Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Catarman, Northern Samar

GRADUATE STUDIES

Collection of
Types of Folklore
Educ. 848 - Methods of Teaching Folklore
and Children’s Literature

Submitted by:

Via Mora Costuna

MATEEd
Summer 2018

Submitted to:

Weny M. Cardeńo, DALL

Course Professor

LEGEND OF CATARMAN
 The name Catarman is said to have been coined from the Turkish word
attar, a type of essential oil extracted from rose petals, and the Muslim
term for holy man, imam or aman.
Another source traces the etymology of Catarman to a less profound
Binisaya and more commonly used word cataruman, which means sharp,
ostensibly to describe the corals near the shores of this old trading post.
The latter version is less enigmatic than the first, but closer to the
origin of the names of other towns or even to the root of the name of the
island province –samad. Was the samad, or wound, caused by the cataruman or
sharpness of the corals?
Like many other parts of the island, Catarman was already a dynamic
and bustling settlement when Spanish priests established their presence in
the village in 1649, after having ventured west along the coast from their
mission center in Palapag. The settlement of families that they came upon
became a visita of the nearby town of Bobon in 1697, which meant Catarman
had regular pastoral visits from the priests from the older town known for
its sweetish spring water.
Historical records identify Catarman as one of the 13 original
pueblos of Samar Island. The complete list included pueblos from all over
the island, including Capul, Catubig, Laonag, and Palapag located at the
northern part of Samar.
When the Galleon Trade ended in 1815, CAtarman began to take over from
Capul and PAlapag the role of stalwart in the growth and development of the
northern part of Samar Island. Declining commercial activities at Samar’s
major seaports in the old port towns of Laonag and San Jose (Carangian)
unsurprisingly shifted traders’ interests to Catarman, primarily because of
its ideal geographical location at the center of the province.
Catarman’s present role as provincial center and hub of commercial
pursuits was even more established when it was chosen as the capital town
of Northern Samar when the new province was created in 1965.

FOLKTALES
 The Hawk and the Hen

A hawk flying about in the sky one day decided that he would like to
marry a hen whom he often saw on earth. He flew down and searched until he
found her, and then asked her to become his wife. She at once gave her
consent on the condition that he would wait until she could grow wings like
his, so that she might also fly high. The hawk agreed to this and flew
away, after giving her a ring as an engagement present and telling her to
take good care of it.
The hen was very proud of the ring and placed it around her neck. The
next day, however, she met the cock who looked at her in astonishment and
said:
“Where did you get that ring ? Do you not know that you promised to
be my wife ? You must not wear the ring of anyone else. Throw it away.”

And the hen threw away the beautiful ring. Not long after this the hawk
came down bringing beautiful feathers to dress the hen. When she saw him
coming she was frightened and ran to hide behind the door, but the hawk
called to her to come and see the beautiful dress he had brought her.
The hen came out, and the hawk at once saw that the ring was gone.
“Where is the ring I gave you?” he asked. “Why do you not wear it?”
The hen was frightened and ashamed to tell the truth so she answered:
“Oh, sir, yesterday when I was walking in the garden, I met a large snake
and he frightened me so that I ran as fast as I could to the house. Then I
missed the ring and I searched everywhere but could not find it.”
The hawk looked sharply at the hen, and he knew that she was deceiving
him. Then he said to her:
“I did not believe that you could behave so badly. When you have
found the ring I will come down again and make you my wife. But as a
punishment for breaking your promise, you must always scratch the ground
to look for the ring. And every chicken of yours that I find, I shall
snatch away.”
Then he flew away, and ever since all the hens throughout the world
have been scratching to find the hawk’s ring.

