2019-Me-58 Hvac Lab Reports

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
Subject:
Heat Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Laboratory
Assessment:
Lab Reports
Submitted To:
Sir Ahmad Naveed
Submitted By:
Rohan Saif
2019-ME-58
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Table of Contents
1.1.1 Construction of R514 Heat Pump............................................................................10
1.1.2 Types of heat pump:................................................................................................11
1 Heat pump unit Experiment 1................................................................................................15
1.1 Procedure:.......................................................................................................................15
1.2 Calculations:....................................................................................................................15
1.3 Observations Table:........................................................................................................15
1.4 Specimen Calculations:...................................................................................................15
1.5 Results and Discussion....................................................................................................16
1.5.1 Effect of Condenser Outlet Temperature on COP...................................................16
1.5.2 Compressor Work Input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature...................................17
1.5.3 Condenser Heat transfer Rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature...........................17
1.6 Conclusion:.....................................................................................................................18
2 heat pump unit Experiment Number 2:.................................................................................19
2.1 Objective:........................................................................................................................19
2.2 Procedure:.......................................................................................................................19
2.3 Calculations:....................................................................................................................19
2.4 Observations Table:........................................................................................................19
2.6 Energy Balance...............................................................................................................20
2.6.1 ¤Condenser..............................................................................................................20
2.6.2 ¤Compressor............................................................................................................20
2.7.1 Ph Diagram of the Experiment................................................................................21
2.8 Energy Balance Across Condenser and Compressor......................................................21
3 heat pump unit Experiment 3.................................................................................................23
3.1 Objective:........................................................................................................................23
3.2 Procedure:.......................................................................................................................23
3.3 Observation Table:..........................................................................................................23
3.4 Specimen Calculations....................................................................................................23
3.5.1 COP vs Condenser Outlet Temperature..................................................................24
3.5.2 Heat Transfer in Evaporator vs Condenser Outlet Temperature.............................25
3.5.3 Compressor Work Input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature...................................26
3.5.4 Heat Output Rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature..............................................26
ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 1

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3.6 Conclusion:.....................................................................................................................27
4 heat pump unit Experiment 4.................................................................................................28
4.1 Objective.........................................................................................................................28
4.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................28
4.3 Observation Tables.........................................................................................................28
4.5.1 Volumetric Efficiency vs Pressure Ratio.................................................................29
4.6 Conclusion:.....................................................................................................................30
1.1.3 Single compressor unit:...........................................................................................33
1.1.4 Multi compressor unit:.............................................................................................34
1.1.5 R713 Refrigeration Unit..........................................................................................35
1 refrigeration unit Experiment 1.............................................................................................37
1.1 Objectives:......................................................................................................................37
1.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................37
1.3 Observations:..................................................................................................................37
2.1 Objective.........................................................................................................................39
2.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................39
2.3 Calculations:....................................................................................................................39
2.4 Table:..............................................................................................................................39
2.4.1 Energy Balance Across Condenser..........................................................................40
2.4.2 Energy Balance Across Evaporator.........................................................................41
3.1 Objective.........................................................................................................................45
3.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................45
3.3.1 For Condensing Temperature of 35 oC....................................................................45
3.4 Sample Calculations........................................................................................................46

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3.6 Conclusion......................................................................................................................47
4.1 Objective.........................................................................................................................48
4.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................48
4.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................49
5 Refrigeration unit Experiment Number 5..............................................................................50
1.2 Objective:........................................................................................................................50
5.1 Procedure:.......................................................................................................................50
5.2 Observation Table...........................................................................................................50
1.2.1 Single Zone System.................................................................................................53
1.2.2 Terminal Reheat System..........................................................................................53
1.2.3 Dual Duct System....................................................................................................54
1.2.4 Variable Air Volume System...................................................................................54
1.2.5 A771 Air Conditioning System...............................................................................55
1 Air Circulation Unit Experiment 1.......................................................................................57
1.1 Objective.........................................................................................................................57
1.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................57
1.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................58
2 Air Recirculation Unit Experiment 2.....................................................................................59
2.1 Objective.........................................................................................................................59
2.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................59
2.5 Result and Discussion.....................................................................................................62
2.5.1 For Simple Heating Process.....................................................................................62
2.5.2 For Preheating and Cooling.....................................................................................62
2.5.3 For Preheating, Cooling and Reheating...................................................................63
3 References..............................................................................................................................65

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Table of Figures
Figure 1-2: Carnot cycle..................................................................................................................9
Figure 1-3: T-s diagram of the vapor compression cycle..............................................................10
Figure 1-4: P-h diagram of vapor compression cycle....................................................................10
Figure 1-5 Air source heat pump...................................................................................................11
Figure 1-6 Geothermal heat pump.................................................................................................12
Figure 1-7 Exhaust air pump.........................................................................................................13
Figure 1-8 Solar assisted heat pump..............................................................................................14
Figure 1-9 Hybrid heat pump........................................................................................................14
Figure 11 COP vs Condenser Outlet Temperature........................................................................16
Figure 12 Compressor work input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature..........................................17
Figure 13 Heat Output Rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature....................................................18
Figure 14 Ideal and Real Cycles on Ph Diagram...........................................................................21
Figure 15 Energy Balance Across Condenser and Compressor....................................................22
Figure 16 COP vs Condenser Outlet Temperature........................................................................25
Figure 17 Heat Transfer in Evaporator vs Condenser Outlet Temperature...................................25
Figure 18 Compressor Work Input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature.........................................26
Figure 19 Heat Output rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature.....................................................27
Figure 20 Volumetric Efficiency vs Pressure Ratio......................................................................30
Figure 5-2 Refrigeration unit.........................................................................................................33
Figure 5-3 Single compressor unit.................................................................................................34
Figure 5-4 Multi compressor unit..................................................................................................35
Figure 5-5: Schematic diagram of R713 refrigeration unit...........................................................35
Figure 27 Ph Diagram for R134a...................................................................................................38
Figure 28 Ph Diagram for R134a...................................................................................................38
Figure 29 Energy Balance for Evaporator.....................................................................................43
Figure 30 Energy Balance for Condenser......................................................................................44
Figure 31 Refrigeration Duty vs Evaporator Pressure...................................................................47
Figure 32 Power Input...................................................................................................................49
Figure 33 Contour Plot For COP...................................................................................................51
Figure 34: Single zone air-conditioning system............................................................................53

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Figure 35: Terminal reheat system................................................................................................54

Figure 36: Dual duct system..........................................................................................................54
Figure 537: A variable air volume system for cooling only..........................................................55
Figure 5-38: Schematic diagram of A771.....................................................................................56
Figure 44 Simple Heating Process on Psychrometric Chart..........................................................62
Figure 45 Preheating and Cooling Processes on Psychrometric Chart.........................................63
Figure 46 Preheating, Cooling and Reheating Processes on Psychrometric Chart.......................64

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HEAT PUMP APPARATUS

Carnot cycle has the greatest possible efficiency when it is operating between two temperatures.
No cycle can exceed the efficiency of Carnot cycle when they are operating between the same
temperatures.
Figure 1: Carnot cycle

The Carnot cycle consists of the following four processes:
1. Adiabatic compression
2. Isothermal rejection of heat
3. Adiabatic expansion
4. Isothermal addition of heat
Although Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle but practically it is not possible to develop
Carnot cycle. It is because Carnot cycle consists of ideal processes, that cannot occur in real life.
The heat addition and rejection processes in a Carnot cycle are reversible, the heat addition and
rejection will take infinitely long time.
To overcome, the impracticalities associated with Carnot cycle, it is modified to develop the
standard vapor compression cycle. The standard vapor compression cycle consists of following
processes:
1-2: The refrigerant is compressed isentropically from saturated vapor state to the condenser
pressure.
2-3: Reversible heat rejection takes place in condenser at constant pressure.
3-4: Isenthalpic expansion of the refrigerant takes place from condenser pressure to evaporator
pressure.
4:1: Reversible heat addition takes place in the evaporator at constant pressure.

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Figure 1-2: T-s diagram of the vapor compression cycle
Figure 3: P-h diagram of vapor compression cycle

1.1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF R514 HEAT PUMP
All the components of R514 heat pump are attached to a reinforce plastic panel. It consists of
following components:
1. Panel: All the components of the heat pump are mounted on the top of the panel.
2. Refrigerant: R134a is used as refrigerant in the heat pump cycle.
3. Compressor: A single cylinder reciprocating compressor is used. The displacement of
the compressor is 8.85 c m3 per revolution.
4. Condenser: The heat transfer between the water and the refrigerant takes place in the
condenser.
5. Thermometer: The thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the refrigerant at
different state. It has a least count of 0.1∘ C .
6. Flow Meters: The flow meters are incorporated to measure the flow rate of the
refrigerant and water.

