Lecture

Climate Responsive Building I

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer

Technical University of Munich
TUM School of Engineering and Design
Department of Architecture
Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Cooling of Buildings

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heating - and Cooling Demand during the Year
(Central Europe)
Dependent of: Room Temperature [°C] Heating Cooling

- Climate and Location

- Typology / Architecture

- Usage / Requirements

- Comfort – Standards Comfort Zone

It is possible to have a cooling

demand even if outside temperature
is lower than (required) room
temperature (e.g. high internal
loads).
Source: Ausbau Atlas
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cooling Loads
Internal Cooling Loads External Cooling Loads
(People, Lighting, Machines and Devices) (Solar Radiation, Transmission through
Facade, Warm Air through Air Exchange)

First Priority: Minimizing Cooling Loads!

Source: Ausbau Atlas

Reduction of Cooling Loads – Solar Loads
specific heating achievement W/m2
specific cooling load W/m2

specific heating achievement W/mI

- 48 W

specific heating achievement W/m2

specific cooling load W/m2
specific heating achievement W/mI

- 144 W

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cooling of Buildings

Passive Cooling Strategies Active Systems

Natural Heat Sinks Evaporative Cooling Refrigerator

Direct Adiabatic Compression

Air
Cooling Cooling
Indirect Adiabatic  Electrical Refrigeration
Ground
Cooling
Sorption Cooling
Water
 Themal Refrigeration

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Airflow – Natural Ventilation
Increase of air movement (Adaptive Comfort Standard)

[Colt]

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Airflow – Natural Ventilation
Wind Catcher: „Catching“ and Redirecting Wind

Traditional Design Modern Interpretation: Quatar University

[Robert Young]

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Qatar_University.Campus.jpg
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Wind Catcher

[Robert Young]

Source: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/425590233531695011/; Access: 20.01.20

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Adiabatic Cooling
Air cooling due to evaporation. Only possible in low humidity conditions.

P2
x

P1

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Wind Catcher with Adiabatic Cooling

Source: https://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/2085.jpg, Access: 20.01.20

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Thermal Mass in Combination with Night Cooling
Works better the higher the temperature difference of ambient air temperature
between day and night. Needs adequate openings and burglary protection.

[Colt] [Colt]

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Thermal Mass in Combination with Night Cooling
Influence of the usable thermal mass on Influence of air change rate on thermal
thermal comfort comfort

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Natural Heat Sink (e.g. Ground Duct)

[Colt] [Colt]

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cooling of Buildings

Passive Strategies Active Systems

Natural Heat Sinks Evaporative Cooling Refrigerator

Direct Adiabatic Compression

Air
Cooling Cooling
Indirect Adiabatic  Electrical Refrigeration
Ground
Cooling
Sorption Cooling
Water
 Themal Refrigeration

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Active Cold Supply

Compressor Chiller Absorption Chiller Adsorption Chiller

operated by electricity operated by thermal energy operated by thermal energy

source: Trane, ClimateWell, SorTech

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Compressor Chiller

• Functionality: inversed heat pump Compressor

• Absorption of heat to cool the cooling

water circuit

• Waste heat can be used for heating

support
Evaporator Condensator
• Regular maintenance of movable parts
needed Expansion velve
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Compressor Chiller (Fan-Coil Unit)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Absorption chiller

• Requires a heat source (e.g. hot water,

gas)

• Advantage: Usage of hot water from solar

thermal, waste heat from KWK, district
heating,…

• Single stage machine:

80-120 °C input temperature
• Double stage machine:
120-180 °C input temperature

• COP: 0,6-0,8 (single stage)

1,1-1,4 (double stage)

source: https://bigladdersoftware.com/epx/docs/8-3/engineering-reference/chillers.html (access: 09.01.19)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Adsorption chiller

• Adsorption = enrichment of substances out

of gases or liquids on the surface of a solid
state

• Required input temperature

min. ~55 -65°C (lower temperature level
suitable for using solar heat)