The First Visayan Man and Woman

 In the olden days, there lived in the heavens two gods, Kaptan and
Maguayan. Kaptan fell in love with Maguayan, and they were married. One
day, Kaptan and Maguayan had a quarrel as many couples do after the
honeymoon. In a fit of anger, Kaptan told his wife to go away. With a heavy
heart, Maguayan left.
When the goddess was gone, the god Kaptan felt very lonely. He knew
that he had done his wife wrong; he had made an unjustifiably hasty
decision, and this thought bothered him. However, it was too late for him
to ask to be forgiven. He scoured the heavens, but his efforts were in
vain; Maguayan was nowhere to be found. She had vanished like smoke into
thin air.
So, to while away his sorrows, the repentant god created the earth and
planted bamboo in a garden called Kahilwayan. He also planted other plants
like rice, corn, and sugarcane. Among these plants, the bamboo sprouted
first. It grew to be a beautiful tree with pliant branches and feathery
leaves dancing to the rhythmic wafting of the breeze.
Beholding the splendor of his creation, the great Kaptan was filled
with happiness. "Ah," he sighed, "were Maguayan here, she would enjoy this
beautiful sight amid the sighs of the breeze and the rustle of the
leaves!"
The bamboo continued to grow. The garden became more beautiful each day.
Then one late afternoon, while Kaptan was watching the bamboo leaves play
in the breeze, a thought came to him, and, before he realized what it was
all about, he was murmuring to himself, "I will make creatures to take
care of these plants for me."
No sooner had he spoken these words than the bamboo split into two
halves. From one stepped out the first man. To the man, Kaptan gave the
name Sikalak, meaning "the sturdy one." And from that time on, men have
been called si lalak or lalaki for short. From the other half stepped out a
woman. The god called her Sikabay, meaning "partner of the sturdy one."
Thenceforth, women have been called sibabaye or babaye for short.
Together, the two creatures tended the garden and took care of the plants.
Meanwhile, Kaptan left for a faraway place to look for Maguayan. One day,
when the god had left, Sikalak asked Sikabay to marry him. The woman,
however, refused. "Don't you know that you are my brother?" she reproved
the man sternly.
"I know. But there are no other people in this garden," Sikalak
argued. "And we need children to help us take care of this wide place for
our lord and master."
The woman was unmoved. "I know," she replied, "but you are my
brother. We were born of the same bamboo stalk, with only one node binding
us."
Finally, after much argument, they sought the advice of the tuna fish of
the sea and the doves of the air. The fish and doves approved of their
marriage. Still unconvinced, Sikabay consulted the earthquake, who also
approved of the marriage.
"It is necessary," the earthquake said, "so that the earth will be
populated."
So Sikalak and Sikabay were married. Their first child was a boy whom
they named Sibu. Then a daughter came, and they named her Samar.
 Juan Pusong and Tabloc-laui

Juan Pusong (Tricky John) had transgressed the law, and for this
reason, was put into a cage to be in a short time, submerged with it into
the sea. Tabloc-laui, a friend of Pusong's, passed by and saw him in the
cage.
"What are you there for?" Tabloc-laui asked.
"Oh!" answered Pusong, "I am a prisoner here, as you see, because the
chief wants me to marry his daughter and I don't want to do it. I am to
stay here until I consent".
"What a fool you are!" said Tabloc-laui. "The chief's daughter is
pretty, and I am surprised that you are not willing to marry her".
"Hear me, Tabloc-laui!" said the prisoner. "If you want to marry the
chief's daughter, let me out and get in here in my place; for tomorrow
they will come and ask you if you will consent. Then you will be married
at once".
"I am willing!" exclaimed Tabloc-laui. "Get out and I will take your
place!"
Next morning the chief ordered his soldiers to take the cage with the
prisoner to the sea and submerge it in the water.
Tabloc-laui, on seeing the soldiers coming toward him, thought they
would make inquiries of him as Pusong had said.
"I am ready now", he said, "I am ready to be the princess's husband".
"Is this crazy fellow raving?", asked the soldiers. "We are ordered
to take you and submerge you in the sea".
"But", objected Tabloc-laui, "I am ready now to marry the chief's
daughter".
He was carried to the sea and plunged into the water, in spite of his
crying, "I am not Pusong! I am Tabloc-laui!"
The next week the chief was in his boat, going from one fish-trap to
another, to inspect them. Pusong swam out to the boat.
The chief, on seeing him, wondered, for he believed that Pusong was
dead. "How is this?" he asked. "Did you not drown last week?"
"By no means. I sank to the bottom, but I found that there was no
water there. There is another world where the dead live again. I saw your
father and he charged me to bid you go to him, and afterwards you will be
able to come back here, if you wish to do so". "Is that really true,
Pusong?" asked the chief. "Yes, it is really true", was the reply.
"Well, I will go there. I will have a cage made and go through the
way you did".
So the next morning the chief was submerged in the water, with the
hope of coming back. When a considerable time had elapsed without seeing
his return, his servants searched for Pusong, in order to punish him, but
he had escaped to the mountains.
 Ilagpot, The Adventurous Mouse, And The Boneless Fish