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7. Pressure Gauges: To measure the pressure of the condenser and evaporator, pressure
gauges are used. These pressure gauges measure gauge pressure.
8. Electrical Energy Consumption Meter: To measure the energy consumed by the
compressor, an electrical energy meter is used.
9. Fail Safe Device: Different fail-safe devices have been incorporated into the system to
avoid overload of condenser, evaporator and compressor.
1.1.2 TYPES OF HEAT PUMP:
1.1.2.1 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP:

To provide heat, two heat exchangers are used: one outside the building, where air is circulated
through fins powered by a fan, and another inside the building, which either heats the air directly
or heats water, which is then circulated through heat exchangers, distributing the heat throughout
the structure. Heat pumps are efficient and may be found in both residential and commercial
structures. There is also a mode of operation in which heat is removed by an inner heat
exchanger and released into the surrounding air through an exterior heat exchanger, as stated in
the schedule. They're also used to heat water in a hot tank, which is subsequently utilized to do
things like wash clothes and dishes later in the home. Heat pumps are the most often used type of
heat pump since they are very simple to install and are also incredibly cost-effective. Heat pumps
can have performance coefficients of up to 4.0 in moderate weather, but they can have
performance coefficients of as low as 2.5 when temperatures drop below 0 degrees Celsius (32
degrees Fahrenheit). It is usual for COPs to be 2.5-2.8 points higher than average in moderate
regions, where great models do really well, throughout the season.
Figure 4 Air source heat pump
1.1.2.2 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP:

It is possible to use a geothermal heat pump, which is also known as a heat pump, at any time of
year. A geothermal heat pump is a heat absorber that absorbs heat from the soil or groundwater
at a temperature that is very accurate and at a depth of around 30 metres from the earth or
groundwater (9.1 m). The efficiency coefficient (COP) of a well-managed geothermal heat pump
is generally 4.0 at the start of the summer season, and the annual performance coefficient (COP)
is typically 4.0 at the conclusion of the summer season when the heat from the earth is removed.
Geothermal heat pumps are more costly than other kinds of thermal pumps because they need the

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installation of vertical heat exchanger piping or the excavation of trenches to install horizontal
heat exchange fluid pipe (water with a little antifreeze).
Thermal heat pumps, which transport heat from a building to the ground when it is extremely hot
outside, may also be used to cool buildings when it is extremely hot outside. It is possible, for
example, to recycle heat underground by installing solar collectors or pipes in parking lots, and
then to use that heat.
Figure 5 Geothermal heat pump
1.1.2.3 EXHAUST AIR PUMP:

Emission air heat pumps are designed to absorb heat from the exhaust air of a building and
transfer it to the inside of the building in order to reduce the need for extra mechanical
ventilation. The use of two types of air heat pumps for heat exhaust air is possible: heat pumps
for the direct application and heat pumps for the reciprocal application. Heat transmission is the
method through which thermal transfer between air streams occurs. Heat exhaust pumps that
transfer heat from one air stream to another are known as air-to-air heat exhaust pumps. It is used
to heat a heating circuit that includes an exhaust air/water heat pump, which transports heat from
the outside into the system, using an exhaust air/water heat pump.

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Figure 6 Exhaust air pump
1.1.2.4 SOLAR ASSISTED HEAT PUMP:

One type of Solar Thermal Pump is a device that combines the energy generated by both a heat
pump and thermal solar panels into a single unit. Heat pump systems are what we're talking
about here. When it comes to producing warm water, the producer often employs these two ways
independently, or at the same time, rather than in tandem with one another. In this case, the solar
panel is transformed into a low-temperature heat source by means of this technology, and the
heat generated by the solar thermal panel is used to heat water that is fed into the panel and then
heated up by the heat pump, which then utilizes that heat to further heat the water. After
everything is said and done, the ultimate objective of this system is to attain a high-performance
coefficient (COP) while producing energy more efficiently and inexpensively than current
systems.
Figure 7 Solar assisted heat pump
1.1.2.5 HYBRID HEAT PUMP:

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The temperature of the surrounding air has an impact on the amount of heat gathered from a
variety of sources by hybrid heat pumps, also known as dual source heat pumps. Rather of use
air when the external ambient temperature is greater than 4-8 degrees Celsius, ground water
should be utilized when the outdoor temperature is less than 4-8 degrees Celsius (40-50 degrees
Celsius) (40-50 degrees Fahrenheit). In addition to storing warmer weather from other sources
through air exchanges or building heat exchangers while the heat pump is not in operation, these
twin-sourcing systems may store warmer weather from other sources while the heat pump is in
operation. The following are two significant advantages of this technique over other
approaches. Second, it increases the soil source temperature while increasing the heat pump
system's energy efficiency by around 4% per degree Celsius rise in soil source temperature. This
is a low-cost interior air conditioning option (if the ground water is relatively stagnant).
Figure 8 Hybrid heat pump

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1 HEAT PUMP UNIT EXPERIMENT 1

To Determine the Coefficient of Performance of a Heat Pump and Production of Heat Pump
Performance curves over a range of source and delivery temperatures.
1.1PROCEDURE:
• Turn on the vapor compression refrigeration apparatus.
• Allow the equipment to operate for a while so that the readings become steady.
• With the knob on the device, you may change the condenser flow.
• In the observation table, make a note of the readings.
1.2CALCULATIONS:
15000
W comp =
X
q con=mw ×C pw × ( T 6−T 5 )
Heat Output q
COP= = cond
Work Input 15000
X
1.3OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Heat
Condenser Time per
Condenser Water Compressor Output
Water revolution COP of
Temperatures Work Input across
Sr. No. Flow Rate of energy heat
outlet/inlet (oC) rate (kW) condenser
(g/s) meter (s) pump
(kW)
mw T6 T5 X Wcomp qcon
1 40 27.7 21.5 58.1 258.2 1036.6 4.01
2 30 30.9 22.6 54.1 277.2 1040.8 3.75
3 20 35.1 22.7 51.5 291.3 1036.7 3.55
4 15 39 23.1 49.3 304.3 996.9 3.28
1.4SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
Calculations have been shown for fourth set of readings with mw = 15 g/s, T6 = 39 oC, T5=23.1oC
and X = 49.3 s
6 3.6 ×10 6
240 rev per kWh=3.6 ×10 Joules 1 rev per kWh= Joules 1 rev per kWh=15000 Joules
240
15000
Power Input= W
X
15000 15000
W comp = = W =0.3043 kW
X 58.1 comp
q con=m w ×C pw × ( T 6−T 5 )q con=( 15 ×1 0−3 ) × ( 4180 ) × ( 39−23.1 )q con=0.9969 kW
q 0.9969
COP= con = COP=3.28
W comp 0.3043

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1.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1.5.1 EFFECT OF CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE ON COP

With the greater heat removed in the condenser, there will be lower temperature at the exit point
of condenser, the lower this point lies, the more will be the heat removal and the more will be the
COP. It can be seen in Figure 9, that the maximum COP occurs when the outlet of condenser is
at 27oC, the value of COP at this point is 4.05. But as the outlet temperature keeps on increasing,
the associated heat removed is decreased and hence a reduction in COP is observed. It can be
generalized that with the increasing condenser outlet temperature, the COP of Heat Pump
Unit is Decreasing.
Figure 9 COP vs Condenser Outlet Temperature
1.5.2 COMPRESSOR WORK INPUT VS CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE

Compressor is used to compress the refrigerant to a higher pressure, when the condenser outlet is
increasing the corresponding condensing saturation pressure of the refrigerant is also increasing,
thereby, increasing the required pressure ratio hence increasing the demanded work input. It can
be seen in Figure 10, that as we increase the condenser outlet temperature from 27℃ to 38℃
the corresponding input requirements by the compressor increase from 258 Watts to 304 Watts,
which is an increase of almost 18%. As the condensing temperature is increased the required
work input by the compressor also increases.

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Figure 10 Compressor work input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

1.5.3 CONDENSER HEAT TRANSFER RATE VS CONDENSER OUTLET
TEMPERATURE
The heat transfer through condenser is given by the enthalpy difference of the refrigerant or the
temperature increase in the cooling water. Ideally both of these heat transfers must be equal.
Therefore, it is a common trend that as the output of the condenser is increased the enthalpy
change is lower and thus the output heat transfer is also lower. From the Figure 11, we can see
that as we move towards left in the temperature axis, the corresponding work input demand is
observed to be increasing. The point corresponding to the temperature of 27 oC is deviating from
the trend, it is due to the fact that the condenser input temperature was not kept constant for
all the cases, which is the reason for the deviation in the trend. Apart from that, all other data
points are exactly in accordance with the trend described.

