT23-CHEMISTRY (ONLINE) -2021

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

All homogenous mixtures are called as solutions

ex : NaCl HCl & NaH

Ratio masses of Na & H2 combined with 35.5 g of Cl2 = 23 : 1

Ratio of masses of C & O2 combined with 32 g of S = 6 : 32 ....(a)

H 2(g)  Cl2 g   HCl(g) N 2(g)  3H 2(g)  2NH 3(g)

heavier than 1 the mass of a C-12 isotope (1 amu)

mass of the given atom

Therefore, it is clear that atomic mass is a unitless quantity

1081  10P1  1100  11P1

Mass of the given molecule

Gram atomic mass

given mass in grams w

Percentage composition of various elements present in a molecule

The percentage of an element A in a compound is given by

atomic mass of A  no.of atoms of A

Qn1. Calculate the no. of atoms of Ag present in 1404 a.m.u of Ag.

Atomic mass of Ag = 108

 Mass of 1 silver atom = 108 a.m.u

Qn2. The mass of 1 H2O molecule is

1) 30 × 10-23 g 2) 3 × 10-23 g 3) 3 × 10-23 amu 4) 18 × 10-23 g

No. of molecules removed = 12 × 1020

 No. of molecules remaining = 30 × 1020 - 12 × 1020 = 18 × 1020 molecule

no. of molecules 18  1020 molecules

 Molecular mass of M2CO3 = 2 A + 60

 33x  142  18x

Molecular mass  2  V.D

2. Molar volume of a gas at NTP or STP

given volume of the gas at NTP or STP

1m3 = 103 L = 103dm3 = 106 cm3 = 106 mL

 V.D of the given gas = 4 × 35.5 = 142

Determination of EF from the percentage composition of various elements present in a molecule

MF = 2 [EF] = 2 [C2H6O] = C4H12O2

Qn. BaCl2  Na 3 PO 4  Products

BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl-

Na3PO4 3Na+ + PO34

Ba2+ + PO34 Ba 3  PO4 2

3BaCl2  2Na 3PO 4  Ba 3  PO 4 2  6NaCl

Balancing of combustion reaction of organic compounds

Balance the combustion reaction of following organic compounds

Stoichiometry of chemical reactions

ex : The stoichiometry of N2, H2 and NH3 in the reaction N 2  3H 2  2NH 3 is 1 : 3 : 2

But, given only 6 moles of H2. H2 is the limiting reagent.

6 mole H2  4 mole NH3

No. of moles 1 : 0.5 : 0

CaCO3  H 2SO 4  CaSO 4  CO 2  H 2O

Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element Mass of the element

B) Mass of the element which combined with 35.5 g of chlorine

Equivalent mass of an element Mass of the element

Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element Mass of the element

Mass of the element

Equivalent mass of an element Mass of the element

2. Equivalent mass of metals

3. Equivalent mass of acids