Central Luzon State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Name: Date Submitted: December 04 , 2022

ABEN 1110 – Introduction to Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Exercise No. 5 – Internal Combustion Engine

INTRODUCTION
An internal combustion engine, the fuel is burned in a contained area referred to as a
combustion chamber. Exothermic reactions between a fuel and an oxidizer produce heavy,
high-temperature gasses that are permitted to expand. The distinguishing feature of an
internal combustion engine is that significant r.

PROCEDURES
1. Enumerate and describe the different parts of an internal combustion
engine.
2. Discuss the theory of operation of an internal combustion engine.
3. Differentiate spark ignition engine from compression ignition engine.
4. Differentiate two-stroke cycle engine from four-stroke cycle engine. 5.
Explain the following terms:
a. Displacement
b. Compression ratio

6. Solve the following problems: (show your detailed computations for the given
problems)

6.1. Find the piston displacement for the following engines:

a. B x S = 4.25 x 4.75
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
c. B x S = 4 x 5.00
6.2. Find the engine displacement for the following engines:
a. Four cylinders, B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and 3/4
b. Three cylinders, B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
c. Six cylinders, B x S = 4.30 x 5.00

6.3. Find the compression ratio for the following engines:

a. B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾, clearance volume of 9.6 cu.in.
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72 and clearance volume of 3.59 cu.in.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Discuss fully the procedure and answer the given
problems)
1. Enumerate and describe the different parts of an internal combustion
engine.
The cylinder, piston, and crankshaft make up an internal combustion engine's
fundamental parts. However, in general, it consists of the following: valves, spark
plug, connecting rod, piston ring, gudgeon pin, camshaft, cylinders, piston,
crankshaft, combustion chamber, inlet manifold, exhaust manifold.

There are the 11 different types of internal combustion

Cylinder Block - It is a container fitted with a piston, where the fuel is burnt and
power is produced. The cylinder is the central component of an internal
combustion engine (IC). Both fuel intake and fuel burning occur. This component's
primary job is to direct the piston. Because the combustion of gasoline takes place
inside the cylinder, tremendous pressure and high temperature are produced
inside. Therefore, the cylinder has to be cooled, either by water cooling for large
capacity engines or by air cooling for low capacity engines. High-grade cast iron
and/or alloy steels are the materials utilized for cylinders.

Cylinder Head - The primary component of an IC engine is the cylinder. The

portion of the engine known as the cylinder is where fuel is ingested, compressed,
and burned. The cylinder's primary job is to direct the piston.

Piston - The cylinder's piston rotates back and forth. Through the connecting rod,
it transfers the energy to the crankshaft. Each cylinder has a piston installed as a
face to accept gas pressure and send thrust to the connecting rod. It is the
engine's prime mover. The piston's primary job is to glide freely inside the cylinder
while providing a tight seal to the cylinder through the bore. To withstand the gas
pressure created by the burning of fuel, the piston should be light and strong
enough. Due to the fact that light alloy pistons expand more than cast iron ones do,
the piston is typically constructed of aluminum alloy, however it is also occasionally
made of the cast iron .

Piston Ring - They are utilized to transmit heat from the piston head to the
cylinder walls and to maintain the high friction seal between the piston and the
cylinder walls. These rings are attached to the piston's carved-out grooves. They
are split at one end to allow for stretching or sliding over the piston's end.

Connecting Rod - The piston pin secures the connecting rod's other end to the
piston, and the crank pin at the other end is used to attach it to the crank. The
rotary crank receives the piston's reciprocating motion through it. The connecting
rod has two ends; the big end is one and the little end is the other. A piston pin
connects the tiny end to the piston and the big end to the crankshaft.

Crankshaft - The crankshaft's job is to convert the reciprocating action into a

rotating motion. An internal combustion engine's crankshaft receives the efforts or
push the piston delivers to the connecting rod and changes the piston's
reciprocating motion into the crankshaft's rotating motion. To allow for free rotation,
the crankshaft is mounted in a bearing. The quantity and configuration of cylinders
determine the size and form of the crankshaft.

Engine Bearing - The moving pieces are

supported by bearings. The bearing is necessary
whenever there is circular motion. This has as its
major purpose to lessen friction between the moving
elements.
Crankcase - The crankcase contains all of the lubricating oil. It is also used as the
lubricating mechanism. The main body of the engine, to which the cylinder is
connected, is located in the crankcase.

Valves - This has the job of controlling the IC engine's intake and exhaust.

Spark Plug - In order to ignite the fuel, a high potential is conducted via this.
gasoline and compressed air combined. This serves as a high-intensity spark
source for the combustion of fuel and air.

Injector - Often utilized in the cylinder head-mounted compression ignition engine.