• Adsorption chiller bigger and more

expansive than absorption chiller

• Less maintanance
(almost no movable components)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heat Rejection – Cooling Tower

source: Trane; www.coolingtowerproducts.com (access: 09.01.19)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Heat Rejection - Dry cooling

source: Trane; Evapco

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Summary

Compressor Absorption Adsorption

chiller chiller chiller
Power Unit Electric Power Thermal Energy Thermal Energy
80-180°C 55-100°C
COP 2-7 0,6-0,8 0,5-0,7
(coefficient of (single stage)
performance) 1,1-1,4
(double stage)
Costs per kWh 0,1- 0,2 €/kWh 0 - ~0,07 €/kWh 0 - ~0,07 €/kWh
(dependent of heat
source)

Costs per kWh 0,025-0,05 €/kWh 0-0,1 €/kWh 0-0,12 €/kWh

Cooling(without (COP 4) (COP 0,7) (COP 0,6)
recooling)
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Solar Cooling

Solar radiation
• Saisonale accordance of cooling demand
Heating load
and solar radiation
Cooling load
• All-season usage of solar radiation (in
combination with solar heating system
and/or solar domestic water)

• Thermal driven cooling unit or PV in

combination with mit electric compressor
chillers
Solar Cooling Principle

Source: Hausladen, Gerhard; Tichelmann, Karsten: Interiors Construction Manual.. München, 2009.
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Ice Storage

Instead of „Recharging“ the Ice-Strorage by

Solar-Thermal-Energy (Lecture „Heat
Pump“), it is possible to use the ice for
cooling and defrost the storage this way.

source: http://laux-meurers.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Anbau13.jpg l (access: 03.09.2015)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
 Gelsenwasser AG

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Gelsenwasser AG, Gelsenkirchen
AJF architekten

Source: www.ajf.de (access: 09.01.19)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Gelsenwasser AG

Source: www.ajf.de (access: 09.01.19)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Technical Concept
Variante 0:
Gelsenwasser AG
zentrale Zu- und Abluft, Kühl-/Heizdecke,
Sonnenschutz im Scheibenzwischenraum

Sun Protection
between Glas
Abluft über D ecke Cooling/Kühlung/Heizung
Heating über Panels
Duct
zur ück zur Zentr ale Kühldecke
Sonnenschutz im
Scheibenzwischenr aum
via Radiant Panels
Exhaust
Air
Supply air Zuluft über Klappe
(N achtluft oder bei
via floor
Zuluft über Boden
energetischem N utzen
Supply Air via Flap
am Tag)

Source: Transsolar
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Technical Concept - Winter

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Technical Concept - Summer

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Gelsenwasser AG

Source: Transsolar
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Gelsenwasser AG

Source: www.ajf.de (access: 09.01.19)

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Radiant Panels
Arrangement in the room:
 in the form of cooling fins
 In suspended ceilings or as pipe coils within
plaster soffit
 positioned in areas where heat is to be
removed directly

Remarks:
 must be integrated into ceiling design
 Restricted design freedoms for façade
 drew point control neccessary

Typical applications: offices, meeting rooms

Flow temperature: 10 -18 °C

Controllability: very good

source: Hausladen, Tichelmann: Ausbau Atlas. Basel, 2010.
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Risk of Condensation

P2 P1
• Drew point control neccessary x
P3
• Increase of surface temperature
reduces cooling power

• Reduction of cooling loads

neccessary

• Dehumidification of supply air

 ventilation system
Source: Creativity103
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cooling by Radiation
Radiant Panels

Thermo-Active Floor Slab

Source: TROX: Luft-Wasser-Systeme zur Raumklimatisierung - Planungshandbuch; Uponor; Zehnder

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
Cooling by Convection
Chilled Beams

Fan-Coil Unit

Air Conditioning

Source: TROX: Luft-Wasser-Systeme zur Raumklimatisierung; Planungshandbuch

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer | Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
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