A long time ago, when animals could still speak, there was an
adventurous mouse called Ilagpot.
One morning while Ilagpot was walking along the seashore, he saw two
fishermen who were just going out to sea.
“Where are you going, friends?” asked the curious mouse.
“We’re going out to sea in order to find the boneless fish,” answered
one fisherman as he winked at his companion. “Boneless fish are delicious,”
he added.
“May I help you find him?” asked Ilagpot.
“Why not, as long as you have your own boat,” the fisherman answered.
Ilagpot immediately made a boat and a paddle out of a coconut husk and a
stick. Then he went out to sea.
Once in the open sea, he met a swordfish. “Where are you going?” the
swordfish asked.
“I’m looking for the boneless fish.”
“How about me?”
“Oh, no” Ilagpot shook his head. “You have a lot of bones.”
Ilagpot went on rowing. He met different kinds of fish, but not one of
them was boneless.
At last, he met the Octopus. The Octopus was the fish that he had been
looking for. He told the Octopus that he was after him. When the Octopus
knew this, he got very angry, for it was no joke that Ilagpot wanted to eat
him. So he threatened Ilagpot that he would drown him. Ilagpot trembling
with fear hurriedly rowed toward the shore. The Octopus went after him.
Ilagpot rowed as fast as he could until he reached the shore.
On shore, a woman was boiling seashells in a big pan. In his hurry,
Ilagpot jumped over the pan from his boat of coconut husk, and ran as fast
as he could without looking back.
The Octopus thought that Ilagpot had jumped into the pan, so he also
jumped in. What a time he had twisting and turning in the hot water! At
last, his tentacles curled. When the Octopus turned red, the woman scooped
him out together with the seashells for it was already lunchtime.
 Visayan Creation Myth

Thousands of years ago, there was no land, sun, moon, or stars, and
the world was only a great sea of water, above which stretched the sky. The
water was the kingdom of the goddess Maguayan, and the sky was ruled by the
great god,Kaptan.

