Whitbourne7e IM Ch09

CHAPTER 9
SCHIZOPHRENIA
AND RELATED DISORDERS
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Characteristics of Schizophrenia Theories and Treatment

Phases Biological
Symptoms Psychological
Types Sociocultural
Courses
Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not
authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated,
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Teaching Objectives
1.0 Characteristics of Schizophrenia
1.1 Identify the phases of schizophrenia and describe the symptoms, types of schizophrenia, including
catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual.
1.2 Describe the course of schizophrenia.
2.0 Other Psychotic Disorders

2.1 Identity the characteristics of a brief psychotic disorder.
2.2 Describe the characteristics of schizophreniform disorder.
2.3 Describe the characteristics of schizoaffective disorder.
2.4 Describe delusional disorders
2.5 Explain shared psychotic disorder.
3.0 Theories and Treatments of Schizophrenia

3.1 Explain the biological perspectives on schizophrenia, including research and treatments that focus on
brain structure and function, genetics, biological stressors, and vulnerability.
3.2 Identify the psychological perspectives of schizophrenia.
3.3 Describe the sociocultural perspective of schizophrenia.
4.0 Schizophrenia: The Biopsychosocial Perspective

4.1 Discuss the revisions effecting upon the approaches to schizophrenia and highlight how researchers
have gained a great deal of understanding about its many possible causes.
4.2 Identify how clinicians understand schizophrenia from a life-span perspective.
5.0 Chapter Boxes

5.1 Discuss a major change in the DSM-5 approach in diagnosing schizophrenia
5.2 Discuss the diagnosis of schizophrenia and obstacles clinicians face.
5.3 Discuss the case of UCLA professor Elyn Saks and her lifelong struggle with schizophrenia.
Lecture Discussion Topics and Controversies

