PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

What statement would contain the

most information in the fewest words?
I believe that it is the atomic
hypothesis…that

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Matter

 ….all things are made up of atoms, little

particles that move around in perpetual
motion , attracting or repelling one
another. Richard Feynman, 1994


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Common Misconcepcions
 1. that matter is continuous
 it is composed of very small particles
called atoms.
 2.there is no empty space between
particles
 there are lots of empty spaces

 3.gas particles are static

 gases are fluids, they flow and move

rapidly
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 4. macroscopic properties are attributed to
particles
 divide a copper penny into ever- smaller
pieces eventually you would come upon a
particle of copper that could no longer be
divided and still have the properties of copper.
This particle could be an atom, the smaller
particle of an element that retains the
properties of the element.
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 States of Matter

Most common types:

Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

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 States of Matter

Basis of Classification of the Four Types

Based upon particle arrangement

Based upon energy of particles

Based upon distance between particles

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 States of Matter

States of Matter
The Classification and Properties of Matter
Depend Upon Microscopic Structure

Particle arrangement
Particle energy
Particle to particle distance

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 States of Matter

Solids
Particles tightly packed; vibrating about a
fixed position.
definite shape and a definite volume.

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 States of Matter

Solids

Particle Movement Examples

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 States of Matter

Liquids
Particles: tightly packed, but are far
enough apart to slide over one another
 indefinite shape but a definite volume

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 States of Matter

Liquids
Particle Movement Examples

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 States of Matter

Gases
particles are very far apart and move
freely.
 have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume.

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 States of Matter

Gases

Particle Movement Examples

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But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything
just be a gas?
States of Matter

Plasma
Particles
.

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STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, like gases • Plasma is the
have an indefinite
common state
shape and an
indefinite volume. of matter
Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames
Some places where plasmas are
foundwhere plasmas are

1. Flames
Auroras (Northern Lights)
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
COLD PLASMA PEN,laser applied in
skin epidermal layer,kills viral,bacterial and fungal
organisms
5th and 6th States

 Bose-Einstein Condensate
 Fermionic Condensate

Scientists create – atomic level

(refrigerate particles – bosons – to very
low temperature; wave of a speck of
matter)
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Bose-Einstein condensate
(BEC),
 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), a state of matter
in which separate atoms or subatomic particles,
cooled to near absolute zero (0 K, − 273.15 °C, or
− 459.67 °F; K = kelvin),
 The classic example of Bose-Einstein condensation
for many years was liquid helium. At the transition of
liquid helium from an ordinary liquid to what is called
a superfluid, the viscosity vanishes and helium starts
to behave like a quantum fluid.
 A Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter in which
extremely cold atoms clump together and act as if they were a
single atom. Chumbler - Properties of Matter 25
BOSE-EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
 They are effectively super
 A low energy form of matter,
atoms, groups of atoms that
a state of matter that is
behave as one.
typically formed when a
Developed by SATYENDRA
gas of bosons at very low 
NATH BOSE and ALBERT
densities is cooled to EINSTEIN in the early 1920S.
temperatures very close
 They can slow light down to
to absolute zero (−273.15
the residential speed limit, flow
°C or −459.67 °F).
without friction.
 BECs have strange
 USES: to create atom lasers,
properties with many
atomic clocks and
possible applications in the gravitational, rotational or
future technologies. magnetic sensors with excellent
 . sensitivity.
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Matter
BEC
 Superfluidity, similar to 
how a superconductor 
resists a magnetic field,
when it resists
magnetic flow it can be
stronger than gravity
allowing the magnet to
levitate above the
superconductor.
 ELEMENTS used as 
BECs: H, He, Rb
Chumbler - Properties of Matter
APPLICATIONS:
Atom lasers, sensitive
measurement
instruments,Improved
ability to manipulate matter
waves, laser gyroscopes
which measures and
maintains orientation of an
object in inertial space and
Accelerators.
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 BECs have also been used to create
atom lasers, atomic clocks and
gravitational, rotational or magnetic
sensors with excellent sensitivity.

Chumbler - Properties of Matter 28

FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
 Fermionic condensates are
a type of superfluid at low
temperatures, below 50
nanoKelvin. As the name
suggests, a superfluid
possesses fluid properties
similar to those possessed
by ordinary liquids and
gases, such as the lack of a
definite shape and the
ability to flow in response
to applied forces.
Chumbler - Properties of Matter
 It is closely related to the
Bose–Einstein condensate,
a superfluid phase formed
by bosonic atoms under
similar conditions.
 superconductivity and
superfluidity,
 Fermions include all quarks
and leptons
 Leptons,are subatomic
particles that respond to
EM force,wek and
gravitational forces
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People in this FCs

 Deborah S. Jin
 Eric Cornell
 End of lesson.
 Carl Wieman

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