Maguayan had a daughter called Lidagat, the sea, and Kaptan had a son
known as Lihangin, the wind. The gods agreed to the marriage of their
children, so the sea became the bride of the wind.
A daughter and three sons were born to them.
Likalibutan had a body of rock and was strong and brave; Liadlao was
formed of gold and was always happy; Libulanwas made of copper and was weak
and timid; and the beautiful Lisuga had a body of pure silver and was sweet
and gentle. Their parents were very fond of them, and nothing was wanting
to make them happy.
After a time Lihangin died and left the control of the winds to his
eldest son Likalibutan. The faithful wife Lidagat soon followed her
husband, and the children, now grown up, were left without father or
mother. However, their grandparents, Kaptan and Maguayan, took care of them
and guarded them from all evil.
After some time, Likalibutan, proud of his power over the winds,
resolved to gain more power, and asked his brothers to join him in an
attack on Kaptan in the sky above. They refused at first, but when
Likalibutan became angry with them, the amiable Liadlao, not wishing to
offend his brother, agreed to help. Then together they induced the timid
Libulan to join in the plan.
When all was ready, the three brothers rushed at the sky, but they
could not beat down the gates of steel that guarded the entrance.
Likalibutan let loose the strongest winds and blew the bars in every
direction. The brothers rushed into the opening, but were met by the angry
god Kaptan. So terrible did he look that they turned and ran in terror, but
Kaptan, furious at the destruction of his gates, sent three bolts of
lightning after them.
The first struck the copper Libulan and melted him into a ball. The
second struck the golden Liadlao and he too was melted. The third bolt
struck Likalibutan and his rocky body broke into many pieces and fell into
the sea. So huge was he that parts of his body stuck out above the water
and became what is known as land.
In the meantime the gentle Lisuga had missed her brothers and started
to look for them. She went toward the sky, but as she approached the broken
gates, Kaptan, blind with anger, struck her too with lightning, and her
silver body broke into thousands of pieces.
Kaptan then came down from the sky and tore the sea apart, calling on
Maguayan to come to him and accusing her of ordering the attack on the sky.
Soon Maguayan appeared and answered that she knew nothing of the plot as
she had been asleep deep in the sea. After some time, she succeeded in
calming the angry Kaptan. Together they wept at the loss of their
grandchildren, especially the gentle and beautiful Lisuga, but even with
their powers, they could not restore the dead back to life. However, they
gave to each body a beautiful light that will shine forever.
 And so it was the golden Liadlao who became the sun and the copper
Libulan, the moon, while Lisuga’s pieces of silver were turned into the
stars of heaven. To wicked Likalibutan, the gods gave no light, but
resolved to make his body support a new race of people. So Kaptan gave
Maguayan a seed and she planted it on one of the islands.
Soon a bamboo tree grew up, and from the hollow of one of its branches, a
man and a woman came out. The man’s name was Sikalak and the woman was
called Sikabay. They were the parents of the human race. Their first child
was a son whom they called Libo; afterwards they had a daughter who was
known as Saman.

Pandaguan, the youngest son, was very clever and invented a trap to
catch fish. The very first thing he caught was a huge shark. When he
brought it to land, it looked so great and fierce that he thought it was
surely a god, and he at once ordered his people to worship it. Soon all
gathered around and began to sing and pray to the shark. Suddenly the sky
and sea opened, and the gods came out and ordered Pandaguan to throw the
shark back into the sea and to worship none, but them.
All were afraid except Pandaguan. He grew very bold and answered that
the shark was as big as the gods, and that since he had been able to
overpower it he would also be able to conquer the gods. Then Kaptan,
hearing this, struck Pandaguan with a small lightning bolt, for he did not
wish to kill him but merely to teach him a lesson. Then he and Maguayan
decided to punish these people by scattering them over the earth, so they
carried some to one land and some to another. Many children were afterwards
born, and thus the earth became inhabited in all parts. Pandaguan did not
die. After lying on the ground for thirty days he regained his strength,
but his body was blackened from the lightning, and his descendants became
the dark-skinned tribe, the Negritos.
As punishment, his eldest son, Aryon, was taken north where the cold
took away his senses. While Libo and Saman were carried south, where the
hot sun scorched their bodies. A son of Saman and a daughter of Sikalak
were carried east, where the land at first was so lacking in food that they
were compelled to eat clay.
And so the world came to be made and peopled.
 RIDDLES
1)  Gipalit ko bisan ug mahal, 
    Apan magpulos lamang ug magbitay.

    I bought it and it's costly, 

    But I use it for hanging only.

2)  Na-ay kaban sa pari, 

    Ukbon dili mauli.

    There's a priest's trunk, 

    But when opened, it could not be closed.

3)  Ako, apan dili ko magamit, 

    Laing tao ang mogamit.

    I own it, but I don't use it.

4}  Mohilak, apan walay mata, 

    Molakaw, apan walay tiil.

    It cries without eyes,

    it walks without feet.

5)  Ang dahon na-a sa bunga, 

    Ang bunga na-a sa dahon.