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Figure 11 Heat Output Rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

1.6CONCLUSION:
From the experimentation, the theoretical aspects of the performance parameters of the Vapor
Compression Heat Pump Cycle and their dependence on the outlet temperature of the condenser
have been analyzed experimentally. The results which have been obtained from the
experimentation are exactly according to the theoretical mathematical formulations. The key
outcomes of the experiment include the following aspects:
1. Heat Output of the Condenser is decreased as the delivery temperature is increased.
2. Power requirement of the compressor is increased as the condenser temperature is
increased.
3. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump system decreases as the condenser
temperature is increased.

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2 HEAT PUMP UNIT EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2:

Comparison of Practical and Ideal cycles on a Ph Diagram and determination of energy balance
for Condenser and Compressor.
2.1OBJECTIVE:
In this experiment, the P-h diagram for an ideal and practical heat pump cycle will be discussed
as well as the energy balance for the condenser and compressor.
2.2PROCEDURE:
 Turn on the vapor compression refrigeration apparatus.
 Allow the equipment to operate for a while so that the readings become steady
 With the knob on the device, you may change the condenser flow.
 In the observation table, make a note of the readings.
2.3CALCULATIONS:
Heat Transfer ¿ Refrigerant=mref (h 2−h3 )Heat Transfer ¿ Water =m w × C pw × ( T 6−T 5 )
15000
Power input ¿Compressor =
X
Enthalpy Change of R134 a=mref (h2−h1 )
2.4OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Pressure at Comp Suction (kPa) P1 410
Pressure at Comp Delivery (kPa) P2 1075
Temperature at compressor suction (oC) T1 13.8
Temperature at compressor Delivery (oC) T2 59.3
Temperature at condenser outlet (oC) T3 39.5
Temperature at Expansion Valve outlet (oC) T4 10.9
Water mass flow rate g/s mw 15

Ref Mass flow rate g/s mref 5.8
Time per revolution s s 49.3
T5 23
Condenser Water Temperature (In / Out) (oC)
T6 39
2.5SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
Fixing the States

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 State 1 Is fixed by the intersection of P1 and T1

 State 2 Is fixed by the intersection of P2 and T2
 State 2s Is Fixed by assuming constant entropy compression from State 1 and P2
 State 3 is fixed by intersection of P3 and T3
 State 4 is fixed by intersection of T4 and h3=h4
The values obtained from the Ph chart are given as under:
kJ
h1 =305
kg
339 kJ
h2 =
kg
326 kJ
h2 s =
kg
kJ
h3 =h4 =148
kg
3
m
v1 =0.050
kg
2.6ENERGY BALANCE
2.6.1 ¤CONDENSER
Heat Transfer ¿ Refrigerant=mref (h 2−h3 )
¿ 5.8 × ( 338−148 )q condenser =1102 W
Heat Transfer ¿ Water =mw × C pw × ( T 6−T 5 )
¿ 15 × 4.18 ( 39−23 )
q water =1003W
Discrepancy is due to heat exchanger effectiveness
2.6.2 ¤COMPRESSOR
15000
Power input ¿Compressor =
X
15000
¿
49.3
W compressor =304 W
Enthalpy Change of R134 a=mref (h2−h1 )
¿ 5.8 × ( 338−305 )
¿ 191W
2.7RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.7.1 PH DIAGRAM OF THE EXPERIMENT
The data obtained after the experiment was used to visualize the state points of the refrigerant on
the Ph diagram. There were two cases which have been analyzed:

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 Real Cycle which includes state 1-2-3-4

 Ideal Cycle which includes states 1’-2’-3’-4’
As described in the theoretical discussion that the difference between real and ideal cycles is that
in real cycle the state point 1 lies in the super-heated region but in the ideal case it lies on the
saturated vapor line, moreover the state point 3 in real cycle lies in the subcooled region, while
the position of point 3 in ideal cycle is on the saturated liquid line. The accompanying Ph plot for
the experiment performed is shown in Figure 12. The Blue Lines represent the real cycle and the
red dotted lines represent the ideal cycle.
Figure 12 Ideal and Real Cycles on Ph Diagram

2.8ENERGY BALANCE ACROSS CONDENSER AND COMPRESSOR
Using the data from observation tables, the energy balances across the compressor and condenser
have been analyzed. There are two modes of energy measurement for both of these components,
for the condenser the heat is rejected by the refrigerant and accepted by the cooling water.
Similarly, for the compressor, the work provided in the form of electrical energy to the
compressor is imparted on the refrigerant and appears in the form of increased pressure of the
refrigerant vapors. The energy balance is generated and shown in the form of bar chart in Figure
13. The blue bars represent the input/output energy while the brown bar represent the energy
change through the refrigerant. Ideally, both of these bars should have the same height, but
here a deviation in height of the bars is observed, which essentially corresponds to the
losses. The possible causes of losses in the components are described separately:
 Condenser is a heat exchanger, there is a limit to which the heat exchanger can transfer
heat from the liquid in the tubes to the cooling water. This is called the heat exchanger
effectiveness. There are losses imparted due to the friction between the walls of tubes

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and refrigerant which causes turbulence, thus adding to the losses. Moreover, if the mass
flow rate is too high, then proper heat transfer becomes a bit difficult to achieve and all of
the heat energy present in the refrigerant could not be collected by the cooling water.
 Compressor which was used in this experiment was rotatory compressor, and it was
operated at 2800 rpm. At such a high value of RPM, the volumetric efficiency of the
compressor comes into play and restricts the compression process. The effect of pressure
ratio on the volumetric efficiency has been analyzed in detail in next experiments. The
point is that due to the limit imposed by volumetric efficiency, not all of the input energy
provided to the compressor is imparted to the refrigerant, some of the energy is lost in the
movable parts of the compressor, and some of the energy is lost due to the compression
not being isentropic. These are the possible causes which make the input and output
energy rates to have a difference between each other.
Figure 13 Energy Balance Across Condenser and Compressor

Production of Heat pump performance curves based on the R134a Properties at a variety of
Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures.
3.1OBJECTIVE:
In this lab session, we will obtain the performance curves of a R-134a refrigerant based on
evaporating and condensing temperature.
3.2PROCEDURE:

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3.3OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr No 1 2 3 4
Pressure at 1 P1 390 400 405 410
Pressure at 2 P2 800 860 960 1075
Temperature at 1 T1 18.4 17.2 16.6 13.8
Temperature at 2 T2 45.6 48.3 53.6 39.5
Temperature at 3 T3 27.9 31.7 34.6 39.5
Temperature at 4 T4 9.3 10.2 11 11
Refrigerant Flow Rate mref 6 5.9 5.8 5.8
Time Per Revolution X 58.1 54.1 51.5 49.3
T6 28 31 35 39
Condenser Water Temperature In/Out
T5 21 22 22 23
Heat Transfer in Evaporator qevap 1032 979 899 858
Heat Transfer in Condenser qcond 1164 1139 1090 1079
Compressor Input Wcom 258 277 291 304
COP 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.5
3.4SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS
Draw the state points on p-h diagram as follows by intersection of:
P1 = 410 kPa and T1 = 13.8oC
P2 = 1075 kPa and T2 = 29.3oC
P3 = 1075 kPa and T3 = 39.5oC
T4 = 10.9oC and h3 = h4
The following readings were taken from p-h diagram:
h1 =305 kJ/kg
h2 = 343 kJ/kg
h3 = h4 = 157 kJ/kg
(1) Work input rate across Compressor
wcom = 15000 / X
wcom = 15000 / 49.3
wcom = 304 W
(2) Heat Transfer in Condenser

qcon = mr x (h2 – h3)
qcon = 5.8*(305-157)

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qcon = 1079W
(3) Heat Transfer in Evaporator
qevap = mr x (h1 – h4)
qevap = 5.8*(305-157)
qevap = 858 W
(4) Coefficient of Performance COP = wcom / qcon
COP = 1079/304
COP=3.5

3.5.1 COP VS CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE
With the greater heat removed in the condenser, there will be lower temperature at the exit point
of condenser, the lower this point lies, the more will be the heat removal and the more will be the
COP. It can be seen in Figure 14Figure 9, that the maximum COP occurs when the outlet of
condenser is at 28oC, the value of COP at this point is 4.5. But as the outlet temperature keeps on
increasing, the associated heat removed is decreased and hence a reduction in COP is observed.
It can be generalized that with the increasing condenser outlet temperature, the COP of Heat
Pump Unit is Decreasing.
Figure 14 COP vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

