“Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride”.

HEADQUARTERS
NCR REGIONAL COMMUNITY DEFENSE GROUP
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND
Fort Andres Bonifacio, Metro Manila

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

 WHAT IS A MAP
A map is a graphic representation of the
earth’s surface or part of it, drawn or formed
to scale on a plane as seen from above.
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IMPORTANCE
When used correctly a map can give accurate information on such
factors as:
1.Distance
2.Heights or Elevation
3.Key Terrain Features
4.Locations
5.Best Routes
6.Cover and Concealment
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CARE OF MAP

1.One of the first considerations in the care of maps is the proper folding
of the map itself.

2.Most maps are printed on paper and require protection from water,
mud, and tearing.

3.Care must be exercised when using maps, as it may have to last for a
long time. If it becomes necessary to mark a map, apply light lines only.
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SECURITY OF MAPS

1.Although not usually classified, a map may at times require

special handling. Should it fall into unauthorized hands, it could
give an indication of future plans or areas of interest to the enemy.
2.Should a map be in danger or capture or no longer needed, it
must be destroyed or turned-in.
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CATEGORIES AND USES OF

MILITARY MAPS

ACCORDING TO SCALE

Small Scale Map – maps at scales of 1:600,000 and smaller are

used for general planning and strategical studies at higher
echelon. The standard small scale map is 1:1,000,000.
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Medium Scale Map – maps at scales larger that 1:600,000 but

smaller that 1:75,000 are used for planning large scale
operations and large movement and concentration of troops
and supplies. The standard medium scale map is 1:250,000.

Large Scale Map – maps at scales of 1:75,000 and larger are

used to meet the tactical requirement of field units. The
standard large scale map is 1:50,000.
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ACCORDING TO TYPE

Planimetric Map – a map showing only the horizontal (flat) position of features.
Topographic Map – a two-dimensional map which presents the horizontal (flat) and
the vertical (relief) positions of the features represented.
Plastic Relief Map – a topographic map printed on plastic and molded into a three-
dimensional form.
Photo Map – a reproduction of a photograph or photomosaic upon which grid lines,
marginal data, place names and boundaries may be added.
Terrain Model – A three-dimensional representation of an area, modeled in plastic,
rubber, or other materials. It is distinguished from other maps showing some cultural
and terrain features realistically instead of symbolically.
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OTHER TYPES OF MAP

•Joint Operations Graphics
•Photomosaic Map
•Military City Map
•Special Maps
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MARGINAL INFORMATION

1.Sheet Name – located at the center of the upper margin. Generally, a map is
named after its outstanding cultural or geographic feature. Whenever possible,
name of the largest city on the map is use. Also can be found on lower left area of
the map margin.
2.Sheet Number – found in the upper right and lower left areas of the margin and
is used as a reference number assigned to each map.
3.Series Name and Scale – the map series name is found in the upper left margin.
A map series is usually comprises a group of similar maps at the same scale and on
the same sheet lines or format, designed to cover a particular geographic area.
4.Bar Scales – the bar scales are located in the center of the lower margin. They
are rulers used for the determination of ground distance.
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5.Index to Adjoining Sheets – the index to adjoining sheets appear in the lower
margin. It identifies the map sheets surrounding the map.
6.Index to Boundaries – appears in the lower right margin. This diagram, which
is a miniature of the map, shows the boundaries that occur within the map area
such as provincial and city boundaries.
7.Legend – located in the lower left margin. It illustrates and identifies the
topographic symbols used to depict the more prominent features on the map.
8.Declination Diagram – located in the lower margin and indicates the angular
relationship of true north, grid north, and the magnetic north.
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9.Contour Interval – appears in the center of the lower margin. It states the
vertical distance between adjacent contour lines on the map.
10.Protractor Scale – a protractor scale may appear in the upper margin on some
maps. It is used for laying out a magnetic north line on the map.
11.Elevation Guide – found in the lower right margin. It is represented by bands
of elevation, spot elevations, and major drainage features that provides the map
reader with a means of rapid recognition of major landforms.
12.Grid Reference Box – normally located in the center of the lower margin. It
contains instructions for composing a grid reference.
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13.Unit Imprint and Symbol – located on the left side of the lower margin. It
identifies the agency that prepared and printed the map with its respective symbol.
14.Conversion Graph – normally found in the right margin and indicates the
conversion of different units of measure.
15. Edition Number – found in the upper right area of the top margin and the
lower left area of the bottom margin. Edition are numbered consecutively;
therefore if you have more than one edition, the highest numbered sheet is the
most recent.
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TOPOGRAPHIC COLORS

•BLACK - INDICATES CULTURAL (MAN-MADE) FEATURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS & ROADS,

SURVEYED SPOT ELEVATIONS AND ALL LABELS.

