Discuss important operating systems services that are essential for supporting the development

of concurrent and scalable distributed system[5 Marks]

1. Networking Services: Networking services are essential for distributed systems to connect
multiple computers over a network and enable communication between them. This includes
protocols such as TCP/IP and UDP, network services such as DNS, DHCP, and NAT, and
network security services such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
2. Process Management Services: Process management services are essential for supporting
concurrent distributed systems. This includes managing and scheduling processes, handling
user access and authentication, and providing resource allocation.
3. Memory Management Services: Memory management services are essential for distributed
systems to efficiently manage memory allocation and usage between multiple nodes in the
system. This includes virtual memory management, shared memory management, and
distributed caching.
4. Storage Management Services: Storage management services are essential for distributed
systems to store and retrieve data from multiple nodes in the system. This includes distributed
file systems, data replication, and distributed databases.
5. Security Services: Security services are essential for distributed systems to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and services. This includes authentication
services, authorization services, encryption services, and access control services.
6. Monitoring Services: Monitoring services are essential for distributed systems to monitor
system performance, detect and respond to system issues, and maintain system availability.
This includes system log management, system performance monitoring, and alerting services.
7. Fault Tolerance Services: Fault tolerance services are essential for distributed systems to
ensure the system continues to operate in the face of errors, failures, and other types of
disruptions. This includes redundancy, replication, distributed consensus algorithms, and
distributed transactions.

Discuss architecture of Layered operating system. Comment on how well it supports the
development of extensible operating systems. [5 Marks]
The layered operating system architecture is a model for designing operating systems that
consists of several layers of abstraction. The lowest layer is the hardware layer, which consists
of the physical hardware components of the system. The next layer is the kernel layer, which
consists of the core components of the operating system such as the scheduler, memory
management, and file systems. Each layer on top of the kernel layer is a collection of software
components that provide services to the layers below it.
 This layered approach allows the system to be broken down into smaller, more manageable
pieces and makes it easier to develop extensible operating systems. The layered approach
allows developers to add or remove layers as needed to create an operating system with the
desired features and capabilities. For example, a developer may choose to add a layer that
provides networking services or a layer that provides support for graphics and multimedia. By
adding or removing layers, developers can easily customize the operating system for a specific
purpose or user. In addition, the layered approach makes it easier to develop extensible
operating systems because the layers can be designed in such a way that new features and
capabilities can be added without having to rewrite the entire operating system. This makes it
easier for developers to add new features and capabilities to the continue operating system
without having to start from scratch. By making the operating system extensible, developers can
quickly and easily add new features and capabilities as needed.

Discuss techniques for achieving high-performance in distributed file systems. [5 Marks]

1. Optimizing Data Access: Optimizing data access is a key technique for achieving high-
performance in distributed file systems. This includes techniques such as caching, prefetching,
and replication to reduce the latency of data access and increase throughput.
2. Parallel Processing: Parallel processing is a technique for achieving high-performance in
distributed file systems. This includes techniques such as parallel reads and writes, distributed
transactions, and concurrent data processing.
3. Optimizing Network Performance: Optimizing network performance is a technique for
achieving high-performance in distributed file systems. This includes techniques such as
reducing network latency, optimizing network protocols, and using network acceleration
techniques.
4. Optimizing Storage: Optimizing storage is a technique for achieving high-performance in
distributed file systems. This includes techniques such as RAID, disk striping, and data
deduplication to optimize the performance of storage devices.
5. Adaptive Optimization: Adaptive optimization is a technique for achieving high-performance
in distributed file systems. This includes techniques such as dynamic load balancing and auto-
scaling to adjust the system to changing workloads and resource availability.
F) Discuss model architecture of distributed file system and its components. [[5 Marks]
The model architecture of a distributed file system consists of several components that enable
the system to store and manage data across multiple nodes. These components typically
include a client-server model, a distributed storage system, a replication system, and a
distributed metadata system.
The client-server model is used to enable communication between clients and the distributed
file system. Clients send requests to the server, which then processes them and sends back the
requested data.
The distributed storage system is responsible for storing the actual data in the distributed file
system. This includes storing the data on multiple nodes and providing mechanisms for
replication, redundancy, and data security.
The replication system is responsible for replicating data across multiple nodes in the system.
This ensures that the data is stored redundantly and is available in case of node failure or other
disruptions
The distributed metadata system is responsible for storing and managing metadata associated
with the data stored in the system. This includes information about the structure of the data, the
location of the data, and the access control for the data.