3.5.2 HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATOR VS CONDENSER OUTLET
TEMPERATURE
The heat transfer through evaporator is given by the enthalpy difference of the refrigerant.
Therefore, it is a common trend that as the output of the evaporator is increased the enthalpy
change is lower and thus the output heat transfer is also lower. From the Figure 15, we can see

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observed to be increasing.
Figure 15 Heat Transfer in Evaporator vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

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3.5.3 COMPRESSOR WORK INPUT VS CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE

Compressor is used to compress the refrigerant to a higher pressure, when the condenser outlet is
increasing the corresponding condensing saturation pressure of the refrigerant is also increasing,
thereby, increasing the required pressure ratio hence increasing the demanded work input. It can
be seen in Figure 16, that as we increase the condenser outlet temperature from 27℃ to 38℃
the corresponding input requirements by the compressor increase from 258 Watts to 304 Watts,
which is an increase of almost 18%. As the condensing temperature is increased the required
work input by the compressor also increases.
Figure 16 Compressor Work Input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

3.5.4 HEAT OUTPUT RATE VS CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE
The heat transfer through condenser is given by the enthalpy difference of the refrigerant or the
temperature increase in the cooling water. Ideally both of these heat transfers must be equal.
Therefore, it is a common trend that as the output of the condenser is increased the enthalpy
change is lower and thus the output heat transfer is also lower. From the Figure 17,we can see
observed to be increasing. At temperature of 28 oC the work input is 1165 W and at the final
temperature of 39 oC the work input is 1080 W.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 17 Heat Output rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

3.6CONCLUSION:
From the experimentation, the theoretical aspects of the performance parameters of the Vapor
Compression Heat Pump Cycle and their dependence on the outlet temperature of the condenser
have been analyzed experimentally. The results which have been obtained from the
experimentation are exactly according to the theoretical mathematical formulations. The key
outcomes of the experiment include the following aspects:
1. Heat Output of the Condenser is decreased as the delivery temperature is increased.
2. Power requirement of the compressor is increased as the condenser temperature is
increased.
3. Heat Transfer through evaporator is also increased by the increasing condenser outlet
temperature.
4. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump system decreases as the condenser
temperature is increased.

HVAC LAB REPORTS

Estimation of the effect of Compressor Pressure Ratio on Volumetric efficiency.
4.1OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to determine the effects of volumetric efficiency on the
compression ratio of a compressor used in vapor compression cycle.
4.2PROCEDURE
4.3OBSERVATION TABLES
Sr No 1 2 3 4
Compressor Suction Pressure (kPa) P1 (kPa) 390 400 405 410
Compressor Suction temperature T1 (oC ) 18.4 17.2 16.6 13.8
Compressor Suction Specific Volume v1 0.054 0.053 0.052 0.051
(m3/kg)
Volume Flow rate at compressor V1 0.000324 0.000313 0.000302 0.000296
Suction(m3/s)
Compressor Delivery Pressure(kPa) P2 800 860 960 1075
Ref Flow Rate kg/s mref 6 5.9 5.8 5.8
Compressor Pressure ratio rp 2.05 2.15 2.37 2.62
Volumetric Efficiency ηv 78.45% 75.71% 73.03% 71.62%
Volume Flow Rate at Compressor Suction V1 = mrv1 (I)
Compressor Pressure Ratio rP = P2/P1 (II)
Volumetric Efficiency ηv = V1 / Vs (III)
where ‘Vs’ is compressor Swept Volume
State point (1) may be plotted on p-h diagram to read out v1 by using P1 and T1:
Specific Volume comes out to be = 0.054 m3/kgs
Volume Flow Rate at Compressor Suction V1 = mrv1 (IV)
V1 = 0.006×0.054
V1 = 0.000324 m3/s
Compressor Pressure Ratio rP = P2/P1 (V)
rP = 800/390
rP = 2.05
The compressor swept volume rate (assuming that it runs at 2800 rev /min)

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Vs = (2800/60) x 8.855x 10-6 m3/s

Vs = 4.13 x 10-4 m3/s
where 8.855 cm 3 is the swept volume of the compressor cylinder per revolution
Volumetric Efficiency ηv = V1 / Vs (VI)
= 0.7845
= 78.45%

4.5.1 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY VS PRESSURE RATIO
The effect of pressure ratio is investigated on the volumetric efficiency. Referring to the Figure
18, it is seen that the increasing pressure ratio is decreasing the volumetric efficiency. The
operating speed of the compressor for all the cases was taken to be constant at 2800 rpm.
Varying pressures through compressor and condenser also varies the compression ratio, which in
turn, changes the load on the compressor. By load we mean the amount of energy that the
compressor has to supply to the refrigerant to make it reach that specific pressure. As the
pressure ratio is increased, the difference in the compressor suction and delivery pressure also
increases, which means that the volumetric efficiency will decrease due to greater frictional
losses and entropy generation during the compression process.
It can be seen that the maximum value of volumetric efficiency is78.45% at the compression
ratio of 2.05, whereas the lowest value of volumetric efficiency was 71.62% at the compression
ratio of 2.62.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 18 Volumetric Efficiency vs Pressure Ratio

4.6CONCLUSION:
It has been concluded from this experiment that the pressure ratio and volumetric efficiency are
inversely related. Increasing the pressure ratio has a negative effect on the volumetric efficiency,
it is the reason why we use multi stage compressors when a high pressure ratio is desirable.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
REFRIGERAT
ION UNIT

HVAC LAB REPORTS
The following is the definition of a 'cooling unit' in terms of energy: "A "cooling unit" is defined
as the system which reduces temperature caused by mechanical action. It is necessary to utilize
an electric engine to power a pump in order to compress coolant to the proper pressure when a
traditional cooling unit is used. When subjected to particular temperatures and pressures, a
substance known as a refrigerant can change its condition from a liquid to a gaseous form. In
response to the reduction in pressure, heat is taken from the liquid and evacuated from the unit.
In addition, the coolant evaporates as a result of the reduction in pressure. In order to complete
the cooling cycle, the heat must be absorbed and the compressor must be returned to its original
position before the cycle can be repeated. A few cooling units, as opposed to the vast majority of
other cooling units, use gas (natural gas or LPG) in a way that does not necessitate the use of a
compressor, as opposed to the vast majority of other cooling systems. The gaseous refrigerant
must be lit and burned in order to heat the chemical solution in which it has been absorbed. The
heating process takes the coolant from the system and condenses it into a liquid state.... After
then, the concentrated refrigerant evaporates and absorbs heat from its surrounding atmosphere.
Afterward, the evaporating coolant is reabsorbed into the chemical solution, and the heat from
the solution is released as waste heat, and the process continues indefinitely as long as the
coolant is in solution. Refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning systems all have cooling units
as a result of the fact that they are meant to do so.
In a cooling system, the cooling unit is a component that provides the foundation for the whole
system. By utilizing these approaches, it is possible to produce a wide range of temperature
ranges in order to induce cold.
The compressor is a crucial component of the cooling unit's operation and should not be taken
for granted. However, other types of compressors, such as screws or spiral compressors, may
also be used in some situations. The reciprocal compressor is the most common type of
compressor, but other types of compressors, such as screws or spiral compressors, can also be
used in certain cases. Reciprocal compressors are the most commonly encountered form of
compressor. Depending on the operating requirements, single compressor systems or multi-
compressor plants should be designed and constructed. Russia's industrial sector not only has
mastered the repair and maintenance of cooling systems, but it also designs and manufactures
this type of equipment. However, it should be noted that the great bulk of the components still
need to be imported from other countries in order for the system to be fully functional.
Therefore, foreign firms are presently responsible for the vast bulk of compressor production in
the United States.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 19 Refrigeration unit

1.1.3 SINGLE COMPRESSOR UNIT:
One of the most common types of cooling systems is a single-cooled compressor that distributes
cooling across the whole system.... This ensures that the equipment is compact and simple to use
throughout the whole manufacturing process. Aside from that, obtaining a cooling device of this
nature is significantly less complicated since selecting such a device is basic and the cost of
purchasing such a device is quite inexpensive. In tiny chambers for storing products and other
things that require chilling, as well as for the air conditioning of buildings, these systems are
frequently employed to maintain a comfortable temperature.
Single-compressor cooling systems are intended for usage in chilled furniture (showcases,
cabinets, and other similar items). Because they are fitted with piston-like compressors that are
hermetically sealed, they are the most fundamental and cost-effective cooling unit configuration
available. The talents of these folks may change depending on the jobs that they are assigned.
Reciprocal compressors are often used in smaller cooling plants to replace reciprocal
compressors; they may also be found in larger cooling plants that have cooling chambers and
chilled storage rooms. Reciprocal compressors are also used in refrigeration systems.
As a result of its efficiency in high-temperature cooling systems, spiral compressors are the most
commonly utilized compressor type. A compressor of this type has shown to be quite effective in
a number of cooling systems, including industrial cooling facilities. Spiral systems distinguish
themselves from other types of systems by virtue of their extended service life, silent operation,
and complete protective measures.
When the condenser and compressor are used simultaneously, they are both mounted on the
unit's frame. There are two sorts of carriers: those that fly and those who rely on an intermediary
to transport their passengers (water used the most often).
Shrink compressors are highly recommended for cooling equipment that consumes a significant
amount of energy, such as air conditioning systems. Because of the high compressor speeds
employed by the device, it is capable of generating power in the range of several megawatts or
even more, depending on the design.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 20 Single compressor unit