2. Discuss the theory of operation of an internal

combustion engine.
The ideal gas law concept underlies the operation of internal combustion heat
engines: As the temperature of a gas rises, so does the pressure, which causes
the gas to start spreading. The fuel delivered to the chamber of the internal
combustion engine ignites to raise the temperature of the gasoline. The gadget
expands inside as a result of the applied heat. In a gas turbine, the hot air is forced
into the turbine chamber to spin the turbine, and in a combustion engine, this
enables the piston to lift. The engine is able to convert a portion of the energy input
into the machine into useful function by coupling the piston or turbine to the
camshaft. In an intermittent combustion, the piston must be compressed
engine, the steam is released by the engine. The machine would then operate at a
constant temperature thanks to the heat sink. The continuous combustion gas
turbine really exhausts its gas constantly rather than in cycles.

3. Differentiate spark ignition engine from compression ignition engine.

A spark plug, which ignites a combination of gasoline and compressed air in the
combustion chamber, is used to create a spark ignition engine. The compression
ignition engine, on the other hand, operates according to the diesel cycle, and
because of the high temperature of the highly compressed air, self-ignition takes
place.

4. be able to diagram and describe the events that occur in sequence during
each stroke of a two-stroke cycle engine; and,
Two different types of internal combustion engines—spark ignition gasoline
engines and compression ignition diesel engines—are used in the creation of
spark. Intake, compression, ignition, combustion, and exhaust are the five steps in
its five-step operating cycle. All five cycle operations may be carried out in a
two-stroke cycle using just two piston strokes.

5. Explain the following terms:

a. Displacement
The cylindrical volume that a piston displaces during a single stroke is located
here. The displacement is determined by multiplying the piston's surface area by
the stroke length.
Displacement is the cylindrical volume that a piston displaces as it moves through
one stroke. It is equal to the area of the piston multiplied by the length of the
stroke. Displacement is one of the factors that determine the amount of
horsepower an engine will produce, the greater the displacement, the greater the
volume of air and fuel that is burned during combustion, which means more power
(Field & Solie, 2014).

b. Compression ratio
It is described as the ratio of the volume of the head space to the volume of the
cylinder, including the pre-combustion chamber, if one exists, when the piston is at
the bottom of its stroke.
Compression ratio is known to be the degree to which the fuel mixture is
compressed before ignition. It is defined as the maximum volume of the
combustion chamber (with the piston farthest out, or bottom dead center) divided
by the volume with the piston in the full-compression position (with the piston
nearest the head of the cylinder, or top dead center) (Encyclopaedia Britannica,
2014).
6.1. Find the piston displacement for the following engines:
a. B x S = 4.25 x 4.75

b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72

c. B x S = 4 x 5.00

6.2. Find the engine displacement for the

following engines:
a. Four cylinders, B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾

b. Three cylinders, B x S = 3.94 x 4.72

c. Six cylinders, B x S = 4.30 x 5.00

6.3. Find the compression ratio for the following engines:
a. B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and 3⁄4, clearance volume of 9.6 cu.in.

b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72 and clearance volume of 3.59 cu.in.

CONCLUSION (This part of the report usually reflects that the objectives have been
attained)

The cylinder, cylinder head, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crankshaft, engine
bearing, crankcase, valves, spark plug, injector, manifold, camshaft, gudgeon pin, pushrod,
and flywheel are some of the internal combustion engine parts, functions, and events that I
was able to list in this activity. I can also explain how a spark ignition engine operates
differently from a compression ignition engine, which is how all internal combustion engines
operate. Have eight operational needs, and by knowing the sequence, I am now able to
comprehend how all internal combustion engines work. I was able to explain the sequential
actions that take place during each stroke of a four-stroke cycle and the two-stroke cycle
using the diagram.
 Last but not least, I was able to answer every question in this exercise, including those
about piston displacement, engine displacement, and compression ratio. I discovered the
formula to be used in cases where piston displacement is equal to pi () multiplied by the
cylinder's bore divided by four and multiplied by the piston's stroke in inches. Engine
displacement is determined by multiplying the piston displacement by the number of
cylinders, whereas compression ratio is determined by adding the piston displacement and
clearance volume together and dividing by clearance volume.

REFERENCES

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2014). Compression ratio | technology.

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from;
https://www.britannica.com/technology/compression-ratio

Enery.gov (2013). Internal Combustion Engine Basics. Retrieved from

https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/internal-combustion-engine-basics

Innovation Discoveries (2019). IC Engine: Components and their functions, types and
terminologies. Retrieved from
https://innovationdiscoveries.space/ic-enginecomponents-and-their-functions-types-and-termi
nology/

University of Windsor. (n.d.). Four Stroke Cycle Engines. Washington.Edu. Retrieved from;
https://courses.washington.edu/engr100/Section_Wei/engine/UofWindsorManual/Fou
r%20Stroke%20Cycle%20Engines.htm

Main Parts of an Internal Combustion Engine - Mech4study