Universidad Estatal de Milagro

Subject: Quantitative Research Education

Teacher’s Name: MSc. Angel Gabriel

Baño Sanchez

Members GROUP 4:
Boris Jimmy Cuasapaz Andino
Shirley Gabriela Chiquito Mero
Karla Stephanie Díaz Gualán
Daniela Alexandra Estevez Carrera
Evelyn Jacqueline Estrella Sailema

Course: C1

Date: Friday, June 24, 2022

 2.1 – WHAT IS EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
It gives us an education about the world that surrounds us through means such as
economic, sociological, political science, or geography, people dedicated to this type of
research try to give knowledge. It does not matter if they are in any field of study, each
scientific researcher analyzes each one of them to understand the behavior of each
protester, student, or each voter.
The experimental and stand study have different objectives, although they complement
each other.
Democracy must have someone of reference at the time of analyzing whether the
country acts with democracy or not. If a country is democratic it can be proved that it is
truthful.
In the field of variables, we can know it as a direct link between variable and
independent.
These exposures of said events must be supported by bases that can verify their
legitimacy in the event that more information is needed about them.

2.2QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

In the social sciences there are two types of research: qualitative and
quantitative, there is a big difference between these two types, and that is the
number of observations, the one that involves little observation is known as
qualitative, and the one that contains many observations is quantitative
research. Quantitative research works purely with statistics and numbers that
allow researchers to have a clearer view of the world. In our day-to-day life, we
can see that statistics are used for everything in social science and political
research statistics is the basis of everything, an example is in politics you can
measure the percentage of people who came to vote, and in education, you can
use the average grade of a group of students to indicate the quality of it.

Statistics and quantitative research help us to numerically describe phenomena

and also to determine the relationships between two or more variables a clear
example is in political science that thanks to statistics and quantitative research
has been able to determine the socioeconomic status of people. It can be said
that quantitative research gives us a result in the form of percentages and
statistics while qualitative research gives us results that explain why things
happen.

Different techniques and tools are used in both types of research, and these
help us to understand how individuals live, act, think and feel in their natural
environment and give meaning to the quantitative results.

Besides helping us to decipher the meaning behind quantitative research,

qualitative research techniques are very important tools for theory building a
clear example of them is what Theda Skocpol offers in her seminal work States
and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Social Revolutions in Russia,
France, and China (1979) where the author identifies three causal, conditions
that are quantifiable and can be tested for other or all revolutions.
We can say that not all research can be quantitative, such as individual
identities or ideologies that are difficult to interpret in numbers and need to be
studied in-depth we realize how qualitative and quantitative methods
complement each other, and it is necessary that we can master both
techniques.

2.3 - THEORIES, CONCEPTS, VARIABLES, AND HYPOTHESES

VARIABLES

Regarding democracy, as mentioned above, not only is the strict definition of

democracy debated, but also how to measure the different types of systems.
For example, there is disagreement in the academic literature as to whether we
should adopt a dichotomous definition that distinguishes a democracy from a
non-democracy, an exclusion in democracy, a hybrid system, or an autocracy,
or whether we should use a graded measure, i.e., that democracy is not a
matter of type but of level, and the gradation should capture sometimes partial
processes of democratic institutions in many nations. Polyarchy, according to
Dahl, is a form of representative democracy characterized by a special set of
political institutions.
HYPOTHESIS

A conjecture is a tentative, tentative, or unconfirmed confirmation derived from

a theory that could be verified or falsified. It explicitly states the expected
interaction between a free variable and a dependent variable. Incidentally, a
good premise should specify the types or degrees of political actors that the
premise will test. The option premise, sometimes additionally called the inquiry
premise, is the conjecture to be tested. "The longer a political organization
exists, the more hierarchical it will be". In social science jargon, this premise is
called an option premise. The corresponding null premise could be that the
duration of the reality of a political organization and its hierarchical composition
does not remain related.

2.4 – THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS

It is theory-driven; it begins and ends with theory. Before beginning any

research project, we as students must know the relevant works of literature.
We must know the dominant theories and explanations of the phenomenon we
want to study and identify controversies and holes or gaps in knowledge.

Quantitative research might also test existing theories with new quantitative
data, establish the limits or limitations of a theory, or establish the conditions
under which a theory applies. Whatever its purpose, good research begins with
a research question and theoretically derived hypotheses.

Let's assume that a researcher is interested in current manifestations so we

need to know the involvement of individuals in these manifestations. Reading
the literature, he finds two dominant theories.

On the one hand, the resource theory of political action states that the more
resources individuals have in the form of civic skills, network connections, time,
and money, the more likely they are to engage in collective political activities,
including participation in demonstrations.
On the other hand, the relative deprivation approach states that individuals
should be frustrated with their economic, social and political situation, we have
two hypotheses

Hypothesis 1: The higher someone's SES, the higher the probability that
someone will participate in a demonstration.

Hypothesis 2: The greater someone's dissatisfaction with his or her daily life,
the greater the likelihood that this person will demonstrate it.

Having formulated his hypotheses, the researcher has to identify other

potentially relevant variables that could explain the decision to participate in a
demonstration. From the academic literature on protest

Once the hypotheses are formulated and control variables are identified, the
researcher must determine the measurement of the main variables of interest
and the control variables before finding a suitable study sample.

To measure the first independent variable, a person's SES, the researcher

decides to employ two well-known proxy variables, education, and income. For
the second independent variable, she thinks that the survey question "how
satisfied are you with your daily life?"

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