1. Consider the symptoms of schizophrenia. Read through the introductory case material and find
examples of these symptoms in David’s behavior. What symptoms seem to be predominant in
David’s case? What approach or methods might you use in order to calm a client like David?
2. Andrew Goldstein, who suffers from schizophrenia was charged with the murder of Kendra Webdale.
He pushed her in front of a subway train in New York City. Andrew had repeatedly sought help for
the two years leading up to the attack. Unfortunately he was not able to find long-term care. Discuss
the problems with the mental health care system.
3. What kinds of reality testing, or behavioral experiments, would you suggest for a client that believed
he was Jesus Christ? How might you go about weakening his delusions?
4. Schizophrenia is a disorder in which its symptoms are broad and many disturbances are experienced.
As a result, the perception toward this disorder is that it is a lifelong battle and the outcome is poor.
However, the advancements in psychopharmacology and the development of new antipsychotic drugs
have given mental health providers the opportunity to expand on psychosocial services to those
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diagnosed with this disorder. These new drugs called “atypical antipsychotics” have opened doors for
many clients.
5. The term “schizophrenia” was first coined in 1908 by Eugen Bleuler. It was previously known as
“dementia praecox” degeneration of the brain (dementia) that began at a young age (praecox).
Crichton (2000) believes that the current use of the term schizophrenia “quickly left the printed pages
of academic journals to enter the realm of everyday speech and popular culture.” If dementia praecox
remained, the term would have continued to imply the condition of organic pathology. Once the term
was replaced, researchers focused on psychological theories of the etiology. The evidence for organic
brain disease in many schizophrenic patients in now incontrovertible, and the neglect of
schizophrenia as a brain disease is one of the greatest aberrations of 20 th century medicine (Crichton,
2000). It is hard to resist the argument that the term schizophrenia may have contributed to the
neglect of treating this disorder as a brain disease.
Crichton, P. (2000). A profound duplicity of life: Uses and misuses of “schizophrenia” in popular culture and
professional diagnosis. The Times Literary Supplement, 5061, 14-15.
6. Because psychological disorder occurs in a cultural context it makes sense that culture, in turn, has
some bearing on the manifestation of symptoms. This seems to be the case with schizophrenia, which
is observed in a number of cultures, but whose symptoms exhibit “local” colors. Why would a
bushman in Africa have a delusion that the CIA was out to get him? A number of theorists have
attempted to account for the differences seen cross-culturally. Lenz (1964; as cited in Kiev, 1972, p.
52) theorizes that paranoid delusions only occur in cultures that are highly differentiated; aggressive
behavior is common in primitive cultures because there are less restrictions on aggressive behavior in
primitive cultures; auditory hallucinations are more common in societies where verbal expression and
abstract thinking are developed. Wittkower (1969; as cited in Kiev, 1972, p. 51-52) notes that the
social and emotional withdrawal seen in schizophrenics in Asia is a result of Hindu and Buddhist
acceptance of withdrawal as an acceptable way of dealing with difficulty; and guilt and depression
associated with some psychotic reactions is observed only in cultures where Christianity
predominates. Lin and Kleinman (1990), after reviewing several studies, also report that the prognosis
for recovery from schizophrenia is much better in non-Western cultures as compared to Western
cultures. They present several possible explanations for the recovery differences observed. A few
possibilities include the ideas that in non-Western cultures there is a great deal more social support
for recovering schizophrenics; there are more job opportunities overall in non-Western countries
which allows recovering schizophrenics a chance at industrial therapy; and there is less stigma
attached to psychological illness in nonwestern cultures. Researchers and clinicians need to keep
these ideas in mind to construct more accurate clinical profiles of schizophrenia.
Kiev, A. (1972). Transcultural psychiatry. 44-64. New York: Free Press.
Lin, K. M., Kleinman, A. M. (1990). Psychopathology and clinical course of schizophrenia: A cross-cultural perspective.
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 555-567.
7. It is a fact that there are significant brain differences associated with some forms of schizophrenia; it
is also becoming apparent through the use of CAT scans and MRIs that there are structural brain
differences between men and women. Are there structural differences between the brains of women
and men with schizophrenia? Nasarallah, Schwarzkopf, Olson, and Coffman (1990) set out to answer
this question. Based on previous research, the authors hypothesized that male schizophrenics would
show a significant reduction in cranial and cerebral size, and larger ventricular size as compared to
female schizophrenics. They matched both the male and female schizophrenic groups to normal male
and female controls and compared the groups on the relevant brain structure variables using MRI
measures. Oddly, instead of finding larger differences between the male groups, they found just the
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opposite. Because these findings are not consistent with previous findings the authors are hesitant to
conclude that the development of schizophrenia in women is associated with more significant brain
differences. But they are hoping to replicate the study to come up with some more definitive results.
Nasrallah, H. A., Schwarzkopf, S. B., Olson, S. C., Coffman, J. A. (1990). Gender differences in schizophrenia on MRI
brain scans. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 205-210.
8. Researchers who are interested in investigating the cross-cultural aspects of psychological disorders
have recently been studying the rates of disorders in certain migrant populations. For example,
Harrison et al. (1988) studied the rates of schizophrenia among second-generation migrants from the
West Indies to England and discovered that the rate of schizophrenia per 10,000 individuals between
