Human Skeletal System

SHOULDER, ARM, HIP & LEG

Shoulder Girdles

• Attach the arms to the axial

skeleton
• Each consists of a scapula
(shoulder blade) and
clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula
• A large, flat bone with several
projections
• The spine of the scapula, the
coracoid process
• Anchor some of the muscles
that move up the upper and the
forearm
Clavicle
• Each clavicle articulates laterally with a scapula and medially
with the manubrium of the sternum
• In this position the clavicle act as braces for the scapulae and prevent
the shoulders from coming too far forward
• Although the shoulder joint is capable of a wide range of
movement, the shoulder itself must be relatively stable if these
movements are to be effective
Humerus
• The long bone of the upper
arm
• The triangular deltoid muscle
that caps the shoulder joint is
anchored in the deltoid
tubercle
Humerus
• Proximally, the humerus forms a ball-
and-socket joint with the scapula
• Distally, the humerus forms a hinge
joint with the ulna of the forearm
• This hinge joint, the elbow, permits
movement in one plane
• That is, back and forth with no lateral
movement
Radius and Ulna
• The forearm bones are the ulna on the
little finger side and the radius on the
thumb side
• The semilunar notch of the ulna is part
of the hinge joint of the elbow
• It articulates with the trochlea of the
humerus
Radius and Ulna
• The radius and ulna articulate
proximally to form a pivot joint
• This permits turning the hand palm up to
palm down
• The radius crosses over the ulna
• This permits the hand to perform a great
variety of movements without moving the
entire arm
Hand
• Eight small bones in the wrist
• Gliding joints between them permit a
sliding movement
• Also articulate with the distal ends of
the ulna and radius and with the
proximal ends of the metacarpals
• Metacarpals: Five bones of the palm
of the hand
Phalanges
• Bones of the fingers
• There are two phalanges in
each thumb and three in each
of the fingers
Hip bones
• The pelvic girdle or pelvic bone
consists of the two hip bones
(coxae or innominate bones)
• Articulate with the axial skeleton
at the sacrum
• Each hip bone has three major
parts:
• Ilium, ischium and pubis
Hip bones
• Ilium: The flared, upper portion
that forms the sacroiliac joint
• Ischium: lower, posterior part
that we sit on
• Pubis: lower most anterior part
Pubic bones
• The 2 pubic bones articulate
with one another at the pubic
symphysis, with a disc of
fibrous cartilage between them
Acetabulum
• The socket in the hip bone that
forms a ball-and-socket joint with
the femur
• This socket is deep because the hip is
a weight-bearing joint
• The depth of the acetabulum allows
the hip joint to not be dislocated
easily even by stressful activities
Femur
• The long bone of the thigh
• Forms a very movable ball-
and-socket joint with the
hip bone
Femur
• At the proximal end of the femur
are the greater and lesser
trochanters
• These are large projections that
are anchors for muscles
• At its distal end, the femur forms
a hinge joint, the knee with the
tibia of the lower leg
Patella
• Also called kneecap
• Is anterior to the knee joint, enclosed
in the tendon of the quadriceps
femoris, a large muscle group of the
thigh
Tibia
• Is the weight-bearing bone
lower legs
• A tibial tuberosity and an
anterior crest can be felt on the
front of the leg
Fibula
• Not a weight-bearing bone
but anchors leg muscles and
helps stabilize the ankle
Tarsals
• Seven bones in the ankle
• Larger and stronger than
carpals of the wrist
• Their gliding joints do not provide
nearly as much movement
Foot
• Calcaneus: heel bone
• Talus: transmits weight between the
calcaneus and the tibia
• Metatarsals: five long bones of each
foot
• Phalanges: bones of the toes
Phalanges
• There are two phalanges in the big toe
and three in each of the other toes
• Form hinge joints with each other
• Because there is no saddle joint in the
foot, the big toe is not as movable as the
thumb
Foot
• The foot has two major arches:
longitudinal and transverse
• Supported by ligaments
• These are adaptations for walking
completely upright