•RED-BROWN - THE COLORS RED & BROWN ARE COMBINED TO IDENTIFY CULTURAL
FEATURES, ALL RELIEF FEATURES, NON-SURVEYED SPOT ELEVATIONS, AND ELEVATION,
SUCH AS CONTOUR LINES ON REDLIGHT READABLE MAP.

•BLUE - IDENTIFIES HYDROGRAPHY OR WATER FEATURES SUCH AS LAKES, SWAMPS, RIVERS,

AND DRAINAGE. FEATURES THAT CONSTITUTE OBSTACLES ARE INCLUDED IN THIS GROUP.

•GREEN - IDENTIFIES VEGETATION WITH MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE, SUCH AS WOODS,

ORCHARDS, AND VINEYARDS.
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TOPOGRAPHIC COLORS
•BROWN – IDENTIFIES ALL RELIEF FEATURES AND ELEVATION, SUCH AS CONTOURS
ON OLDER EDITION MAPS, AND CULTIVATED LAND ON RED-LIGHT READABLE MAP.

•RED – CLASSIFIES CULTURAL FEATURES, SUCH AS POPULATED AREAS, MAIN

ROADS, AND BOUNDARIES, ON OLDER MAP.

•PURPLE – INDICATES NEW INFORMATION SUPERIMPOSED ON AN EXISTING MAP.

SOMETIMES, MAPS WITH THIS COLOR ARE REFERRED TO AS MAGENTA MAP.

•OTHERS – OCCASIONALLY OTHER COLORS MAY BE USED TO SHOW SPECIAL

INFORMATION.
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MILITARY GRID SYSTEM

•THE GRID MILITARY SYSTEM IS DESIGNATED FOR USE OF UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR (UTM).

•REDUCES THE LENGTH OF WRITTEN COORDINATES BY SUBSTITUTING SINGLE LETTERS

FOR SEVERAL NUMBERS.

•THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 60 GRID ZONES, WHICH ARE LARGE, REGULARLY SHAPED
GEOGRAPHIC AREAS, EACH OF WHICH IS GIVEN A UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION CALLED “GRID
ZONE DESIGNATION”.

•BARAS LIES IN ZONE 51 AND P, OR GRID ZONE DESIGNATION 51P.

EACH ZONE IS COVERED BY 100,000-METER SQUARES THAT ARE IDENTIFIED BY THE

COMBINATION OF TWO ALPHABETICAL LETTERS.

•THE 100,000-METER SQUARE IDENTIFICATION OF BARAS IS “US” LOCATED IN THE GRID

REFERENCE BOX.
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GRID LINES

•THESE ARE VERTICAL LINES AND

HORIZONTAL LINES THAT MAKE THE
UTM GRID ON ANY LARGE SCALE MAP.

•DIVISION OF THE 100,000 METER SQUARE

INTO 10,000 OR 1,000 REGULARLY SPACED
LINES.
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GRID SQUARE
•THE NORTH-SOUTH AND EAST-
WEST GRIDLINES INTERSECT AT 90
DEGRESS, FORMING GRID
SQUARE.

•NORMALLY, THE SIZE OF ONE OF

THESE GRID SQUARES ON LARGE
SCALE MAPS IS 1,000 METERS BY
1,000 METERS.
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6-DIGIT GRID COORDINATES

• TO DETERMINE LOCATION IN NEAREST 100

METERS.

• NEED TO ADD 2 MORE NUMBERS, ONE TO THE

FIRST HALF (EASTERLY READING) AND THE
OTHER ONE TO THE SECOND HALF
(NORTHERNLY READING.

• BREAKS DOWN THE GRID SQUARE INTO 100

SMALLER SQUARES.
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SCALE & DISTANCE

THE SCALE OF THE MAP PERMITS THE USER TO CONVERT DISTANCE ON THE MAP
TO DISTANCE ON THE GROUND OR VICE VERSA.

THE SCALE OF A MAP EXPRESSES THE RATIO OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE ON THE

MAP TO THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE ON THE GROUND.

USUALLY WRITTEN AS FRACTION CALLED THE “REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION”.

