The video includes the UNIT-1 to Unit – 4

1. Master Planning.
2. Airfield Infrastructure
3. OLS
4. CNS system & ATC tower

2
What is an Airport?

3
 Managing an
Introduction airport - Mayor
of a city
 City & Airport

Huge variety of facilities, systems, users, workers, rules and regulations.

Just as cities thrive on trade and commerce with other cities

Airports also depends on other airports

Airports are successful in part by their ability to successfully be the location

where passengers and cargo travel to and from other airports.

Cities find their place as part of its countries, states and countries economy.

Airports, too, must operate successfully as part of the nations system of

airports.
Master Planning
 What is a master plan?
• A master plan provides a
context for constructive
consultation to take place
between all stakeholders,
with the objective of
reaching a consensus on
all major decisions &
changes to the plan over
time .
 Without a Master Plan?...
• There is a real and
significant risk that short
term decision making will
result in capital intensive
capacity enhancement
projects that are poorly
located and
inappropriately sized.
 Without a Master Plan?...
• Result: Wasted capital on
projects that potentially
restrict the airport’s overall
capacity and performance,
thereby impeding the
airport’s ability to fully utilize
the runway system’s ultimate
capacity.`
 A Master Plan is not
• A detailed and definitive airport design
• A detailed development program
• A financing plan
• A business plan
• A final solution
• An expensive and time consuming exercise
• Something that is done once and forgotten
• A study restricted to the physical boundary of the airport property
itself
 Why have a Master Plan?

• A Master Plan is required so

that all airside, landside and
airport support elements can
develop, expand and improve
the operational flexibility and
efficiency of their business in a
structured, balanced and
orderly fashion.
 Why do we need a Master Plan?
• A Master Plan ensures that the potential of the available land and
the capacity of the airport's runway system and terminal area will
be maximized.
• Airports need a Master Plan to guide their future infrastructure
development in a logical, cost efficient and affordable manner
• A Master Plan also ensures that any adverse impacts on the
businesses of the airport and its stakeholders both on and off the
airport site are minimal.
• Master Plans can be tailored to suit specific airport conditions and
situations.
• Airports subject to aggressive and continuous growth (+5%
annually) should consider producing and regularly updating a
Master Plan.
• This requirement should be imbedded in regulatory process and
included in privatization agreements and contracts.
The level of detail in a Master Plan is a function of:
• The size, issues & opportunities at the airport
• Budget considerations include investment so that the decision
making process is appropriate & the evolution of the plan
adequately reflects local conditions & the special circumstances of
its users
• National policies & regulations
 Planning of green field airports
• Identification of the required length and width of the land
• Preliminary estimate of land requirement.
• Regulatory requirements over other infrastructure requirements.
• The topography of the land and planned development in and
around the proposed site
 Planning of green field airports
• Preliminary obstacle survey
• ensuring no major limitations such as connectivity to the city by
means of road or rail, existing airports close to the proposed site,
sensitive or protected installation like defense installation nearby,
are some of the factors which are required to be examined and
discussed with appropriate authorities
• A preliminary environment impact study
 Planning of brown field airport
• Revisit of the present master plan
• Examination of changes based on the current technology,
regulations
• Any other learning during operations
How ICAO defines airport
master plan ?
 ICAO AMPTF
• GOAL: Update existing ICAO Airport Master Planning Documentation. (Doc 9184-
AN/902: Airport Planning Manual, Part 1 – Master Planning).
• Section 1: The Airport Planning Process
• Section 2: Airside Development (Runways, Taxiways, etc.)
• Section 3: Landside Development (Pax Terminal, GTC, etc.)
• Section 4: Airport Operations and Support Elements (ATC, Mtx Hangars,
Catering, etc.)
• Collaboration / Communication strategies with external stakeholders
• Surface Access/capacity issues - road, rail (regional and commuter), ferries, etc
• Airport City developments
• Sustainability
• Passengers with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
• Military operational interfaces – airport “sharing”

• General aviation – airport “sharing”

