Lecture

Climate Responsive Building I

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer

Technical University of Munich
TUM School of Engineering and Design
Department of Architecture
Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 District Heating

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
District Heating (or Cooling)

Possible advantages:

• More efficient energy use

(cogeneration)
• Use of renewable energies which could
not be used in each building
individually (waste heat, deep
geothermal energy)

Requirements:
• Sufficient density of heating or
cooling demand
Source: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wohnen, Bau und Verkehr

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 District Heating
Supplied area

Peak load
heat plant
[kW]

Peak load

Average load
Base load Central heat
[h]
& power plant
Source: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wohnen, Bau und Verkehr

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heating Network: „Flow“ (Supply) und „Return“
Heat Transfer Station

Heat Heat
Transfer Transfer
Station Station

Flow temperature

Return temperature

Heating
Plant

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heating Networks – Structural Types

Radial network

Heating
Plant Heating
Plant
Heating
Plant

Heating
Plant
Combined structure
Circle network

Heating
Plant

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heat Demand Mapping

Heat demand in
relation to a
possible district
heating network:

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heat Demand Mapping – Future Scenario

Heat demand in
relation to a
possible district
heating network:

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
District Heating
Reducing the return temperature by low-temperature consumers
 Supplying more energy with the same flow volume

Multi-pipe networks
 Different temperature levels

Flow temperature Heating network

Rücklauftemp
Return
eratur
temperature
Low-temperature Conventiona
consumer l consumer

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Typical Temperature Ranges

Supply: 80-130 °C
Return: depends on consumers and season

 The temperature difference between supply and return is an indicator for the utilization rate
within the network. The bigger the difference, the more heat is transferred / provided.
 The volume flow in the network is additionally adjusted to meet fluctuating heat demands.

Typical Heat Losses Heat losses:

Urban Typology: (annual mean)

• Single family houses 12-17 %

• Terraced houses 8-12 %
• Multi-family homes 5-9 %
• Average 11 %

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
District Heating Munich
Total length of pipes: 800 km

Cogeneration plants
Geothermal-plants
District heating steam
District heat hot water

Source: SWM
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Heat Sources for District Heating

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Hydrothermal Geothermal Energy
Areas with 60°C aquifer temperature
Areas with 100°C aquifer temperature

• Power range: 1 - 30 MW el.

• Temperature level: 100 - 130°C

• Efficiency: 8 - 16% el.

up to 40% th.

• Investment costs: 400 - 2.000 € / kWth

Source: : http://tu-freiberg.de/ze/geothermie/tg_grundlagen.html (access: 22.09.2015)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
North-South Section through the Alpine Upland

Source: SWM

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Hydrothermal Geothermal Energy - Cogeneration

Condensation
Unit

Heating Heat Steam Turbine

Network Exchanger Generator

60°C
90°C Generator
90°C

130°C
Reinjection
Borehole Borehole

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Deep Geothermal Energy

Hot Dry Rock process (HDR)

• Power range: 1 - 500 MW el.

• Temperature level: 100 - 180°C

• Investment costs: 2.000 – 2.500 € / kWth

Source: http://tu-freiberg.de/ze/geothermie/tg_grundlagen.html (access: 22.09.2015)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Biogas Overview
Biomass

Biogenic raw materials Biogenic waste materials

Solid Liquid Gaseous

- Wood logs - Vegetable oils - Biogas

- (Wood) briquettes - Vegetable oil-based - Landfill gas
- (Wood) chippings methyl ester (biodiesel) - Sewage gas
- (Wood) pellets - Alcohols (bio-ethanol)
- Gramineous plants - Biomass to liquid (Btl)
(Miscanthus)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Biogas Plant
• Fuels: biogas
(methane concentration 50 – 75%)

• Substrate: manure, corn, residues

• Technologies: fermenter, cogeneration

unit

• Power range: 75 kW up to > 1 MWel.

• Temperature level: 80 - 550 °C

• Efficiency : 35 - 45 % el., 35 - 55 % th.

• Investment costs: 3.500 - 9.000 €/kWel

Source: © JuwelTop / pixelio.de

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Waste Heat Utilization (for District Heating)

Process heat / Server heat

By-product for internal or external use

Very high variation of temperature rages

(up to 1.000°C), dependant of the
factory´s process

~ 20 – 30 % usable
Source: http://www.abwaerme-leuchtturm.de/ (access: 08.01.19); https://www.macerkopf.de/2016/10/03/apple-datenzentrum-daenemark-groesste-investiion/ (access: 08.01.19)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Waste Heat Utilization (for District Heating)

Waste water

• Average temperature 10 – 20 °C
 Heat pump required

• min. diameter of sewage channel

DN 400
• min. dry-weather-runoff 10 l/s

Rule of thumb:
Heat extraction rate [kW] =
Daily average of dry-weather-runoff [l/s]·8
Source: STAWAG
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Power-Heat Cogeneration:

 Simultaneous generation of electricity and heat

Fuels/heat sources:
oil, gas, coal, biogas, biofuels, biooils,
biomass, geothermal energy, Exhaust gas
solarthermics, hydrogen Exhaust gas heat exchanger
Fuel
Performance range: (Gas/Oil)
from a few kW to several hundred MW
Heating
thermal/ electrical
network

Technology:
thermal power station (HKW)
cogeneration units (BHWK)
mini- /micro-BHKW Cooling water Electrical
fuel cell heat exchanger consumers
Source: Hausladen, Gerhard; Tichelmann, Karsten: Ausbau Atlas. Integrale Planung Innenausbau Haustechnik. München, 2009.
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cogeneration

Unused
waste heat
0,6 kWh

Electricity 0,4 kWh

E.g. Biogas
1 kWh Useful Heat (90°C)
for Old Buildings
0,4 kWh

Losses are neglected

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cogeneration

Useful Heat (40°C)

for New Buildings
1,9 kWh

Electricity 0,4 kWh

E.g. Biogas
1 kWh Useable heat (90°C)
for building stock 0,6 kWh

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cogeneration

Energy of the
surroundings
(e.g. Groundwater
10°C)
Useable heat (40°C)
1,6 kWh for new buildings
Heat 2,0 kWh
pump
Electricity 0,4 kWh
E.g. Biogas
1 kWh Useable heat (90°C)
for building stock 0,6 kWh

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Disclaimer

All content shown in the presentation is for studying

purpose only.
You are not allowed to duplicate, process or distribute
any of its content.