Lecture

Climate Responsive Building I

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer

Technical University of Munich
TUM School of Engineering and Design
Department of Architecture
Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Solar Energy

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Global Radiation (Horizontal)

23.5° N

0°

23.5° S

Source. Hausladen, Liedl, de Saldanha: Building to Suit the Climate. A Handbook. Basel, 2012
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Photovoltaic

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Installation of Photovoltaic Systems in Germany

Photovoltaic with Batteries

Number of New Photovoltaic

Decrease of
up to 30 kWp

> 150.000 !

Source: https://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bsw_faktenblatt_pv_2019_3.pdf (access: 21.11.2019)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Development Feed-In Tariff

PV new, small buildings

PV new, big buildings / landscape Electricity tariff households, brutto
PV average feed-in tariff Electricity tariff industry
Source: Fraunhofer ISE: Aktuelle Fakten zur Photovoltaik in Deutschland, Fassung vom 22.09.2020
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Development of Power Generation with
Photovoltaic in Germany
≙ annual power
demand of 13 Mio.
households
In millions kWh

Source: https://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bsw_faktenblatt_pv_2019_3.pdf (access: 21.11.2019)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Types of Solar Cells

Mono-crystalline Silicon Poly-cristalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon

(Thin-Film)
Max. efficic. laboratory: 25,8% 22,3 % 14 %
Typical efficiency: 19 % 17 % 6%

Source: http://www.solaranlagen-portal.com/solarmodule/systeme/vergleich / (access:19.01.16)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Functional Principle

contact area

n-doped silicon
(mostly phosphorus)
pn-junction consumer

p-doped silicon
(mostly boron)

contact area
Source: solaranlage.de
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Diffuse Light and Shading

Source: https://www.wegatech.de/ratgeber/photovoltaik/planung-und-installation/anlagenplanung-bei-verschattung/ (Access: 26.11.20)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 How Not To: Calgary University Child Care

Source: Transsolar
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Calgary - University Child Care

Balance of energy: PV current vs. Light

Energiebilanz: PV Strom vs. Licht
(based on a auf
(bezogen eine Fensterachse
window / 6 mdepth)
axis / 6m room
Raumtiefe)
200

180

160

[kWh/a]
140

[kWh/a]
120

balance
Strombilanz 100

80

60
Current

40

20

0
Solarstrom
Solar Zusätzlicher Strombedarf
Additional powerfür Licht
Source: Transsolar
power demand for light
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
BMW World, Munich
COOP Himmelb(l)au

Rendering: COOP Himmelb(l)au, Wien

Source: COOP Himmelb(l)au, Wien

BMW-Welt München
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
BMW World

Source: COOP Himmelb(l)au, Wien

BMW-Welt München
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 BMW World

Source: Transsolar
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Photovoltaikanlage BMW-Welt München
BMW World

Annual power production: 664 MWh/a, Production/ kWpeak: 806 kWh/a

Current yield per month [MWh]

Lost power due to snow cover

Realized power production

Source: Transsolar

Jahresertrag Anlage
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas BMW-Welt:
Auer | Chair Moduleanddachintegriert
of Building Technology Climate Responsive Design
 Comparison of Set-Up Angles

Modultemperaturen:
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Monokristalline PV-Module
Chair of Building Technology and Climateschwarz, dachintegriert horizontal
Responsive Design
 Comparison of Module Temperatures:
Roof Integrated, 5° NORTH
Module temperature Ambient temperature
55°C Modultemperatur
Temperature [° C]

Hours of the year

Source: Transsolar

Modultemperaturen:
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Monokristalline PV-Module
Chair of Building Technology and Climateschwarz, dachintegriert horizontal
Responsive Design
 Comparison of Module Temperatures:
Elevated Assembly, 45° SOUTH
Module temperature Ambient temperature

55°C Modultemperatur
Temperature [° C]

Hours of the year

Source: Transsolar

Modultemperaturen:
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer Monokristalline PV-Module,
| Chair of Building Technology and Climateschwarz, 45° SÜD aufgeständert
Responsive Design
Technical Drawing Substructure BMW World

Source: Transsolar
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 BMW World

Prof. Dipl.-Ing.
Perspektive Thomas Auer
BMW-Welt | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
München
 TSG Sporthalle Tübingen
Allmann Sattler Wappner. Architekten

Source: Transsolar
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Weitere PV-Projekte in Planung: Klima-+Energiekonzeption und PV-Integration
Headquater Volksbank Karlsruhe
Hermann+Bosch Architekten

Source:http://www.bauder.it/uploads/pics/KA_VoBa_4_04.jpg/ (access:19.01.16)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Rathaus Freiburg
Ingenhoven Architects

Source:https://www.baunetzwissen.de/gebaeudetechnik/objekte/buero-verwaltung/rathaus-in-freiburg-5525966 (access:12.12.19)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Human Ressource Center, Novartis Campus,Basel
Gehry Partners LLP

Source: https://www.schweizerfamilie.ch/wanderungen-ausfluege/weekendtipp/basel-bs-den-eindruecklichen-novartis-campus-besichtigen/ (access:17.12.18)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Human Ressource Center, Novartis Campus

