8.

We chose Chi-square of independence test:

First of all, we calculated the expected frequencies by using the formula:

And got the results:

Then we used the formula to calculate the X squared:

And got the X squared of: 40/3

We used the formula:
And got the result for df is 2, we take the sig. Level of 5% so our critical value is 5.99 which
is less than our statistics → We reject the null hypothesis which says that two variables have
no relationship.

9.

We chose Chi-square of independence test: First of all, we calculated the expected

frequencies by using the formula:

Got the results:

Calculate the chi-square statistic by summing up the squared differences between the
observed and expected frequencies for each cell, divided by the expected frequency for that
cell. The formula for the chi-square statistic is:
2
Chi-square = Σ (𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) / 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

Using the values from the contingency table and the formula, we get:
Chi-square calculated: 9,34

Determine the degree of freedom for the test. The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test
of independence with a contingency table of size R x C is (R-1) x (C-1). In this case, we
have (2-1) x (2-1) = 1 degrees of freedom.

Using a significance level of 0.05 and 1 degree of freedom, the critical value of the
chi-square distribution is 3.84. Since the calculated chi-square value (9.34) is greater than
the critical value (3.84), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the number of
children in the household is related to whether both parents are working or not.
10.

China Japan

n1=15 n2=12

x1=1.4 x2=1.6

s1=0.3 s2=0.2

To determine if there is a significant difference in the mean heights of Chinese and Japanese
athletes => conduct two sample t-test

H0: no significant difference in the mean heights of Chinese and Japanese athletes
H≠0: significant difference in the mean heights of Chinese and Japanese athletes

Test statistic:

=> t= (1.4-1.6)/sqrt((0.3^2/15) + (0.2^2/12))=-2.522

df= ((0.3^2/15)+(0.2^2/12))^2 /[((0.3^2/15)^2/14)+((0.2^2)/12^2/11))] = 23.57

Look up the critical value of t => using a significance level 0.05 and 23 degree of freedom =>
the critical value of t=2.069

t<critical value (-2.522<2.069) => fail to reject H0 => no significant difference in the mean
heights of Chinese and Japanese athletes