1.1.4 MULTI COMPRESSOR UNIT:
Multi-compressor capacity control systems provide a number of important advantages, including
the ability to attach additional compressors and to deactivate them as needed on the fly,
depending on the situation. Their architectural design is more difficult since, in addition to
standard controls, these devices require additional oil and refrigerant regulators and
compensators, which elevates their total sophistication. As a result, the size of pipelines is
increasing, and the operation of devices is getting more difficult.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 21 Multi compressor unit

1.1.5 R713 REFRIGERATION UNIT
The schematic diagram of R713 refrigeration unit that will be used in this series of experiments
is shown below.
Figure 22: Schematic diagram of R713 refrigeration unit

The characteristics features of R713 refrigeration unit are as follows:
1. The unit allows us to conduct complete analysis of standard vapor compression
refrigeration cycle.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
2. The evaporator and condenser temperature can easily be adjusted.

3. It can be used to measure the following parameter:
a. Input to compressor
b. Flow rate of refrigerant
c. Flow rate of water
d. Temperature
e. Pressure
4. The states of the refrigerant can easily be plotted on P-h diagram by measuring
temperature and pressure at different states.
The refrigeration unit consist of following components:
1. Panel: All the components of the unit are mounted on the panel.
2. Refrigerant: R134a is used as refrigerant in this cycle.
3. Thermometer: The thermometer can be used to measure the temperature of the
refrigerant at various states. Its least count is 0.1∘ C .
4. Wattmeter: The wattmeter allows us to measure the electrical energy input to the
compressor.
5. Flowmeters: The unit contains two flowmeters, one to measure flow rate of water, and
the other for refrigerant.
6. Pressure Gauges: To measure the pressure of the condenser and evaporator, pressure
gauges are used.
7. Tachometer: It is used to measure the power that is provided to the compressor.
8. Expansion Valve: The expansion valve is used to reduce the pressure of the refrigerant.
9. Evaporator: Electrically operated heater is used to provide heat energy to the refrigerant.
10. Compressor: It is integrated to increase the pressure of the refrigerant from evaporator
pressure to condenser pressure.
11. Fail-Safe Devices: Different devices have been incorporated to protect the user from any
danger.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
1 REFRIGERATION UNIT EXPERIMENT 1

Demonstration of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and production of the cycle diagram
under various conditions.
1.1OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this experiment is to understand the working of vapor refrigeration cycle and to
draw its P-h diagram.
1.2PROCEDURE
 Switch on the refrigeration unit while keeping all of the essential safeguards in mind.
 Keep the equipment running to ensure the accuracy of the measurements.
 A reading knob is provided for each reading knob so that the evaporator's input may be
adjusted.
 To maintain the evaporator pressure constant, the water flow rate is adjusted.
1.3OBSERVATIONS:
Compressor Compressor Expansion Evaporator
Condense Water
S Evaporato Suction Delivery Valve Inlet Inlet
r Flow
r. r Pressure Temperatur Temperatur Temperatur Temperatur
Pressure Rate
N (kPa) e e e e
(kPa) (g/s)
o (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
Pevap Pcom mw T1 T2 T3 T4
1 296 1240 7.6 19.9 76.8 43.1 -2.8
2 296 1240 10.4 17.5 70.7 37.9 -1.8
3 301 1026 18.2 18.9 59.1 31.3 -2.27
4 290 825 75 21.2 62.5 22.5 -2.9
5 148 990 7.8 4.8 61.9 26.7 -20
6 209 990 12.8 11.6 65.1 28.4 -11.9
7 248 993 17.3 16.1 65.8 29.1 -7.6
8 348 1003 38.6 27.1 66.3 29.9 1.7
9 400 1007 52 36.2 68.1 29.7 6.4
From the different ranges of pressures in the evaporator and the condenser, there are different Ph
Diagrams possible one for each combination of pressures. Here we are presenting two of the
cases and their Ph diagrams have been shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24.
For the first case the Condenser was held at saturation pressure of 1240 kPa and evaporator was
at the pressure of 296 kPa, the corresponding saturation temperatures were 47.6 oC and 0.3oC.
For the second diagram the Condenser is at 1388 kPa with saturation temperature of 52 oC and
the evaporator is at 300 kPa with a saturation temperature of 0.7 oC.
The definition of points from 1 to 4 have been done by using the Engineering Equations solver,
and the data has been used to plot the Ph Chart.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 23 Ph Diagram for R134a
Figure 24 Ph Diagram for R134a

PRODUCTION OF ENERGY BALANCE OF THE REFRIGERATOR.
2.1OBJECTIVE

HVAC LAB REPORTS
In this lab session, a detailed energy balance analysis of all the components of refrigeration cycle
have been conducted.
2.2PROCEDURE
adjusted.
2.3CALCULATIONS:
Qevp =V evp × I evp
Refrigerant Enthalpy Change=mr ×( h1−h 4)
Qcond =mw × C p ×(T 6 −T 5 )
Ps =T × ω
2 × π × Nm
Pf =0.165 × F f ×
60
Pel =V m × I m × cos ϕ
2.4TABLE:
Water Compressor Compressor
Evaporator Condenser Refrigerant
Flow Suction Delivery
Sr.N Pressure Pressure Flow Rate
Rate Temperature Temperature
o (kPa) (kPa) (g/s)
(g/s) (oC) (oC)
Pevap Pcond mw mr T1 T2
1 300 1388 7.6 3.5 19.9 76.8
2 296 1240 10.4 4.6 17.5 70.7
3 301 1026 18.2 5 18.9 59.1
4 290 825 75 5.1 21.2 62.5
5 148 990 7.8 2.3 4.8 61.9
6 209 990 12.8 3.6 11.6 65.1
7 248 993 17.3 4.4 16.1 65.8
8 348 1003 38.6 6.5 27.1 66.3
9 400 1007 52 7.7 36.2 68.1
Expansion
Evaporator Inlet Water Inlet Water Outlet Evaporator Evaporator
Valve Inlet
Temperature Temperature Temperature Volts Amperes
Temperature
(oC) (oC) (oC) (V) (A)
(oC)
T3 T4 T5 T6 Vevap Ievap
43.1 -2.8 16 43.5 158 4.6
37.9 -1.8 14 37.1 171 5
31.3 -2.27 13.6 27.9 183 5.3
22.5 -2.9 13.2 17.1 188 5.4
26.7 -20 15.4 29.2 112 3.25

HVAC LAB REPORTS
28.4 -11.9 14.8 28.1 142 4.13

29.1 -7.6 15 27.6 161 4.7
29.9 1.7 15.6 24.1 202 5.9
29.7 6.4 14.8 22.2 215 6.6
2.4.1 ENERGY BALANCE ACROSS CONDENSER
Wat Refrige Enthal Enthal Water Water

er py at py at
rant Inlet Outlet Heat Cooling Heat lost in
Flo Conde Conde
Flow nser nser Tempera Tempera Water Condenser
w Rate ture ture
Inlet Outlet
Rat
e (g/s) kJ/kg kJ/kg (oC) (oC) kW kW
(g/s)
mw mr h2 h3 T5 T6 Qwater Qcond
7.6 3.5 305 112.8 16 43.5 0.874 0.673
10.4 4.6 300.7 105.1 14 37.1 1.004 0.900
18.2 5 292 95.45 13.6 27.9 1.088 0.983
75 5.1 298.9 82.86 13.2 17.1 1.223 1.102
7.8 2.3 295.6 88.83 15.4 29.2 0.450 0.476
12.8 3.6 298.9 91.27 14.8 28.1 0.712 0.747
17.3 4.4 299.6 92.27 15 27.6 0.911 0.912
38.6 6.5 299.9 93.43 15.6 24.1 1.371 1.342
52 7.7 301.8 93.14 14.8 22.2 1.608 1.607
2.4.2 ENERGY BALANCE ACROSS EVAPORATOR