the ages of 16-29 in the general population of England was 2.2; the rate for Afro-Caribbeans in the
same age range was 29.1! One odd finding was that the rate for first-generation migrants was only
half as high as the rate for second-generation migrants. Despite methodological criticisms, Harrison
(1990) concludes that there is a schizophrenia epidemic in this particular population and that it is
precipitated by environmental factors, especially since the rates of schizophrenia in Jamaica appear to
match those in other countries (Royes, 1962; as cited in Harrison, 1990, p. 667). Although these types
of studies are steeped in controversy, Harrison as well as others are optimistic that the results of
migrant studies will add much to our knowledge of psychological disorders.
Harrison, G., Owens, D., Holton, T., Neilson, D., Boot, D. A. (1988). A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-
Caribbean patients. Psychological Medicine, 18, 643-657.
Harrison, G. (1990). Searching for the causes of schizophrenia: The role of migrant studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 663-
671.
9. Discuss Theodore Kaczynski (the Unabomber) and Russell Weston (who went on a shooting rampage
at the U.S. Capitol in 1998). Read as much background information as you can. Both had
schizophrenia, but they came from very different backgrounds and perpetuated their violence in
different ways. Look at the work of John Monahan and Harry Steadman (see below) and discuss the
etiology of violence in people with schizophrenia.
10. It is well known that social support is a positive factor in terms of overcoming some mental illnesses.
The role of social support in recovering from schizophrenia has not been well documented. Erikson,
Beiser, and Iacono (1998) examined the effects of social support on long-term outcomes in
schizophrenia. They followed a group of first episode schizophrenic patients over a five-year period.
Participants during the five-year follow up were asked to respond to the Interview Schedule for Social
Interaction as a way of describing their social relationships in the period prior to treatment. They were
also rated by clinicians at various points during the follow-up period using the Axis V, Global
Assessment of Functioning scale. The researchers discovered that the incidence of close, supportive,
non-kin relationships prior to treatment was a very good predictor of higher global functioning at five
years. The results indicate that social support from non-family members prior to the onset of a
schizophrenic episode can have beneficial consequences.
Erikson, D. H., Beiser, M., Iacono, W. G. (1998). Social support predicts 5-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 681-685.
11. Abnormalities in cognitive processes provide important clues to the biological underpinnings of
schizophrenia and are used in studies of biological markers. Researchers have used three measures of
electrophysiological functioning as a way of identifying which individuals have inherited a
vulnerability to schizophrenia: smooth pursuit eye movements, anti-saccade eye movements, and
sensory gating (Martin et al., 2007).
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In measures of smooth pursuit eye movements (“saccades”), participants visually follow a target,
such as a small point of light on a dark background, while researchers record their eye movements. In
contrast to normal individuals, people with schizophrenia show irregular pursuit of a moving target,
along with many interruptions by extraneous eye movements. First-degree relatives of people with
schizophrenia also show this abnormality in the smooth pursuit function and related eye movement
tasks (Karoumi et al., 2001).
In the anti-saccade task, the individual is instructed to look in the direction opposite to the side in
which a stimulus is presented. This task is highly associated with a genetic predisposition to
schizophrenia, as indicated by the poorer performance of people who are in the acute stage of
schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives (Curtis et al., 2001). More to the point, the biological
relatives of people with schizophrenia also show deficits.
The third electrophysiological abnormality that can serve as a biological marker is a defect in the
ability to filter, or “tune out,” auditory signals, a function known as sensory gating. This deficit is
demonstrated by exposing individuals in the laboratory to repeated presentation of an auditory
stimulus and measuring evoked brain potentials. People with schizophrenia do not show the sensory
gating effect, meaning that they are more likely to have difficulty filtering out irrelevant distractions
from the outside world (Sanchez-Morla et al., 2008). There is some evidence that this dysfunction is -
genetically based, as it is observed both in people with schizophrenia and in their relatives (Adler et
al., 1998). Researchers are beginning to link this genetically based inability to filter out irrelevant
stimuli with deficits in the hippocampus that result in poorer short-term memory (Waldo et al., 2000).
Discuss and stress the updated research of cognitive-behavioral treatments as an emerging area of
intervention.
Lindenmayer, J. P., McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Khan, A., Wance, D., Hoffman, L., et al. (2008). A randomized
controlled trial of cognitive remediation among inpatients with persistent mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 59, 241-247.
Martin, L. F., Hall, M. H., Ross, R. G., Zerbe, G., Freedman, R., Olincy, A. (2007). Physiology of schizophrenia, bipolar
disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1900-1906.
Sanchez-Morla, E. M., Garcia-Jimenez, M. A., Barabash, A., Martinez-Vizcaino, V., Mena, J., Cabranes-Diaz, J. A., et al.
(2008). P50 sensory gating deficit is a common marker of vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117, 313-318.
12. It has been reported that there are many cases of creative geniuses and important intellectual figures
who were closely related to someone diagnosed with schizophrenia: Albert Einstein’s son was said to
suffer from schizophrenia; Jean-Michel Basquiat’s mother was schizophrenic; James Joyce’s
daughter was schizophrenic. There are many more examples such as these. Researchers may want to
look into this matter and determine a connection between people of eminence in the artistic and
intellectual communities and a family history of mental illness.
Demonstrations and Classroom Exercises

