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Semester Exam 1 Outlines
Semester Exam 1 Outlines
CHEMISTRY GRADE 12
a.ii . Calculate the Ksp of binary compound by converting the unit is gdm–3 to moldm–3
a.ii. Calculate a value for the enthalpy change of solution if the following data are given.
Use the Data Booklet to suggest why there is a big difference in the values of ∆Hhyd for Ca 2+ and
Cu2+.
(b)(i) Identify the substances formed at the anode and at the cathode during the electrolysis of
saturated CaCl2(aq).
(ii) Calcium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten calcium chloride, CaCl2(l).
Calculate the mass, in g, of Ca formed when a certain current pass through CaCl2(l) for some
minutes. [Ar : Ca, 40.1]
(c) (i) Explain what is meant by the term entropy of a system.
(ii) Place one tick (3) in each row of the table to show the sign of each entropy change, ∆S.
(iii) The evaporation of one mole of water has a standard Gibbs free energy change, ∆G o, given at 25°C.
Sketch a graph on the axes to show how ∆Go changes for this process between 2 different
temperatures at 101 kPa.
(d) The reaction between A and B is feasible at low temperatures but is not feasible at high temperatures.
Deduce the signs of ∆H and ∆S for this reaction and explain why the feasibility changes with
temperature.
4. (a) The rate of this reaction was measured at different initial concentrations of the two reagents.
(i). Deduce the order of reaction with respect to each of [CH 3CH2CHClCH3] and [I– ].
Explain your reasoning :
order with respect to [CH3CH2CHClCH3]
order with respect to [I– ]
(ii) Calculate the rate constant for a reaction and stating the units
(iii) Calculate the relative rate for experiment
6. The phosphate buffer system operates in biological cells. The buffer contains dihydrogen phosphate,
H2PO4 –, which acts as a weak acid.
(a) Write an expression for the Ka of H2PO4 – .
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
(ii) Write two equations to show how a solution containing a mixture of H 2PO4 – and HPO4 2– acts as
a buffer.
(c) The pH in many living cells is 7.40. Ka value is given.
Calculate the value of [HPO4 2–] / [H2PO4 – ] needed to give a pH of 7.40 in the cells.
7. Pure water is a very poor conductor of electricity. However, when hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in
water, ions are formed and a current flow during electrolysis.
The overall change after electrolysis is that hydrogen chloride gas is converted into hydrogen and
chlorine.
When a certain current is passed through the solution for Y minutes, volume of chlorine is known are
produced at the anode, measured under room conditions.
(a) Calculate the number of chlorine molecules produced during the electrolysis.
(b) Calculate the total number of electrons transferred to produce this number of chlorine molecules.
(c) Calculate the quantity of charge, in coulombs, of the total number of electrons calculated in (b).
(d) Calculate the time, Y, in minutes, for which the current flows.
(e) The standard entropies, So, of three species are given in the table
(i) Calculate ∆So for the reaction
(ii) ∆Ho for given reaction is known
Calculate ∆Go for this reaction at 298K.
(iii) Predict the effect of increasing temperature on the spontaneity of this reaction. Explain your
answer.