Refrig Enthalpy
Enthalpy at Evaporat Evaporator Enthalpy
erant at Evapora
Evaporat
Evaporator or Change
Flow Outlet tor Volts Heat Input in Refrigerant
or Inlet Amperes
Rate
(g/s) kJ/kg kJ/kg (V) (A) kW kW
mr h4 h1 Vevap Ievap Qevap Qref
3.5 112.8 268 158 4.6 0.727 0.543
4.6 105.1 266 171 5 0.855 0.740
5 95.45 267.1 183 5.3 0.970 0.858
5.1 82.86 269.4 188 5.4 1.015 0.951
2.3 88.83 258.4 112 3.25 0.364 0.390
3.6 91.27 262.7 142 4.13 0.586 0.617
4.4 92.27 265.8 161 4.7 0.757 0.764
6.5 93.43 273.5 202 5.9 1.192 1.170
7.7 93.14 280.8 215 6.6 1.419 1.445
2.5 SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:

HVAC LAB REPORTS
From the p-h chart:

h1= 268 kJ/kg h2= 305 kJ/kg h3=h4= 112.8 kJ/kg
Energy Balance:
Evaporator
Evaporator Heat Input Qevp = Vevp × Ievp
Qevp = 158 x 4.6
Qevp= 726.8 W
R134a Enthalpy change Rate = mr × (h1 – h4)
= 3.5 x (268-112.8)
= 0.543 kW
Condenser
Heat Transfer to Water Qc = mw Cp × (T6 – T5)
Qc = 7.6 x 4.18 (43.5-16)
Qc = 873.62 W
R134a Enthalpy change Rate = mf × (h2 – h3)
= 3.5 x (305-112.8)
= 0.672 kW
Compressor
Shaft Power Ps = Tω
Ps = 0.165 × F × (2π nm)/60
Ps = 12.88126
Friction Power Pf = 0.165 × Ff × (2π nm)/60
where Ff is the motor load cell reading with compressor suction valve closed i.e., the compressor
doing no net work done on the gas.
Typically, this load is 3 N.
Hence,
Pf = 11.8904
Compressor indicated power Pi = Ps – Pf
Pi = 12.88126- 11.8904
Pi = 0.990866
R134a Enthalpy change Rate = mr × (h2 – h1)
= 3.5x(305-268)
= 140 W

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Motor Input Pel = Vm × Im × CosΦ

where Vm = 215 volt , Im = 3.1 A and CosΦ = 0.57 are constant for each set of readings
So, Pel = 379.905 W
Heat losses from the compressor in the form of radiated and convected heat represent,
Qrad = Ps – mr × (h2 – h1)
Qrad = -104.719 W

The energy balance about the condenser and the evaporator have been depicted in Figure 25 and
Figure 26. It can be seen that there is some gap between the input and output heats in a lot of
observation data points. The trend of how much error occurs is quite random which means that
there is some kind of error on the part of the observer while noting down the readings. Some
readings are accurate and the difference is not so high, but for some values the discrepancies are
more pronounces owing either to negligence in the observations or due to the stray heat losses
associated with the processes.
Energy Balance for Evaporator

1.600
Heat Input Refrigerant
1.400
1.200
1.000
Power (kW)
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Observation Number
Figure 25 Energy Balance for Evaporator

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Energy Balance for Condenser

1.800
Cooling Water Refrigerant
1.600
1.400
1.200
Power (kW)
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Observation Number
Figure 26 Energy Balance for Condenser

HVAC LAB REPORTS

Investigation of the variation in refrigerator duty (or cooling ability) for various condensing
temperatures.
3.1OBJECTIVE
The objective of this lab session is to analyze how the refrigeration duty varies with the
condensing temperature.
3.2PROCEDURE
adjusted.
3.3.1 FOR CONDENSING TEMPERATURE OF 35 O C
Condensing Saturation Temperature 35 oC
Evaporator Condenser Evaporator
Evapora Evaporato Refrigera
Sr Saturation Saturation Saturation
tor Volts r Amperes tion Duty
No Pressure Pressure Temperature
kPa kPa (oC) V A W
1 140 900 -29 100 2.8 280
2 178 900 -25 120 3.3 396
3 200 900 -21 140 3.8 532
4 240 900 -17 160 4.3 688

HVAC LAB REPORTS

kPa kPa (oC) V A W
1 142 1000 -30 100 2.7 270
2 180 1000 -24 120 3.2 384
3 210 1000 -20 140 3.8 532
4 240 1000 -17 160 4.2 672
kPa kPa (oC) V A W
1 160 1100 -29 100 2.6 260
2 190 1100 -25 120 3.1 372
3 215 1100 -21 140 3.7 518
4 250 1100 -17 160 4.1 656
3.4SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Evaporator Pressure Pe = 140 kPa
Evaporator Volts Ve = 100 V
Evaporator Amperes Ie = 2.8 A
Refrigerator Duty Qe = Ve × Ie
Qe = 280 W
The refrigeration effect produced by the refrigerant over the range of working pressures at three
difference condensing temperatures have been analyzed in the experiment. Error: Reference
source not found summarizes the observations in the form of a graph where on the x axis the
Saturation Pressure of Evaporator has been taken and the y axis stands for Refrigeration Duty.
The three different colored plots show the three analyzed condensing temperatures. It can be
seen that when the condensing Saturation temperature is held constant, then by increasing the
Saturation pressure results in the increase of refrigeration duty.
Whereas, when the evaporator saturation pressure is kept constant and the condensing saturation
temperature is increased the refrigeration duty is observed to decrease, as can be seen from the
figure that at 180 kPa of Evaporator Saturation pressure, when condenser temperature was 35 oC,
the RD was 410 kW, while at 40oC it was 380 kW and at 43oC it was 325 kW, it can be attributed
to the shift in curved from blue to brown to yellow.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 27 Refrigeration Duty vs Evaporator Pressure
3.6CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the experiment that the increasing condensing temperature while
having a fixed evaporator pressure reduces the Refrigeration Duty, and increasing the saturation
temperature of evaporator while holding the condensing temperature constant increases the
Refrigeration Duty.

HVAC LAB REPORTS

INVESTIGATION OF THE POWER INPUT BASED ON ELECTRICAL, SHAFT AND INDICATED POWER.
4.1OBJECTIVE
In this lab session, it will be analyzed what are the effects of evaporation temperature on
electrical, shaft and indicated power of compressor.
4.2PROCEDURE
adjusted.
Evaporator Moto Motor
Evaporator Pressure Saturation Evaporato Evaporato
Sr. r Ampere
(kPa) Temperatur r Volts r Amperes
No. e Volts s
Pevap Tevap Ve Ie Vm Im
1 300 0.7 158 4.6 239 3.7
2 296 0.3 171 5 242 3.78
3 301 0.7 183 5.3 244 3.8
4 290 -0.3 188 5.4 236 3.4
5 148 -17.5 112 3.25 248 3.7
6 209 -9.0 142 4.13 249 3.79
7 248 -4.5 161 4.7 247 3.76
8 348 4.8 202 5.9 246 3.8
9 400 8.9 215 6.6 247 3.84
Compressor Motor Electrical Shaft Friction Indicated

Spring Balance
RPM RPM Power Power Power Power
N Nc Nm W W W W
13.2 480 1478 504 337.1 76.6 260
10.9 480 1478 521 278.4 76.6 202
10.8 480 1478 529 275.8 76.6 199
10.8 480 1478 457 275.8 76.6 199
8.3 480 1478 523 212.0 76.6 135
10.3 480 1478 538 263.0 76.6 186
10.8 480 1478 529 275.8 76.6 199

HVAC LAB REPORTS
10.8 480 1478 533 275.8 76.6 199

10.6 480 1478 541 270.7 76.6 194

Power Input in the form of shaft power and indicated power have been shown in Figure 28. It
can be seen that the indicated power is lower than the actual shaft power by an amount which is
equal to the friction power. It essentially means that the work input to the compressor shaft is not
used by it totally, there are some losses related to the frictional break torque which impart
inefficiency on the equipment and limits its performance.
Power Input
400.0 Shaft Power Friction Power Indicated Power
350.0
300.0
250.0
Watts
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Observation Number
Figure 28 Power Input
4.5CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the analysis that a part of shaft power is always lost due to friction
and the indicated power which is actually available for doing useful work is lower than the actual
power input.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
5 REFRIGERATION UNIT EXPERIMENT NUMBER 5

INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIATION IN REFRIGERANT COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE FOR VARIOUS
EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING TEMPERATURES
1.2 OBJECTIVE:
In this lab session, it will be analyzed what are the effects of evaporation and condensing
temperature on COP
5.1PROCEDURE:
adjusted.
5.2OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Condenser Pressure (kPa) 1388 1240 1026 825 990 990 993 1003 1007
Evaporator Pressure (kPa) 300 296 301 290 148 209 248 348 400
Evaporator Saturation 0.7 0.3 0.7 -0.3 -17.5 -9.0 -4.5 4.8 8.9
Temperature (oC)
Evaporator Volts (V) 158 171 183 188 112 142 161 202 210
Evaporator Amperes (A) 4.6 5 5.3 5.4 3.25 4.13 4.7 5.9 6.6
Refrigeration Duty (W) 727 855 970 1015 364 586 757 1192 1386
Electric Motor Volts (V) 239 242 244 236 248 249 247 246 247
Electric Motor Amperes (A) 3.7 3.78 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.79 3.76 3.8 3.84
Motor Input (W) 884 915 927 802 918 944 929 935 948
Coefficient of Performance 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.27 0.40 0.62 0.81 1.27 1.46

HVAC LAB REPORTS

We can summarize the effect of both the evaporator and condenser pressures on the COP by
using a contour plot. First of all, a curve fit using MATLAB has been employed and then a
contour plot has been generated. It can be seen that as the evaporator pressure is increasing with
constant condenser pressure the COP is observed to increase. But when the condenser pressure is
increased by keeping the evaporator pressure constant, then the COP decreases. The maximum
COP occurs when the condenser pressure is low and evaporator pressure is high.
Figure 29 Contour Plot For COP

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Air Recirculation
Unit

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Following are the different types of air-conditioning system that are used:
1. Single Zone System
2. Terminal Reheat System
3. Dual Duct System
4. Variable Air Volume System
1.2.1 SINGLE ZONE SYSTEM
A single zone air conditioning system shown in consist of following components:
1. Cooling and Dehumidification Coils
2. Heating Coils
3. Supply Fan
4. Humidifier
Figure 30: Single zone air-conditioning system

A mixture of recirculated air and outdoor air enters the system at point A and recirculated air
leaves from point B. Two different processes are possible in single zone air-conditioning system.
1. Heating and Humidification: First the air is heated by heating coils and then humidified
to achieve the required temperature and relative humidity.
2. Cooling and Dehumidification with Reheat: The air entering the system is first cooled
and dehumidified in cooling coils. Then it is reheated if required to achieve the required
temperature. Since both the heating and cooling coils operate simultaneously and they
work against each other, this phenomenon is called buckling of coils. And the efficiency
of the system drops due to buckling.
1.2.2 TERMINAL REHEAT SYSTEM

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 31: Terminal reheat system

The schematic diagram of terminal reheat system is shown in Figure 31. The cooling coil is used
to reduce the temperature of the air to 13∘ C . The air must be cooled to make sure that it has been
dehumidified. The separate reheat coils are integrated for each zone and are used to heat to the
air to the required temperature. Just like the single zone system, thermal buckling occurs in the
single zone system; hence, making the system completely inefficient.
1.2.3 DUAL DUCT SYSTEM
The dual duct system or the multi-zone system that is shown Figure 32 in consists of separate
ducts for cool air and hot air.
Figure 32: Dual duct system

The heating coil heats the air to a temperature range of 35−45∘ C while the cooling coil cools the
air to a temperature of 13∘ C . Each zone contains a separate mixing box. Both the cold and hot
streams of air are mixed in such a way that the required temperature is achieved. Just like
terminal reheat system, buckling of coil significantly reduces the efficiency of the system.
1.2.4 VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 533: A variable air volume system for cooling only

The variable air volume system is relatively more efficient as compared to that of terminal reheat
system and dual duct system. Figure 5 33 shows VAV only for cooling. In this system, instead
of providing constant flow of air to the system, the volumetric flow rate of the air is varied to
increase the efficiency of the system. For the system shown in the figure above, the cooling coils
are used to cool the air to 13∘ C , and the volume of air flowing into each zone is varied to achieve
the required temperature. Similarly, VAV reheat and VAV dual duct system are also used for
large commercial buildings. These systems are similar to the reheat and dual duct system that
have been discussed previously; however, the air volumetric flow rate is not constant.
1.2.5 A771 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A771 air conditioning system will be used in this experiment. The schematic diagram of A771 is
shown in the figure below.The complete unit is mobile and a refrigeration unit and a steam
generator has been integrated into it. The system consists of following components:
1. Intake Orifice: The outside air enters through the intake orifice.
2. Mixing Zone: In this section, the outside air is mixed with the recirculated air. By
changing the position of damper, we can control the amount of recirculated air that will
be mixed with the outside air.
3. Preheater: The mixed air first passes through the preheater that is used to increase its
temperature to a certain range.
4. Steam Injection Unit: The steam injection unit is used to humidify to maintain the
relative humidity of the air.
5. Evaporator: The evaporator is used to cool the air depending upon the required. The
evaporator is the component of a standard vapor refrigeration cycle that is located at the
bottom of the unit.
6. Reheater: It may be required to reheat the air, therefore, the reheater is used. The
reheater is mostly used in dual duct system and reheater of each zone heat the air to the
required temperature.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 5-34: Schematic diagram of A771

7. Fan: The fan is used to control the flow rate of the air. It has infinitely variable speed
control, hence, we can adjust the flow of air to any value.
8. Damper: The damper will be used to control the amount of air that will be mixed with
the outdoor air. While the rest of air is discharged into the atmosphere.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
1 AIR CIRCULATION UNIT EXPERIMENT 1

To Determine the Cp of air (where Specific Humidity is constant).
1.1OBJECTIVE
The objective of this lab session is to determine c p of air.
1.2PROCEDURE
 Turn on the recirculating air condition unit.
 Change pre-heater input for every reading.
 Insert values in observation table.
Dry-Bulb Temperature of fan inlet TAd 24.9
Dry Bulb Temperature after Pre-Heater TBd 28.6
Dry Bulb temperature Before Orifice TDd 26.7
Wet Bulb Temperature before Orifice TDw 23
Orifice Differential Pressure h 3.3
Preheater Input Qp 0.5
Specific heat Capacity Cp 1.35
For specific volume:
Air mass flow rate:
Apply steady flow equation:

HVAC LAB REPORTS
1.5CONCLUSION
The specific heat capacity of the air as measured from the experiments is 1.35 kJ/kg.K

HVAC LAB REPORTS
2 AIR RECIRCULATION UNIT EXPERIMENT 2

To provide a hot, cold, humid or dry condition under which article may be placed.
2.1OBJECTIVE
The objective of this lab session is to provide hot, cold, dry and humid air conditions.
2.2PROCEDURE
 Turn on the recirculating air condition unit.
 Turn on and off the components as per requirement.
 Insert values in observation table.
Sr No 1 2 3 4
td 25 25 - -
Intake Temperature (oC)
tw 17 17 - -
td 28 29 33 -
After Preheating Temperature (oC)
tw 18 18 27 -
td - - 24 20
After Cooling Temperature (oC)
tw - - 23 18
td - - - 29
After Reheating (oC)
tw - - - 21
Ref. Flow Rate (g/s) mr - - 14.5 -
0.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
Preheater Current (A)
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 4.4 0 0
Boiler Current (A)
2 0 8.4 0 0
2 0 8.4 8.4 8.4
Reheater Current (A) 1.5 0 0 0 4.6
0.5 0 0 0 2.2
Intake Orifice Differential mmH2O z 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2
Fan Current (A) Ir - - - 0.6
Refrigerant Temperature Expansion Valve Inlet
T11 - - 44.1 -
(oC)
Refrigerant Temperature at Evaporator Outlet (oC) T13 - - 15.9 -
Condenser Pressure (kPa) Pc - - 1290 -
Evaporator Pressure (kPa) Pe - - 420 -
Heating B-C (1 set of readings):
st
From psychrometric chart B and C have:

o o o o
t d=25 Ct w =1 7 Ct d=28 Ct w =1 8 C
Enthalpy change rate:

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Pre-Heater heat transfer:

¿ VI¿ 220∗2.2¿ 0.484 kW
Steam Injection B-C (2 set of readings):
nd
From psychrometric chart B and C have:

o o o o
t d=25 Ct w =1 7 Ct d=29 Ct w =2 0 C
Enthalpy change rate:
Pre-Heater heat transfer:

¿ VI ¿ 220∗(8.4 +0+ 4.4)¿ 2.8 kW
Moisture Increase:
¿ ma (w c −w b)¿ 0.15( 0.015−0.009)¿ 0.9 g/s
Theoretical Evaporation at boiler:
Qs 2.8
¿ ¿ ¿ 1.06 g/ s
(h s−h w ) 2675.8−42
Cooling and Dehumidification C-D (3rd set of readings):
From psychrometric chart C and D have:
o o o o
t d=33 Ct w =2 7 Ct d=2 4 Ct w =2 3 C
v B=v C =0.895 m3 /kg
Enthalpy Change Rate:
At the evaporator:
Reheating and Fan power input D-E (4th set of readings):