 ICAO Work program:
• Final draft of completed update due from AMPTF work team early Q4 2018.
• Additional phases required for editing, translation (6 languages) and printing
2019.
• final hard-copy versions available Q4 2020.
• ICAO Document 9184 Airport Planning Manual
• Part 1: Master Planning
• Section 1: The Airport Planning Process
 What is an airport master plan?
According to ICAO:
• An airport master plan is the airport‘s vision of how the ultimate
development potential of the airport could be realized.
A master plan indicates how developments are linked to:
• Air traffic type & demand
• Economic & environmental factors
• Investment requirements
• Financial implications & strategies

• A master plan is a long-term guide to development that supports

an airport's business development strategy.
• It underpins a preliminary assessment of financing.
• It is an indication of required investment levels.
Continued….
• Airports subject to aggressive and continuous growth (+5% annually) should
consider producing and regularly updating a Master Plan.
 Level of detail in a master plan
• The size, issues & opportunities at the airport
• Budget considerations
• National policies & regulations
• The airport planning process can be tailored to suit the size of the
airport and the available funding .
• Steps outlined in the chart can be combined to simplify the overall
process .
However some steps are key to the overall process:
• Forecasting
• Data Analysis
• Option Development
• Preferred Option
• Financial Analysis and Phasing
A Master Plan
Master planning based on the following inputs:
• Vision for the airport
• Objectives and goals of the project
• Existing facilities and details of these, if it is a brown field airport
• Passenger and Cargo Traffic Forecast on a long-term basis
• Demand Capacity analysis of facility/infrastructure requirement
based on preliminary evaluation- using thumb rules or bench
marking with other airports
• Business plan and non-aeronautical assets to be included
• Implementation phasing based on the ultimate facility/
infrastructure requirement based on traffic forecast
Planning
 Examples
• Apron and terminal building

• Similarly, the terminal building process

 Examples
The apron planning
• Ground Power Unit (GPU) and
• Pre- Conditioned Air (PCA) for the aircraft parked in the apron.
 Planning
• aviation related and
• non-aviation related facilities.
• Delivers a long term development strategy that supports the vision
of the airport’s future.
• Provides an airport development plan that fits the budget.
• Addresses stakeholders issues and delivers infrastructure that is fit
for purpose.
• Delivers infrastructure that comes on line as and when needed.
• Outlines development phases and the associated growth triggers.
• Minimizes the risk of compromising the airport’s ultimate
development potential; the optimal future.
Facilities or infrastructure to be incorporated
in the master plan
• Inventory
• General airport information
• Airside facilities
• Landside facilities
• Environmental considerations
• Airport operational and service levels
• Airport outreach and education
• Local airport related business activities
• Airport pavement conditions
• Aviation Activity Forecasts
• Demand or Capacity assessment
• Facility Requirements, Airport alternatives and development plan
• Airport alternatives and development plan
• Airport layout plan
• Financial plan
• Public Involvement
• Environmental overview
The master plan is prepared in order to ensure
• The facilities are sized to handle the ultimate forecasted traffic
• The entire land parcel for the airport is optimally utilised
• The facilities are located in the phased development to ensure these do not
require relocation.
• The facilities can be built in phases where possible/ feasible. The impact due to
expansion/development is minimum with least abortive work and operational
hindrance.
• Environmental restrictions, if any, in locating the facilities are considered (in one
airport the ECC mentioned that certain aviation related facilities are prohibited in
some part of the land parcel).
• Obstacle limitation surfaces around the airport are considered while locating the
runway. If there are structures which penetrate the Obstacle Limitation Surfaces
(OLS) the runway location has to be
Airfield Infrastructure
There is a saying in the aviation community that goes,

“If you have seen one airport, you have seen ONE
airport.”
• Airports can, and do, vary significantly
– the amount of activity that takes place at the airport and
– The infrastructure that is required to support that activity
• The amount of infrastructure may vary greatly between airports
• the type of infrastructure from one airport to another will usually be similar.
Example
• The type of signs used on an airfield to direct pilots

• Aircraft will be relatively consistent from one airport to another regardless of the
size or complexity of the airport.
 Airport infrastructure categories