1. Write schizophrenia on the board. Have students share the first thing that comes to mind. Replies will
usually consist of hallucinations, delusions, someone talking to themselves. Ask: Why is this disorder
perceived as a severe mental illness? How do these responses exacerbate the illness itself?
2. Read aloud a brief case history of someone experiencing schizophrenia. Have a student draw a bell
curve to visually represent the phases of schizophrenia. The prodromal, active, and residual phases
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should be represented. Have students record the symptoms of the case study and have them identify
in which phase you may see them. It is helpful for students to visually see the phases of schizophrenia
along with the expected symptoms.
3. In order to demonstrate the disordered language of schizophrenia, divide students into groups of 5 to
7 students. Tell them they will collectively write a story. The first person writes a sentence, the
second person reads what the first person wrote and adds to it. Before handing the sheet of paper to
the third person, the second person folds over the sentence written by the first person. The third
person can only read what the second person wrote, and so on. Let the students complete 3 or 4
rounds, then choose one member of the group to read the story. Discuss the disordered language and
thought of schizophrenia.
4. Define the terms negative and positive symptoms. Go through a list of symptoms and have students
identify whether they are positive or negative. I usually suggest that students remember these terms
by using the symbols of the plus (+) or minus (-) sign. Students may want to go to the previous
chapter to include symptoms such as, echolalia, clanging, and blocking.
5. Consult Susan Sheehan‘s Is There No Place On Earth For Me? (see below). There are several
excellent monologues in the words of Sylvia, the alias for the real person the book is based upon.
Have students volunteer to prepare and read the monologues in class. They illustrate virtually every
thought and language disorder of schizophrenia.
6. In order to help crystallize students’ understanding of the language and thought disorders exhibited in
schizophrenia, Timothy Osberg (1992) has developed a “disordered” monologue that can be read
aloud in class to demonstrate the loosening of associations, clang associations, and the neologisms
that characterize schizophrenic speech. The author suggests trying to commit the monologue to
memory; on the day that you are to begin the unit on schizophrenia, walk into the classroom and
recite or read the monologue. Student reactions will vary depending on how convincing you are. A
few students may exhibit some concern about your behavior and it may be appropriate to have them
discuss their feelings and impressions about how they would react for real. For more information and
a transcript of the monologue, see Osberg (1992).
Osberg, T. M. (1992). The disordered monologue: A classroom demonstration of the symptoms of
schizophrenia. Teaching of Psychology, 19, 47-48.
7. Clinical Cassettes, Inc. has a series of audiocassettes entitled “Disturbed Personalities and Behavior
Problems,” informally referred to in the past as the Kisker tapes. The tapes are interviews with a
variety of clients who exhibit the symptoms of various psychological disorders. Perhaps the two most
notable interviews are with two women―one suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and the other
suffering from disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia. These interviews illustrate some of the
major symptoms of each of these subtypes of schizophrenia rather well. These interviews can be
played in class as a starting point for discussion. Purchase information can be obtained by writing to
Clinical Cassettes, 3017 Scottsdale Rd., Scottsdale, AZ 85251.
8. Have students find and bring in poetry of E.E. Cummings and portions of James Joyce’s Ulysses and
Finnegan’s Wake that appear to have some characteristics of the disordered thought and language of
schizophrenics. For instance, E.E. Cummings’ lines of poetry sometimes seem like clanging; Joyce’s
stream of consciousness technique means that one thought does not necessarily follow another.
Students may come up with other writers whose language may illustrate the point. Have them read
their selections in class, and designate the types of “schizophrenic talk” that their choices illustrate,
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such as clanging, loose associations, neologisms, and word salad.
Faces Interactive Classroom Exercises (www.mhhe.com/faces)

