Algebra study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols

Real numbers Category in the number system

Natural numbers Counting numbers
Integers All natural numbers, negative & zero
Rational numbers Expressed as quotient of 2 integers
Irrational numbers Cannot be expressed as quotient of 2 integers
Imaginary numbers Denoted by letter “I”
Linear equation variables quantities are in the first power / graph is a straight line
Ordinate X
Abscissa Y
Slope Measures the steepness
Exponent Power to which number is raised
Radical Expression uses root
Fraction Ratio of 2 integers a/b
Mixed fraction whole number+ proper fraction

Angle new New angle form by h-hand and m-hand on its new time
Angle reference Initial angle before the h-hand and m-hand moves towards the desired time
Progression A collection of numbers arranged in any orderly manner which has a specific formula to
calculate the nth term
Arithmetic progression Difference between 2 adjacent term is constant / common difference
Geometric progression 2 adjacent term has a common ratio
Harmonic progression Reciprocal to arithmetic progression
Significant figures Digits that define the numerical value of a number
Least common multiple Smallest integer that is evenly divisible by all number
Least common Least common multiple of the denominator of a set of fractions. It is the smallest positive
denominator integer that is a multiple of each denominator in the set
Greatest common factor Highest number that divides exactly into 2 or more numbers
Trigonometry Branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships involving length and angles of the
triangles
Plane trigonometry Deals with triangles with 2 dimensions
Spherical trigonometry Deals with Triangles extracted from the surface of a sphere
Pythagorean theorem In a right triangle , the sum of the square of the length of the sides is equal to the square of
the hypotenuse
Angle Space between two rays that extend from a common point called the vertex
Acute angle Angles <90
Right angle Angles =90
Obtuse angle Angles >90
Straight angle Angles =180
Reflex angle Angles >180
Acute triangle triangles <90
Right triangle triangles =90
Obtuse triangle triangles >90
Sine law Ratio of any side to the sine of its opposite angle is constant
Cosine law The square of any one side is equal to the sum of the square of the 2 other sides subtracted
to twice the product of the 2 sides and their included angle
Median Line drawn from one vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Centroid Intersection point of the medians of the triangle
Altitude Perpendicular segment from 1 vertex to its opposite side.
Orthocentre Intersection point of the altitudes of the triangle
Angle bisector Segment drawn from a vertex that bisect the vertex angle
Incenter Intersection point of the angle bisector of a triangle
Geaometry concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher
dimensional analogs
Circle Plane figure that is focus of all point in the plane equidistant from a given point
Circumference Perimeter of the circle
Sector Area of a circle bounded by to radii
Segment (circle) Bounded by a chord and the arc subtending the cord
Ellipse Focus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances to the fixed points is constant
and equal to the length of the major axis
Foci Sum of the distances of point to the fixed points
Polygons Closed plane figures formed by line segment
Side Also known as edge, is one of the line segments that form a polygon
Vertices Are the end points of each side of the polygon
Diagonals A line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of the polygon
Interior angle Angle formed by 2 adjacent sides inside the polygon
Exterior angle Angle that is adjacent to and is supplementary to an interior angle of a polygon
Central angle Angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon
Apothem The distance from the center of a regular polygon to the midpoint of a side
Regular polygon Both equiangular and equilateral
Triangle Polygon with 3 sides
Equilateral Triangle w/ 3 congruent sides and 3 congruent angles
Isosceles Triangle w/ 2 congruent sides and angles
Scalene Triangle w/ no congruent sides and angles
Quadrilateral/tetragon 4 sided polygon
Parallelogram Has 2 pairs of parallel sides
Trapezoid Has only 1 pair of parallel sides
Trapezium Does not have any pair of parallel sides
Rectangle, rhombus, Special types of parallelograms
square
Polyhedron Solid which is bounded by polygons joined at their edges.
Faces Bounding polygons in a polyhedron
Edges Intersections of the faces
Vertices Intersection of edge
Regular Polyhedron whose faces are congruent regular polygons and whose polyhedral angle are
polyhedron/platonic equal
solid
Polyhedral angles Angle formed by three orm ore planes which meet at a common point called vertex
Right prism Prism whose lateral faces or lateral edge are perpendicular to the 2 bases
Cylinder Solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and 2 parallel lines
Pyramid Polyhedron that contains triangular lateral faces with a common vertex and a polygonal base
Cone Solid bounded by a conical surface whose directrix is a closed curve, and a plane which cuts
all the elements
Physics Branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy
Vector quantities Fully described by both a magnitude and a direction
Scalar Fully described by magnitude alone
Vector Magnitude+direction
Scalar Magnitude only
Speed Scalar quantity defined as the distance per unit time
Velocity Vector quantity, is the displacement per unit time
Acceleration The change in velocity per unit of time
Displacement The change in position, specified by a length and a direction