    The leaves are on the fruit, 

    The fruits is on the leaves.

6)  May ligon nga balay, 

    Ang haligi atua sa taas, 
    Ang atop atua sa ubos, 
    Ang ulan gikan usab sa ubos?

    What house has post on top, 

    A roof at the bottom, 
    While the rain comes from below?

7)  Hikit-an sa tanang adlaw, 

    Apan dili nimo makamkam.

    You can see it everyday, 

    But cannot touch it at will.

8)  May baba apan dili makasulti.

    It has a mouth, but cannot talk.

9)  Didto ang buno, 
    Dinhi ang dugo.

    The murder happened there, 

    But the blood flowed here.

10) Dili mananap, ug dili tao, 

    Walay tiil, apan makalakaw; 
    Walay baba, apan maka sulti.

    Neither an animal nor a person; 

    It has no feet, but can walk; 
    It has no mouth, but can talk.

Answers:
1.) earrings 2.) egg 3.) your name 4.) pen 5.) pineapple
6.) boat 7.) sky 8.) cave 9.) flood 10.) letter
 PROVERBS
1.) A broom is sturdy because its strands are tightly bound.
Matibay ang walis, palibhasa'y magkabigkis.
People gain strength by standing together.

2.) While the blanket is short, learn how to bend.

Hangga't makitid ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot.
If your blanket is too short to cover you completely with your legs
straight, bend them so that you fit. In other words, learn how to
adapt to your environment and be satisfied with what you have. If you
have less in life, learn to be frugal until you come to the point when
you can spare some money for a little bit of luxury.

3.) It is hard to wake up someone who is pretending to be asleep.

Mahirap gisingin ang nagtutulog-tulugan.
While it is easy to tell people something they do not know, it is much
harder if they are willfully choosing not to see what is before them.
4.) If you persevere, you will reap the fruits of your labor.
Pag may tiyaga, may nilaga.
They don't call them the fruits of labor for nothing. Hard work and
perseverance are needed to reach your goals. But if you keep trying,
one day you will enjoy the results of your efforts.

5.) New king, new character.

Bagong hari, bagong ugali.
New leadership always brings new ways.

6.) If you plant, you harvest.

Kung may tinanim, may aanihin.
Your future will be the result of your actions today. Plan ahead.

7.) Weeds are difficult to kill.

Mahirap mamatay ang masamang damo.
It can be hard to completely rid yourself of bad things or people.

8.) Don't trust strangers.

Huwag kang magtiwala sa di mo kilala.
This is self-explanatory—you can never be sure that people you don't know
truly have your well-being in mind. Don't put yourself in their hands.

9.) Nothing destroys iron but its own corrosion.

Walang naninira sa bakal kundi sariling kalawang.
Iron is known for its strength, but it can destroy itself when exposed to
certain conditions. Similarly, even a strong person can be undone by his or
her own actions or habits.

10.) Even though the procession is long, it will still end up in church.
Pagkahaba-haba man daw ng prusisyon, sa simbahan din ang tuloy.
Some things are inevitable. This proverb specifically refers to a
couple that seems destined to marry, even if it takes a long time.
FOLKSONGS

Balud

Mga balud
Nagpapasibo ha kadagatan
Kakuri gud mahidakpan
Inin balud
Ha baras napulilid
Kon diri hira nag-iisog
Hay Intoy,
Kamakuri mo pagdad-on
Baga-baga ka gud la
Hinin balud
Kon nasisina nalakat ka
Mag-uusahan ako, tabi.
Kay ano nga ginbaya-an mo ako?
Waray na balud inin lawod ko
Hain na an mga haplas mo?
Nailiw na an baras ngan bato
Bisan la
Danay di’ nagkaka-asya
Sugad han langit ug tuna
Kon an gugma
Nga marig-on o masarig
Di mapapara hin balud.
Kay ano nga ginbaya-an mo ako?
Waray na balud inin lawod ko
Hain na an mga haplas mo?
Nailiw na an baras ngan bato
Balik na kamahidlaw na ha imo
Waray na balud hinin lawod ko
Hain na an mga haplas mo?
Nailiw na an baras ngan bato
Hain na an mga haplas mo?
Nailiw na an kasingkasing ko…
 Lubi-Lubi