1. Paranoid Schizophrenia: Direct students to Ian Chovil’s Experience of Schizophrenia Web site
http://www.chovil.com. Have students discuss the challenges he faced regarding the legal system and
getting appropriate treatment. What could the government do to insure that people with schizophrenia
get the appropriate treatment instead of going to jail or becoming homeless?
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia: Have students compare and contrast the following case studies: Valerie
from the Faces Interactive Paranoid Schizophrenia case and Ian from the Web site
http://www.chovil.com. Compare the courses of their schizophrenia, their treatments, and their
prognosis.
Videos and Films

Program 5 in the Madness series, entitled “In Two Minds” focuses on schizophrenia and looks at current
views of the disorder. It also shows clients exhibiting a variety of symptoms.
Program 9 in The World of Abnormal Psychology series also deals with schizophrenia.
The Clinical Vignettes videotapes include an interview with a client named Greg who is diagnosed as
having paranoid schizophrenia and an interview with Rita who is diagnosed as suffering from delusional
disorder, erotomanic type.
Module #26 of The Brain series illustrates the case of Jerry, a client who suffers from undifferentiated
schizophrenia.
Modules 27 and 28 of The Brain series modules discuss the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia: Out of Mind is a 48 Hours program that shows schizophrenia from several different points
of view – from the patient’s, the patient’s family, and the mental health care professionals who deal with
these clients (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, #EC-2213; 52 min., color).
Schizophrenia: The Voices Within/The Community Without. The first part of this program features former
pro-football player Lionel Aldridge, and his struggle with schizophrenia. The second portion features
experts who describe some theories and treatments for schizophrenia. It also presents the plight of the
homeless mentally ill. (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, #EC-2630; 19 min., color).
Jupiter’s Wife is a documentary about a homeless and delusional woman who says she is Jupiter’s wife.
She lives in New York City and lost custody of her children due to her mental illness. (Blackbridge
Productions, 169 Mercer St., New York, NY 10012).
Losing the Thread: The Experience of Psychosis follows Rachel Corday, a woman who has had
intermittent periods of psychosis for 25 years. Corday explains how she feels before she is about to have a
psychotic episode and the thoughts and feelings she has when she is psychotic. (Insight Media, 2162
Broadway, New York, NY 10024).
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Full of Sound and Fury: Living with Schizophrenia features interviews with three people suffering from
schizophrenia. The video depicts the daily struggles of living with this illness. (Filmakers Library, 124 E.
40th Street, Suite 901, New York, NY 10016).
Anyplace But Here looks at chronic schizophrenic patients who have been discharged from Creedmore
Psychiatric Center in Queens, New York, without family and community support. The video depicts the
negative impact of deinstitutionalization. (Pennsylvania State University Film Library, University Park,
PA 16802).
Escape From Madness examines the impact of neuroleptics on the treatment of schizophrenia. (Films,
Inc., 733 Greenbay Rd., Wilmette, IL 60091).
Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia depicts the impact of drug treatment on four women with acute
psychotic conditions. (Pfizer and Company, 235 E. 42nd St., New York, NY 10017).
Wedding and Boyd (1999, p. 218-222) have chosen some of the following as their top picks of films
depicting schizophrenia and other related disorders:
1. An Angel at My Table (1990); a biographical drama of a novelist misdiagnosed as schizophrenic.
2. Shine (1996); the true story of David Helfgott whose brilliant musical career was interrupted by
mental illness.
3. Through a Glass, Darkly (1962); a film directed by Ingmar Bergman, that tells the story of a recently
released mental patient who vacations on an island with her husband, brother, and father.
The Fisher King, starring Jeff Bridges and Robin Williams, depicts psychotic symptoms in the context of
a psychogenic fugue. The delusions and hallucinations are well presented.
A Beautiful Mind, starring Russell Crowe, a true story about the mathematical genius and Nobel Laureate
Dr. John Forbes Nash, Jr. who suffers from schizophrenia.
Literature Guide and Suggested Readings

Andreasen, N. C., Arndt, S., Swayze, V., Cizadlo, T., Flaum, M, O’Leary, D., Ehrhardt, J. C., and Yuh,
W. T. C. (1994, October 14). Science, 294-298.
Bower, B. (2000). Prenatal problems linked to schizophrenia. Science News, 158, 6.
Cornblatt, B. A., Lencz, T., Smith, C. W., Cornell, C. U., Auther, A. M., Nakayama, E. (2003). The
schizophrenia prodrome revisited: A neuorodevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 633-
651.
Craddock, N., O’Donovan, M.C., Owen, M. J. (2005). The genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder:
Dissecting psychosis. Journal of Medical Genetics, 42, 193-204.
Dalrymple, T. (2007). A foolish, fond old man. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 335 (7623), 777.
Geiger, J. F., Weinstein, L. (2008). Definitions of Insanity in college students. College Student Journal,
42 (4), 990-997.
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Greenberg, J. (1984). I never promised you a rose garden. New York: New American Library.
Heinrichs, R. W. (2005). The primacy of cognition in schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 60, 229-242.
Kingdon, D. C., Turkington, D. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia. New York:
Guilford.
Lindenmayer, J. P., McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Khan, A., Wance, D., Hoffman, L., et al. (2008). A
randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation among inpatients with persistent mental illness.
Psychiatric Services, 59, 241-247.
Naser, S. (1998). A beautiful mind. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Nijinsky, V. (1999). The diary of Vaslav Nijinsky. New York: Farrar, Strauss, & Giroux.
Martin, L. F., Hall, M. H., Ross, R. G., Zerbe, G., Freedman, R., Olincy, A. (2007). Physiology of
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1900-
1906.
Monahan, J., Steadman, H. (Eds.) (1994). Violence and the mentally ill. Chicago, IL: University of
Chicago Press.
O’Connor, W. T. (1994, Winter). Schizophrenia: A disorder of brain circuitry. The Decade of the Brain,
1-4.
O’Reilly, R. L. (1994). Viruses and schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,
28, 222-228.
Robbins, M. (1993). Experiences of schizophrenia: An integration of the personal, scientific, and