Normally 2 categories

• Airside infrastructure and

• Landside infrastructure.
Some of the Infrastructure Systems
 Infrastructure Systems
• Airfield electrical vault
• Airfield lighting,
• Airfield signs,
• Airfield visual and navigational
aids,
• Airfield pavements,
• Airfield markings,
• Hangars,
• Terminals and administrative/office
buildings,
• Maintenance and storage buildings,
• Fueling facilities,
• Deicing facilities,
• Landside infrastructure,
• Airport-owned utilities,
• Obstructions to imaginary surfaces,
• Fencing and gates,
• Drainage,
• Turf and safety areas,
• Maintenance equipment, and
• Airport vehicles
 Airfield Electrical Vault

• Power the airfield electrical components,

including

 runway and taxiway lights,

 signs, and

 visual and navigation aids.

 Airfield Lighting
Runway and taxiway lights

• To designate the boundaries of the runways and taxiways at the airfield.

• Either mounted on posts of various lengths or may be installed flush with the
pavement.

• Color indicates its Purpose

→ Blue light – Taxiways

 Airfield Signs
• Indication to pilots - on the airfield and give directions to runways, taxiways, and
other areas of the airport.

• Sign in the picture depicted - the pilot is on Taxiway C and is at the hold line
waiting to enter or cross Runway 3-21.
 Airfield Visual and Navigational Aids
• The airport rotating beacon,

• Approach lighting systems,

• Runway-end identifier lights (REILS), and

• Visual glide path indicators

→ precision approach path indicators (PAPIS) and

→ Visual approach slope indicators (VASIS).

 Airfield Pavements

• It include all runways, taxiways, taxi lanes, and aircraft parking aprons.

• Material used

– Asphalt

– Concrete

• Critically important to the safety of aircraft

• Any damage or deterioration of these pavements could result in severe damage

to aircraft engines and propellers
 Airfield Markings
• Painted lines, signs, and designations that appear on the pavements throughout
the airport

• Effectiveness (visibility during daylight and darkness) is vital to safe navigation

• In general, markings that appear on runways are white, and markings on

taxiways are yellow
 Hangars
• Provide storage for aircraft to protect them from the
environment

• Provide increased security

• Used as aircraft maintenance facilities

• 3 categories
 Shade hangars,
 T-hangars, and
 Box hangars
 Terminals and Administrative/Office Buildings
• Range in size from a small, utilitarian building

• With only a small lobby or common area and restrooms

• A large, complex building housing offices, conference rooms,

large lobbies, pilot rest areas and flight planning rooms, fbo
facilities, rental car facilities
 Maintenance and Storage Buildings
• May be similar in function and design to a simple aircraft
hangar

• Incorporate offices and workrooms that require plumbing,

electrical, and HVAC systems similar to those of an office
building.

• In addition, maintenance buildings may also have vehicle

lifts, overhead cranes, or other maintenance equipment
installed.

• Area to store hazardous or flammable materials or the

need for a fire suppression system.
 Fueling Facilities
• Vary greatly from airport to airport.

• The size and makeup of the facility is dependent on

the amount and type of fuel sold.

• The fuel tanks may be either above ground or

underground.

• The most common sizes of tanks being used at

general aviation airports are 10,000- and 12,000-
gallon tanks.
 Landside Infrastructure
• Those facilities that are used to provide access to the
airport by the general public.

• This includes access roads, automobile parking lots,

parking lot access control systems, and lighting
systems.
Airport-Owned Utilities
Obstructions to Imaginary Surfaces
Fencing and Gates
Drainage
Turf and Safety Areas
Maintenance Equipment
 Airport Vehicles

• Include any cars, pickup trucks, all-terrain vehicles, and gas or electric carts

• General transportation and light maintenance duties

• Airport personnel should follow the recommendations found in the vehicle’s

operations and maintenance manuals.
Airplane Reference Field Length
 Airplane Reference Field Length

• Minimum length – take-off at maximum certified take-off mass

– sea level,

– standard atmospheric conditions,

– still air and

– zero runway slope.