From psychrometric chart D and E have:
t d=20 Ct w =1 8 Ct d=29 Ct w =2 1 C Enthalpy change rate:
o o o o
ma (h E −h D )0.147( 58−50)¿ 1.176 kW

Re-Heater heat transfer:
¿ VI ¿ 220∗(2.2+ 4.6)¿ 1.496 kW
2.5RESULT AND DISCUSSION

HVAC LAB REPORTS
2.5.1 FOR SIMPLE HEATING PROCESS

For the first set of observation, the psychrometric chart is plotted. It can be seen that during the
heating process the specific humidity of air remains constant, but the relative humidity is
changed due to a change in dry and wetbulb temperautres.
Figure 35 Simple Heating Process on Psychrometric Chart

2.5.2 FOR PREHEATING AND COOLING
For the second case, first of all the air is heated with constant humidity ratio then the air is cooled
to the prescribed temperature of comfort. It may be asked why is air first heated and then cooled?
The answer to this question is that the equipment we are using has the freedom of both the
heating and cooling coils, as this experiment is only for demonstration purposes, we have shown
that we can get the desired conditions according to our need.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 36 Preheating and Cooling Processes on Psychrometric Chart

2.5.3 FOR PREHEATING, COOLING AND REHEATING
For the case of intake, heating, precooling and reheating the accompanying processes are
outlined on the psychrometric chart in Figure 37. It is seen that during the heating process the
humidity ratio remains the same, then a constant wet bulb temperature cooling is provided by the
injection of steam into the air. This increases both the relative and absolute humidity of the air.
Then after getting the absolute humidity to the required level, a reheater heats up the air to the
desired dry bulb temperature.

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Figure 37 Preheating, Cooling and Reheating Processes on Psychrometric Chart

HVAC LAB REPORTS
3 REFERENCES
Imran, M., Pambudi, N. A., & Farooq, M. (2017). Thermal and hydraulic optimization of plate
heat exchanger using multi objective genetic algorithm. Case studies in thermal
engineering, 10, 570-578.
Legg, R. (2017). Chapter 11 - Exhaust Air Heat Recovery. In (pp. 203-211).
Shahzad, M. K., Rehan, M. A., Ali, M., Mustafa, A., Abbas, Z., Mujtaba, M., . . . Yousaf, M. R.
(2019). Cooling Performance Assessment of a Slinky Closed Loop Lake Water Heat
Pump System under the Climate Conditions of Pakistan. Processes, 7(9), 553.
4 APPENDIX
The plots used in this report are made using MATLAB, the MATLAB scripts for these plots are
given below:
4.1SCRIPT 1
%% A) Heat Pump
%% A1) Exp 1
COP = [4.01 3.75 3.55 3.28];
T6 = [27.7 30.9 35.1 39];
Pcomp = [258.2 277.2 291.3 304.3];
Qout = [1036.6 1040.8 1036.7 996.9];
figure
SplinePlot(T6,COP,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','COP','COP vs T_6')
figure
SplinePlot(T6,Pcomp,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','Compressor Work Input
(kW)','W_{compressor} vs T_6')
figure
SplinePlot(T6,Qout,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','Heat Output Rate
(kW)','Q_{condenser} vs T_6')
%% A2) Exp 2
Qcond = [1102 1003];
Qcomp = [191 304];
X = [Qcond;Qcomp];
figure
bar(X)
NAMES ={'Condenser','Compressor'};
xticklabels(NAMES)
legend({'Input Power','Heat Transfer By Refrigerant'})
set(gca,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('Power Rating (kW)')
title('Energy Balance Accross Condenser and Compressor')
%% A3) Exp 3
COP = [4.5 4.1 3.7 3.5];
T6 = [28 31 35 39];

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Pcomp = [258 277 291 304];

Qcond = [1164 1139 1090 1079];
Qevap = [1032 979 899 858];
figure
SplinePlot(T6,COP,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','COP','COP vs T_6')
figure
SplinePlot(T6,Pcomp,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','Compressor Work Input
(kW)','W_{compressor} vs T_6')
figure
SplinePlot(T6,Qcond,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','Heat Output Rate
(kW)','Q_{condenser} vs T_6')
figure
SplinePlot(T6,Qevap,'Condenser Outlet Temperature (ôC)','Heat Transfer in
Evaporator (kW)','Q_{evaporator} vs T_6')
%% A4) Exp 4
eta_v = [0.784503632 0.757142857 0.730266344 0.71622276]*100;
r_p = [2.05 2.15 2.37 2.62];
SplinePlot(r_p,eta_v,'Pressure Ratio','Volumetric Efficiency \eta_v (%)','\
eta_v vs Pressure Ratio')
%% B) Refrigeration Unit
%% B3) Exp 3
Pevap = [140, 178, 200, 240;
142 180 210 240;
160 190 215 250];
Qe = [280, 396, 532, 688;
270 384 532 672;
260 372 518 656];
markers = {'d','v','h'};
for i = 1:3
kkk = linspace(Pevap(i,1),Pevap(i,end));
kk = fit(Pevap(i,:)',Qe(i,:)','spline');
plot(kkk,kk(kkk),'linewidth',1.25)
hold on
end
grid on
box on
xlabel('Evaporator Saturation Pressure (kPa)')
ylabel('Refrigeration Duty (kW)')
title('Refrigeration Duty vs Evaporator Pressure')
legend({'Tsat_{cond} = 35 ôC','Tsat_{cond} = 40 ôC' ,'Tsat_{cond} = 43
ôC'},'NumColumns',3,'location','southoutside')
function SplinePlot(x,y,Xlabel,Ylabel,Title)
if nargin<3

HVAC LAB REPORTS
Xlabel = "";
Ylabel = "";
Title = "";
end
Lwid = 1.25;
X = linspace(x(1),x(end));
Y = interp1(x,y,X,'spline');
plot(X,Y,'linewidth',Lwid,'color','k')
hold on
plot(x,y,'marker','d','MarkerFaceColor','Yellow','linestyle','none')
xlabel(Xlabel)
ylabel(Ylabel)
title(Title)
box on
grid on
end
function myPlot(x,y,Xlabel,Ylabel,Title)
Lwid = 1.25;
X = linspace(x(1),x(end));
Y = interp1(x,y,X,'linear');
plot(X,Y,'linewidth',Lwid,'color','k')
hold on
plot(x,y,'marker','d','MarkerFaceColor','Yellow','linestyle','none')
xlabel(Xlabel)
ylabel(Ylabel)
title(Title)
box on
grid on
end

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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 1

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 2

3.5 Results and Discussion....................................................................................................46

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 3

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 4

Figure 35: Terminal reheat system................................................................................................54

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 5

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ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 6

HEAT PUMP APPARATUS

Figure 1: Carnot cycle

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 7

Figure 1-2: T-s diagram of the vapor compression cycle

Figure 3: P-h diagram of vapor compression cycle

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 8

1.1.2 TYPES OF HEAT PUMP:

1.1.2.1 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP:

Figure 4 Air source heat pump

1.1.2.2 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP:

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 9

Figure 5 Geothermal heat pump

1.1.2.3 EXHAUST AIR PUMP:

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 10

Figure 6 Exhaust air pump

1.1.2.4 SOLAR ASSISTED HEAT PUMP:

Figure 7 Solar assisted heat pump

1.1.2.5 HYBRID HEAT PUMP:

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 11

Figure 8 Hybrid heat pump

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 12

1 HEAT PUMP UNIT EXPERIMENT 1

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 13

1.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1.5.1 EFFECT OF CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE ON COP

Figure 9 COP vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

1.5.2 COMPRESSOR WORK INPUT VS CONDENSER OUTLET TEMPERATURE

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 14

Figure 10 Compressor work input vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 15

Figure 11 Heat Output Rate vs Condenser Outlet Temperature

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 16

2 HEAT PUMP UNIT EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2:

Pressure at Comp Delivery (kPa) P2 1075

Temperature at compressor suction (oC) T1 13.8

Temperature at compressor Delivery (oC) T2 59.3

Temperature at condenser outlet (oC) T3 39.5

Temperature at Expansion Valve outlet (oC) T4 10.9

Water mass flow rate g/s mw 15

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 17

 State 1 Is fixed by the intersection of P1 and T1

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 18

 Real Cycle which includes state 1-2-3-4

Figure 12 Ideal and Real Cycles on Ph Diagram

ROHAN SAIF (2019-ME-58) 19

Figure 13 Energy Balance Across Condenser and Compressor