therapeutic. New York: Guilford Press.
Rasanen, S., Nierminen, P., Isohanni, M. (1999). Gender differences in treatment and outcome in a
therapeutic community ward, with special reference to schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 62, 235-49.
Rosenthal, D. (1963). The Genain quadruplets: A case study and theoretical analysis of heredity and
environment in schizophrenia. New York: Basic Books.
Sanchez-Morla, E. M., Garcia-Jimenez, M. A., Barabash, A., Martinez-Vizcaino, V., Mena, J., Cabranes-
Diaz, J. A., et al. (2008). P50 sensory gating deficit is a common marker of vulnerability to bipolar
disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117, 313-318.
Sheehan, S. (1983). Is There No Place On Earth For Me? New York: Vintage.
Torrey, E. F. (1995). Surviving Schizophrenia, 3e. New York: Harper Perennial Library.
Winerip, M. (1999, May 23). Bedlam on the streets. The New York Times Magazine.
Wright, P., Takei, N., Rifkin, L., Murray, R. M. (1995). Maternal influenza, obstetric complications, and
schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1714-1720.
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Paper Topics
1. Students may want to research the etiology of schizophrenia and may want to defend one particular
theory over the other.
2. Students way want to research the advantages of the new “atypical antipsychotic” drugs and discuss
their impact on the treatment of schizophrenia.
3. Students may find it interesting to research the current mental health programs available for persons
with schizophrenia, as well support for families affected by this diagnosis.
4. Have students do research on specific neuroleptics, how they were discovered and what some of the
benefits and drawbacks to taking them are.
5. Students could conduct research on the problem of the homeless who are suffering from
schizophrenia, and how deinstitutionalization has impacted those lacking in social or financial
stability. They can consider to what extent deinstitutionalization has served the best interests of the
seriously ill population.
6. If a person with schizophrenia is convicted of a serious crime, he or she may become imprisoned
without adequate treatment, only to be released far worse than when they entered. Further, more
schizophrenics are in prison than in mental hospitals. Have students research the current status of the
incarcerated person with schizophrenia and take a position on the social, humanitarian, and safety
issues arising out of how we treat (or mistreat and fail to treat) seriously mentally ill people in the
criminal justice system.
7. Rosenthal (1963) listed in the suggested readings section would be an excellent source of information
for a report on the Genain quadruplets.
8. Students may wish to research the works of Bleuler, Kraepelin, and Kurt Schneider in more detail. In
addition they may want to research the work of Adolf Meyer, the American brain pathologist, who
viewed schizophrenia as being the result of inadequate early learning.
9. Students may want to further research the connection between Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia.
10. There are many cases of creative geniuses and important intellectual figures who are said to have
been diagnosed with schizophrenia or were closely related to someone with schizophrenia. Students
may want to research a connection between people of eminence in the artistic and intellectual
communities and a family history of mental illness.
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CHAPTER 9

Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

Characteristics of Schizophrenia Theories and Treatment

Other Psychotic Disorders

2.0 Other Psychotic Disorders

3.0 Theories and Treatments of Schizophrenia

4.0 Schizophrenia: The Biopsychosocial Perspective

5.0 Chapter Boxes

Lecture Discussion Topics and Controversies

Demonstrations and Classroom Exercises

Faces Interactive Classroom Exercises (www.mhhe.com/faces)

Videos and Films

Literature Guide and Suggested Readings

Bower, B. (2000). Prenatal problems linked to schizophrenia. Science News, 158, 6.

Naser, S. (1998). A beautiful mind. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Robbins, M. (1993). Experiences of schizophrenia: An integration of the personal, scientific, and

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