Instantaneous speed The speed of an object at a certain instant of time
Instantaneous The time of change of velocity
acceleration
Newton 1st law og Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an
motion (inertia) external force is applied to it
Newton 2nd law of Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass, the greater the mass (of the object
motion (acceleration) being accelerated) the greater the amout of force needed (to accelerate the object)
Newton 3rd law of For every action there is an equal and opposite reactions
motion (law of reaction)
Inertia The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion
Mass A fundamental measure of the amount of matter in the object
Weight Is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the mass times the
acceleration of gravity
Newton It is the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per
second per second
Work The product of force and displacement in the direction of force
Energy a scalar quantity, the capacity for doing work it may exist in potential, kinetic thermal
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various form
Potential energy Is energy an object has because of its position relative to some other object. Is equal to
weight multiplied by the height of the object
Kinetic energy Is energy possessed by an object in motion
Charles law Gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount of gas are
held constant. This means that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature
Boyles law States that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature varies
inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass are constant
General gas law The combination of boyles law and Charles law
Density Mass per unit volume
Weight density Weight per unit volume
Specific gravity Is defined as the ratio between the weight of a substance and the weight of an equal volume
of water at 4 deg. Celsius
1.0. Specific gravity of water at 4 deg. Celsius
Engineering economy Is a collection of techniques that simplify comparisons of alternatives on an economic basis
involving engineering and technical projects
Market Place where forces of demand and supply operate, wherein buyers and seller interact to
trade goods and services.
Supply The amount of product available
Demand The aggregate quantity of a product or service estimate to be bought at a particular price
Monopoly 1 seller with many buyers
Monopsony Many sellers with one buyer
Bilateral monopoly One seller ,one buyer
Duopoly 2 sellers with many buyers
Oligopoly Few sellers with many buyers
Oligopsony Many sellers with few buyers
Perfect competition Many sellers and many buyers
Interest Is the amount of money paid for the use of borrowed capital
Simple interest An interest computed only on the principal or the original amount borrowed.
Compound interest Based on the amount of the principal plus the previous accumulated interest. Hence, the
interest grows exponentially over a span of time
Effective rate of interest Is the actual interest earned in 1-year period
Discount Refers to the difference between the future worth of the negotiable paper and its present
 worth
Annuity A series of uniform payments made at equal interval of time
Ordinary The payments is made at the end of each period starting from the first period
Deferred The first payment begins until some later date
Annuity due The payments is made at the beginning of each period starting from the first period
Perpetuity The payment period extends indefinitely
Depreciation The reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time.
Useful life (n) The time period over which an asset is productive
Salvage value The estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life
First cost Includes taxes, shipping and preparation/setup expenses
Book value initial cost minus the sum of the depreciations out to the j th year
Market value Amount which a willing buyer will pay to willing seller for a property where each has equal
advantage and is under no compulsion to buy or sell
Straight line method Simplest method of all, involves simple allocation of an even rate of depreciation every year
over its useful life
Sinking fund method Depreciation method that provides funds for replacement of an asset at the end of its useful
life
Declining balance Also known as diminishing balance method or constant percentage method ,is an accelerated
method depreciation method that records larger depreciation expenses during the earlier years of an
asset’s useful life and smaller ones in the later years
Sum of years digit An accelerated depreciation technique which is based on the assumption that asset are
method generally more productive when they are new and their productivity decreases as they
become old
Combination Selection of items such that the order of the selection does not matter .
Probability Is how likely an event will happen expressed as the ratio of the number of favourable
outcomes over the total number of possible outcomes
Power Rate at which work is done
Logarithm The exponent to which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number
Common logarithm The logarithm to base b= 10
The natural logarithm has the constant (≈ 2.718) as its base; its use is widespread in pure mathematics, especially
calculus
The binary logarithm uses base b= 2 and is prominent in computer science
Direct Variation: X is directly proportional toy
Indirect Variation: X is indirectly proportional toy
Joint Variation: X is directly proportional to y and inversely proportion to the square of z

Physics▫Mechanics (Static & Dynamics)▫Fluid Mechanics▫Thermodynamics