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Human Ressource Center, Novartis Campus

typ. 2.4 x 1.4 m² transparent gray

triple glazing heat protection ~1500 m²/ ~1000 m²
installed total power 70 kW/Peak
efficiency of module ~8%
annual yield ~ 53 MWh/a
specific compensation ~ 10.3 kWh/m²a
total comp. of art light min. 80 %

Source: Transsolar
total comp. of electric energy ~ 20 %
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas
Ertragssimulation: Auer | Chair
Transsolar of Building Technology
Energietechnik GmbH - and Climate Responsive Design
München
 Human Ressource Center, Novartis Campus

Source: Transsolar
Prof.
WSJ 242Dipl.-Ing.
Gehry-Thomas Auer
Building | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Impressionen
 Human Ressource Center, Novartis Campus

Source: Transsolar
Prof.
WSJ 242Dipl.-Ing.
Gehry-Thomas Auer
Building | Chair of Building
transparente Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Photovoltaikanlage
 Solar Thermal

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Possible uses of solarthermics
Solar thermal

air water

air heater unglazed plastic flat plate vacuum tube

solar collector solar wall absorber collector collectors

heat heat heat support heat support heat support

support support hot water hot water hot water
supply supply supply
solar cooling
process heat
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 gains

Flat Plate Collector losses

direct rain, wind, snow

radiation
Domestic hot water:
ca. 0,4 - 0,5 m³ storage capacity and
Ca. 5 m² collector surface (singel family house) diffuse
radiation isolation

Domestic hot water and heater support: thermal radiation convection

ca. 1 m² je 10 m² living space disc
absorber
effective output
Efficiency:
40 – 80 %

Heat yield:
300 - 550 kWh/m²a

Temperature level:
20 - 80 °C

Investment costs:
200 - 450 €/m²
Source: Hausladen, Tichelmann: Interiors Construction Manual. München, 2009. | epr / Viessmann
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Vaccum Tube Collector

Domestic hot water and heater support:

ca. 0,5 - 0,8 m² je 10 m² living space

Efficiency:
60 -75 %

Heat yield:
400 - 800 kWh/m²a

Temperature level:
50 - 120 °C

Investment costs:
300 - 800 €/m²
Source: http://vacano-gmbh.de/10-DTH-CPC-Direktdurchstroemter-CPC-Vakuumroehrenkollektor (Access: 19.12.18)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Types of collectors and application fields

Source: Hausladen, Tichelmann: Interiors Construction Manual. München, 2009.

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
soure: Oberste Baubehörde. e% - Energieeffizienter Wohnungsbau. Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellvorhabens. München. 2017

Research Project:
e% - Energy Efficient Housing

Source: Oberste Baubehörde (Hrsg): e% - Energieeffizienter Wohnungsbau. Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellvorhabens. München. 2017 | Julia Knop, HH
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Side Plan

BT2 BT1

Source: Google
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ingolstadt BT 1
bogevischs buero architekten & stadtplaner

Source: Oberste Baubehörde (Hrsg): e% - Energieeffizienter Wohnungsbau. Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellvorhabens. München. 2017
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ingolstadt BT 1: Floor Plan, Section

HT´ 0,270 W/(m²K)

Solid wooden wall and I-Joists with wood fiber

blow-in insulation
Wooden windows with triple glazing
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ingolstadt BT 2
Behnisch Architekten

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ingolstadt BT 2: Floor Plan, Section

HT´ 0,3 W/(m²K)

Solid wooden wall and I-Joists with wood fiber

blow-in insulation
Wooden windows with triple glazing
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ingolstadt BT 1 & 2: Technical Concept

Solar Thermal
Heat recovery

Exhaust
Air
Supply Air

Buffer Fresh water

Tank station
Radiator

Water Supply
District Heating

Source: Oberste Baubehörde (Hrsg): e% - Energieeffizienter Wohnungsbau. Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellvorhabens. München. 2017
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ingolstadt BT 1 & 2: Energy demand/consumption

kWh/m²a kWh/m²a
0 20 40 60 80 End Energy 0 20 40 60 80

Electricity
Demand Demand

Solar thermal
Year 1 Year 1
District heating
Year 2 Year 2

Source: Oberste Baubehörde (Hrsg): e% - Energieeffizienter Wohnungsbau. Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellvorhabens. München. 2017
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Solar Cover Rate

Floor Area 7.378 m² 2.753 m²

Area Solar Thermal 862 m² 216 m²

Ratio Area Solar

Thermal/ 0,117 0,078
Floor Area
Prediction
78 % 46 %
Solar Cover Rate

Solar Cover Rate 49 % 47 %

Source: Oberste Baubehörde (Hrsg): e% - Energieeffizienter Wohnungsbau. Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellvorhabens. München. 2017
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 PVT - Collectors

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
PVT - Collector

Solarthermics and photovoltaics = PVT-collector

Hybrid module named thermovoltaics or photothermic

 thermovoltaics generates hot water
photothermic generates solar power

soure: http://www.solator.cc/system/solator-pv-therm/ (access: 12.01.2016)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
PVT - Collector
Energy yield of a glazed PVT-collector depending on the operating temperature

soure: http://www.bine.info/themen/industrie-gewerbe/prozesswaerme/publikation/solardaecher-doppelt-nutzen/technologisch-optimierter-hybridkollektor/(access: 12.01.2016)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
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