 Aerodrome Reference Code
• Aerodrome planning and design.

• Airfield infrastructure requirement.

• Minimum width of runway pavement.

• Easily determined for different aircraft models or types of aircrafts.

• The code is based on two elements.

– Element 1 is a number whereas element 2 is a letter. Element 1 of the code

has 4 numerals (1 to 4) and element 2 has 6 letters (A to F). For example,
reference code 3C.
Aerodrome Reference Code
 Runway widths and shoulders
(Annex 14, Volume I, para 3.1.10)
Runway widths and shoulders (Annex 14, Volume I, para 3.1.10)

Runway widths/shoulders (Code C and D)

Runway widths and shoulders (Annex 14, Volume I, para 3.1.10)

Runway widths/shoulders (Code D and E)

Runway widths and shoulders (Annex 14, Volume I, para 3.1.10)

Runway widths/shoulders (Code F)

 Taxiway widths and shoulders
(Annex 14, Volume I,
paragraphs 3.9.3, 3.9.4 and 3.10.1)
Taxiway widths and shoulders (Annex 14, Volume I, paragraphs
3.9.3, 3.9.4 and 3.10.1)
Taxiway widths/shoulders (Code C and D)
Taxiway widths and shoulders (Annex 14, Volume I, paragraphs
3.9.3, 3.9.4 and 3.10.1)
Taxiway widths/shoulders (Code E and F)
Type of Runway Approach
 Type of Runway Approach

• Non-instrument runway

• Instrument runway

– Non-precision approach runway

– Precision approach runway, category I

– Precision approach runway, category II

– Precision approach runway, category III

 Visibility

• The greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated

near the ground, can be seen and recognized when observed against a bright
background.

• The greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candelas can be seen
and identified against an unlit background.
Definitions From ICAO-Annex 14
 Definitions

• Shoulder
• Threshold
• Runway strip
• Runway End Safety Area (RESA)
 Runway End Safety Area (RESA)

• Dimensions of Runway End Safety Area (RESA)

Runway Strip
 Runway Longitudinal and Transverse Slope

Permissible Longitudinal Slopes

 Taxiway Strip

Cross-sectional View of a Taxiway

 Declared Distances
• Important aspect of the planning.

• Provides the takeoff and Landing distance available for the aircraft.

• Threshold is displaced – landing distance < takeoff distance available.

• Similarly, when stopway and/or clearway are included in the planning these
lengths are to be declared for operations.
Let’s the declared distances
• Take-off Run Available (TORA)

• Take-off Distance Available (TODA)

• Accelerate-stop Distance Available (ASDA)

• Landing Distance Available (LDA)

Declared Distances
Airfield Pavement Planning and Design
 Taxiway Apron

Airside
Runway
Drainage
Airfeld
Design
Sitng Criteria foor Airfeld Pavoements
• Runway
• Runway Location and Orientation
• Runway Designation (numbers)
• Runway Length
Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)
OLS
• Imaginary surfaces – runway surfaces

• The limits of the aerodrome airspace above which an object becomes an obstacle
to aircraft operations.

Each one is specified in terms of :

• Distance from the runway and permissible height within these surfaces beyond
which the object will be treated as an obstacle
Assessment ofo Aerodromes
• OLS

• Surfaces prescribed in the PANS-OPS.

• location of the CNS equipment
The broad purpose of the OLS, as specified in ICAO- Airport Services Manual
• Define the volume of airspace that should be ideally kept free from obstacles

• Minimize the threats to an aircraft.

Imaginary Surfoaces
• Outer Horizontal Surface • Take-off Climb Surface

• Conical Surface • Inner Transitional Surface

• Inner Horizontal Surface • Balked Landing Surface

• Approach Surface • Inner Approach Surface

• Transitional Surface
Slope and Dimensions Depend on ?
• Aerodrome Reference Code

• Type of runway – Whether non-instrument or non-precision

• If it is found to be impracticable to remove the obstacle

• Appropriate lighting or marking scheme or both.

• The aircraft operations in the aerodrome will have restrictions because of the
increased probability of threat to the aircraft safety.