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DIRECTION
METHODS OF EXPRESSING DIRECTION
1. DEGREE
1 DEGREE = 60 MINUTES
1 MINUTE = 60 SECONDS
2. MILS
1 CIRCLE = 6400 MILS
17.78 MILS = 1 DEGREE
3. GRAD
1 CIRCLE = 400 GRAD
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BASE LINE
•It is the starting point or zero measurement.
THREE (3) BASE LINES:
1. True North – a line from any point on the earth’s surface to
the north pole.
2. Magnetic North – Obtained thru the use of compasses.
3. Grid North – The north that is established by using the
vertical grid lines on the map.
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AZIMUTH
•It is the most common
military method to express
direction.
•It is a horizontal angle
measured clockwise from a
north base line.
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BEARING
•Another way to express direction.
•It is a horizontal angle measured
clockwise or counter-clockwise from a
north or south reference line.
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CONTOUR LINES
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SLOPE
•SLOPE IS THE RATE OF RISE AND FALL OF A
GROUND, MAYBE DESCRIBED AS BEING
GENTLE OF STEEP.
•EXPRESSED IN GRADIENT OR PERCENT.
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VERTICAL DISTANCE (VD) – IS

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST
ELEVATIONS OF THE SLOPES
AND IS DETERMINED FROM
CONTOUR LINES.

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (HD) –

IS THE HORIZONTAL GROUND
BETWEEN TWO POINTS.
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GRADIENT
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE HORIZONTAL AND
FORMULA: VERTICAL DISTANCE IS
EXPRESSED AS A FRACTION
GRADIENT = VD
WITH A NUMERATOR OF 1.
HD
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CARE OF THE COMPASS

•
AS SOON AS YOU GET YOUR COMPASS, INSPECT IT.

• MAKE SURE THE DIAL FLOATS FREELY AND DOES

NOT STICK.

•MAKE SURE THE SIGHTING WIRE IS STRAIGHT.

• GLASS AND CRYSTAL PART ARE NOT BROKEN.

• CAN READ ALL THE THE NUMBERS IN THE DIAL.

•SEPARATION DISTANCES FROM METAL OBJECTS

OR ELECTRICAL SOURCE
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Compass Holding Methods

There are two methods to holding and reading a compass.

A. Compass-to-Cheek Method:

1. Open the cover to a 90-degree angle to the base. Position the eyepiece at a 45-
degree angle to the base.

2. Place your thumb through the thumb loop, form a steady base with your third and
fourth fingers, and extend your index finger along the side of the Compass base.

3. Place the hand holding the compass into the palm of the other hand.

4. Bring both hands up to your face and position the thumb that is through the loop
against your cheekbone.
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5. Look through the lens of the

eyepiece. If the dial is not in focus,
move the eyepiece up or down until
the dial is in focus. Don't forget that
the lens/rear sight must be at a 45o
angle to ensure the dial floats freely.

6. Align the sighting slot of the

eyepiece with the sighting wire in the
cover on the point for which your are
trying to determine the azimuth.
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B. Centerhold Method

Note: Use this method only when you don't need a

precise direction.
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1. Open the compass so that the cover forms a straight edge with the base. Move the
lens/rear sight to the rear as far as it will move.

2. Next, place your thumb through the thumb loop, form a Methods, steady base with
your third and fourth fingers, and extend your index finger along the side of the
compass.

3. Place the thumb of the other hand between the eyepiece and the lens, extend the index
finger along the remaining side of the compass, wrap the remaining fingers around the
fingers of the other hand, and pull your elbows firmly into your sides. This will place the
compass between your chin and your belt.

4. To measure an azimuth, you must turn your entire body toward the object and point
the compass cover directly at the object. Look down and read the azimuth from beneath
the fixed black index line. You may use this method at night.

5. To keep from going in circles when you are land navigating, stop occasionally to check
the azimuth along which you are moving. Also, you can move from object to object along
your path by shooting an azimuth to each object and then moving to that object.
Repeating this process while you navigate should keep you straight.
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ORIENTING THE MAP WITH A COMPASS

1.PLACE THE MAP ON A FLAT SURFACE.

2.PUT THE COMPASS ON TOP OF THE MAP.

3. TAKE THE STRAIGHTEDGE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE COMPASS & PLACE IT
ALONGSIDE THE NORTH-SOUTH GRID LINE WITH THE COVER OF THE COMPASS
POINTING TOWARD THE TOP OF THE MAP.

NOTE: THIS WILL PLACE THE FIXED BLACK INDEX LINE PARALLEL TO NORTH-
SOUTH GRID LINES.