Lubi-lubi lubi, lubi lingkuranay

Ayaw gad pagsak-i, kay hibubo-ay.
Ayaw gad pagsak-i,
Lubi-lubi
Kon maruruyag ka kumaon hin silot
Didto la nga didto la
Kan Nanay nga didto la.
Kan Tatay nga didto la, pakigsabot.
Agidaw-gidaw an bukaw
Naglupad-lupad ha igbaw
Agidaw-gidaw an gitgit
Naglupad-lupad ha langit
Agidaw-gidaw an bukaw
Naglupad-lupad ha igbaw
Agidaw-gidaw an gitgit
Linmupad ha langit
Enero, Pebrero, Marso, Abril, Mayo,
Hunyo, Hulyo, Agosto,
Setyembre, Oktubre,
Nobyembre, Desyembre,
Lubi-lubi.

Lawiswis Kawayan

Ako magtatanom lawiswis kawayan

Akon la kan pikoy palataylatayan
Sabahis nga pikoy ka-waray batasan
Sinmulod ha kwarto, kan inday higdaan.
An panyo, an panyo nga may sigarilyo,
Ginpiksi ni Inday kay may sentimiento
An nasisinahan, an nabi- an nabibidu-an
Tungod la han gugma nga waray katuman…
 Waray-Waray

Waray-Waray, pirme may upay

Mayda lubi, mayda pa humay
Iton dagat damo it isda
Ha bungto han mga Waray.

Waray-Waray pirme malipay

Di makuri igkasarangkay
Nag-iinom kon nagkikita
Bas' kamingaw mawara!

Lugar han mga Waray-Waray

Kadto-a naton, pasyadaha
Diri birilngon an kalipay
Labi nga gud kon may fiesta.

Mga tawo nga Waray-Waray

Basta magkita, mayda upay
Diri kabos hit pakig-angay
Sayod kamo basta Waray.

Waray-Waray! (Waray-Waray kabuhi maupay)

Waray-Waray! (Damo iton lubi pati humay)
Waray-Waray! (It mga dagat riko hin isda)
Ha bungto han mga Waray!

Waray-Waray! (Waray-Waray pirme la malipay)

Waray-Waray! (Diri makuri igkasarangkay)
Waray-Waray! (Nag-iirignom kon nagkikita)
Bas' kamingaw mawara!

Si Pilemon

Si Pilemon, Si Pilemon namasol sa kadagatan

Nakakuha, nakakuha ug isda'ng tambasakan
Guibaligya, Guibaligya sa merkado'ng guba
Ang halin puros kura, ang halin puros kura igo ra i panuba.
 REFERENCES

*Sites

https://www.scribd.com/document/363947782/Alamat-Ng-Catarman-Hilagang-Samar

http://supernaturalstories.blogspot.com/2007/10/

https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1567/the-first-visayan-man-and-
woman-a-visayan-folktale

https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1120/the-hawk-and-the-hen-a-
visayan-folk-tale

https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1351/juan-pusong-and-tabloclaui-a-
visayan-folktale

http://www.dausa.org/2006/01/28/featuring-old-bisayan-folk-stories-with-
english-translation/

https://www.postpoems.org/authors/bluewave/poem/384089

https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/examples-of-filipino-proverbs

https://www.tagaloglang.com/balud-waray-song-lyrics-and-recording/

http://filipinosongsatbp.blogspot.com/2003/01/visayan-folk-songs.html

*Others

John Maurice Miller, Philippine Folklore Stories (Boston: Ginn and Company,
1904), pp. 57-64
Mabel Cook Cole (1916) “Philippine Folk Tales”