• Annex 14 – collision risk model

• To ascertain the probability of collision and the impact on operations.

• outside the OLS - height limit set by the appropriate authority.

OLS
The OLS comprise the foollowing:
• Outer horizontal surface

• Conical surface

• Inner horizontal surface

• Approach surface

• Inner approach surface

• Transitional surface

• Inner transitional surface

• Baulked landing surface and

• Take-off climb surface

Inner Horizontal Surfoace
Transitional Surface
Approach Surface
Take-off Climb Surface
Outer Horizontal Surface
Conical Surface
Inner Approach Surface
Inner Transitional Surface
Balked Landing Surface
Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ)
 Inner
Transitonal

Precision
Inner Approach
Approach Runway

Balked Landing
Surfaces
 Applications
of
Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)
• Non-instrument

• non-precision

• precision approach
 Conical surface

Inner horizontal surface

Non-
instrument

Approach surface

Transitional surfaces
Conical surface
Inner Horizontal
Approach Surface
Transition Surface
OLS Applicable for Runways Meant only for
Take-off
Take- of Climb Surfoace Code Number

Dimensions 1 2 3 or 4

Length of inner Edge 60m 60m 60m 180m

180m

Distance from runway end 30m 60m 60m

Divergence (each side) 10% 10% 12.5%

Final width 380m 580m 1200/1800m

Length 1600m 2600m 15000m

Slope 5% 4% 2%
Take-off climb surface
Communication Navigation
and
Surveillance System
• Instrument Landing System (ILS)

• VOR (Very High Frequency Omni Range)

• Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)

• Air Routes Surveillance Radar (ARSR)

Sitng Criteria
Siting criteria for the following CNS systems, where applicable, also be considered
as per the recommendations of the system manufacturers:

• Automatic Dependence Surveillance – Broadcast (DME/ADS-B)

• Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) or Surface Movement Radar (SMR)
• Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems
• Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Reference Receiver
• Ground Based Augmentation System VHF Data
• Broadcast (GBAS VDB) station
• GBAS VDB monitoring station
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) repeater restriction
Air Trafc Control Tower (ATC Tower)
Height and Location of ATC Tower
 Visibility Performance Requirements
• Unobstructed View

• Object Discrimination

• Line of Sight (LOS) Angle of Incidence

• Two-point Lateral Discrimination

Compliance with Obstacle Limitaton Surfoace (OLS) Requirement
Apron Control and Monitoring
Communication and Navigational
Equipment
ATC Tower Cabin Orientation
Security Aspect
Equipment Building and Office
Meteorological Equipment Requirements foor an Airfeld
• Surface Wind- The mean direction and the mean speed of the surface wind as
well as significant variations of the wind direction and speed, reported in degrees
true and metres per second (or knots), respectively.

• Visibility in metre or KM.

• Runway Visual Range (RVR) on all runways intended for Category I, II and III
instrument

• Present weather occurring at the aerodrome and/or its vicinity.

Following present weather phenomena shall be identified, as a minimum:

• Precipitation and freezing precipitation (including intensity thereof), fog, freezing

fog and thunderstorms (including thunderstorms in the vicinity).

• Cloud amount, cloud type and height of cloud base to describe the clouds of
operational significance. When the sky is obscured, vertical visibility shall be
observed and reported, where measured, in lieu of cloud amount, cloud type and
height of cloud base. The height of cloud base and vertical visibility shall be
reported in metre (or feet).

• Air temperature and the dew-point temperature

• Atmospheric pressure ment approach and landing operations

• Remote ATC Tower
The Advantages of Remote ATC Tower
Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS)

Reduces the Dependency

Leverages the Precision And Accuracy

Provide Approaches to Runway Ends

Improving Safety
 Satellite-based
Signals

Ground-based
Aircraf Sensor
Reference
Systems
Statons

SBAS
Architecture
For Aircraf
Navigaton
“GAGAN”
Project
 Accuracy

“GAGAN”
Project Availability

Integrity
“GAGAN”
Project
Indian Survoeillance Aircraf
NETRA AEW&CS
“AVIATORS” Stay Fly