4. KEEPING THE COMPASS ALIGNED AS DIRECTED, ROTATE THE MAP AND COMPASS
TOGETHER UNTIL THE MAGNETIC ARROW IS BELOW THE FIXED BLACK INDEX
LINE. AT THIS TIME, THE MAP IS CLOSE TO BEING ORIENTED.
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5. ROTATE THE MAP AND COMPASS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE DECLINATION DIAGRAM.

6. IF THE MAGNETIC NORTH ARROW ON THE MAP IS TO THE LEFT OF THE GRID NORTH, THE
COMPASS READING WILL EQUAL THE G-M ANGLE GIVEN IN THE DECLINATION DIAGRAM.

7. IF THE MAGNETIC NORTH IS TO THE RIGHT OF GRID NORTH, THE COMPASS READING WILL
EQUAL 360 DEGRESS MINUS THE G-M ANGLE.
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BACK AZIMUTH
RULE #1: IF THE AZIMUTH IS MORE THAN 180 DEGREES,
THEN SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES.
EXAMPLE: AZIMUTH 215 DEGREES
-180 DEGREES
BACK AZIMUTH 35 DEGREES
RULE #2: IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR LESS,
THEN ADD 180 DEGREES.
EXAMPLE: AZIMUTH 180 DEGREES
+180 DEGREES
BACK AZIMUTH 360 DEGREES
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STEP 2. MEASURE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO THE

KNOWN POSITION AND CONVERT THE
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH.

MAGNETIC AZIMUTH: 29 DEGREES

EASTERLY G-M ANGLE: +21 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH: 50 DEGREES
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STEP 3. CHANGE THE GRID AZIMUTH TO A BACK

AZIMUTH AND DRAW A LINE FROM THE
KNOWN POSITION BACKWARD TOWARD
YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION.

GRID AZIMUTH: 50 DEGREES

ADD: +180 DEGREES
GRID BACK AZIMUTH: 230 DEGREES
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STEP 5. MEASURE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO THE

SECOND KNOWN POSITION AND CONVERT
THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH.

MAGNETIC AZIMUTH: 151 DEGREES

EASTERLY G-M ANGLE: +21 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH: 172 DEGREES
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STEP 6. CHANGE THE GRID AZIMUTH TO A BACK

AZIMUTH AND DRAW A LINE FROM THE
SECOND KNOWN POSITION BACKWARD
TOWARD YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION.

GRID AZIMUTH: 172 DEGREES

ADD: +180 DEGREES
GRID BACK AZIMUTH: 352 DEGREES
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PRACTICAL EXERCISE

WHILE ON A RECONNAISSANCE MISSION, AN ENEMY SCOUT PLATOON DETECTS YOUR SQUAD.

YOU TAKE UP A DEFENSIVE POSITION AND DECIDE TO REQUEST INDIRECT FIRE SUPPORT.
YOU ARE NOT SURE OF YOUR LOCTION. FROM YOUR LOCATION, YOU CAN SEE A LOOKOUT
TOWER IN GRID EG1887 AT A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF 110 DEGREES AND A TV RELAY TOWER
IN GRID EG1287 AT A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF 215 DEGREES.

QUESTION: WHAT IS YOUR LOCATION?

ANSWER: EG155897

YOU DETERMINE A DISTANCE OF 800 METERS TO THE ENEMY WITH YOUR LASER RANGE
FINDER AND A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF 290 DEGREES.

QUESTION: WHAT IS THE GRID LOCATION OF THE ENEMY SCOUT PLATOON?

ANSWER: EG149902
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RESECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS

STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP TO THE GROUND.

STEP 2. LOCATE AT LEAST TWO KNOWN POSITIONS ON THE GROUND AND MARK THEM ON THE MAP.

STEP 3. LAY A STRAIGHT EDGE (I.E. PROTRACTOR) WITH ONE END AT THE FIRST KNOWN POSITION AS A PIVOT
POINT, THEN ROTATE THE STRAIGHT EDGE TOWARD YOURSELF UNTIL YOU SIGHT THE KNOWN POSITION
ALONG THE

STEP 4. DRAW A LINE ALONG THE STRAIGHT EDGE.

STEP 5. REPEAT PROCEDURES 1 THRU 4 FOR THE NEXT KNOWN

POSITION.

STEP 6. THE INTERSECTION OF LINES IS THE LOCATION OF YOUR

POSITION.

STEP 7. AGAIN, CHECK FOR ACCURACY, YOU MAY USE A THIRD

POSITION.
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