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Plane Strain Elastic-Plastic Bending of Strain Hardening Curved Beam
Plane Strain Elastic-Plastic Bending of Strain Hardening Curved Beam
Plane Strain Elastic-Plastic Bending of Strain Hardening Curved Beam
b
r
!1
#Bln
b
r
, (1)
o
F
"A
b
r
#1
!B
1!ln
b
r
, (2)
40 P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56
where
A"
4M
Na
ln
b
a
, B"
4M
Na
b
a
!1
(3)
and
N"
b
a
!1
!
4b
a
ln
b
a
.
The development of the displacement equations are also given in Refs. [1,5,7]. However, a more
general solution, also suitable for the later stages of deformation and based on a di!erent boundary
condition assumed here, will be presented. The strain}displacement relations are
c
P
"
cu
cr
, (4)
c
F
"
u
r
#
1
r
cv
c0
, (5)
PF
"
cv
cr
!
v
r
#
1
r
cu
c0
"0. (6)
The strains and the stresses are only functions of r. Therefore, from Eq. (5) it follows that
!
cu
c0
"
cv
c0
"g, (7)
where g is only a function of 0. Substitution in Eq. (6):
r
cv
cr
!v"g. (8)
The solution of Eq. (8) is
v"rf
!g, (9)
where f
d0
"0 and !
dg
d0
"g. (10)
The solutions of Eq. (10) and considering Eq. (9) results in
v"ra
0!a
sin 0!a
cos 0. (11)
Since v
>F
"!v
\F
, it follows that a
"0 and
v"ra
0!a
sin 0. (12)
P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56 41
The above equation for the tangential displacement v is valid in both elastic and plastic zones. The
radial displacement u will be found by considering the o}c relationships in plane strain (c
X
"0):
c
P
"m
o
P
!m
o
F
, (13)
c
F
"m
o
F
!m
o
P
, (14)
where m
"(1!v)/E, m
#m
)
b
r
#BKr
1#ln
b
r
#ArK#Bm
r#f, (15)
where K"m
!m
cos 0!a
sin0. (16)
Once again a
"0 since u
>F
"u
\F
. The constant a
(17)
where the subscript 1E indicates a
#m
)
b
a
!BaK
1#ln
b
a
!AaK!Bm
a. (18)
The bending moment from
@
?
o
F
r dr"!M (19)
is
M"
1
2
Ba!Ab
ln
b
a
#
1
2
B
2
!A
(b!a). (20)
Eqs. (3), (18), and (20) along with an equation for b are the system of equations for determining
the unknowns A, B, a
#
, M and b as the inside radius a is allowed to increase. The deformed
thickness of the beam is independent of 0. Considering the plane of symmetry (0"0) for
convenience, the deformed thickness is
b!a"t
#u
@
!u
?
,
where t
#m
)b#Bbm
#AbK#a
#
(22)
with a
#
given in Eq. (18).
4. First elastic}plastic
The following e!ective stress (o ) e!ective strain (c) relation was "rst examined:
o ">#:(c!c
W
)L, (23)
where > and c
W
are the stress and strain at yield, respectively, and : is a material constant. The use
of Eq. (23) led to nonlinear di!erential equations for strains which could not be solved. Linear
strain hardening behavior (n"1) was, therefore, used.
o ">#:(c!c
7
), (24)
where : is the slope of the plastic line. Eq. (24) is further modi"ed by using c"c.#cC and cC"o /E,
where the superscripts p and e denote plastic and elastic, respectively. Further manipulations lead
to
o ">#
E:
E!:
c.. (25)
The e!ective stress and e!ective plastic strain for the "rst plastically deforming zone are
o "
(3
2
(o
F
!o
P
), (26)
c."
2
(3
c.
F
. (27)
Therefore,
o
F
!o
P
"P#Qc.
F
, (28)
where P"2>/(3 and Q"4E:/3(E!:). The equilibrium equation [1] is thus,
r
co
P
cr
"o
F
!o
P
"P#Qc.
F
. (29)
From integration of Eq. (29), and using Eq. (28),
o
P
"Plnr#Q
c.
F
r
dr#C
, (30)
o
F
"Plnr#Q
c.
F
r
dr#C
#P#Qc.
F
, (31)
P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56 43
where C
is a constant. Since c
X
"c.
X
"0, it follows that
c
F
#c
P
"cC
F
#cC
P
. (32)
The elastic strain components in the plastic zone will be related to the stresses as given by Eqs. (13)
and (14) and the stresses will still follow Eqs. (1) and (2) with new relations for A and B which will be
developed later. Therefore, from Eqs. (13), (14), and (30)}(32),
c
F
#c
P
"K
2Plnr#2Q
c.
F
r
dr#2C
#P#Qc.
F
. (33)
Also,
c
F
"
u
r
#
1
r
cv
c0
"
u
r
#a
!
a
r
cos 0 (34)
in view of Eq. (12) for v which is still valid in the plastic zone, where a
and a
. (35)
Upon substitution for c
P
from Eq. (35) into Eq. (33) and using c
F
"c.
F
#cC
F
, the following equation is
obtained:
2c.
F
#2cC
F
#r
c(cC
F
#c.
F
)
cr
!KQc.
F
!2KQ
c.
F
r
dr"K(2Plnr#2C
#P)#a
. (36)
cC
F
and subsequently its derivative w.r.t. r are found from Eq. (13), with o
P
and o
F
given by Eqs. (30)
and (31). Therefore,
cC
F
"KPlnr#KQ
c.
F
r
dr#KC
#m
J
(P#Qc.
F
). (37)
The following equation for c.
F
is obtained by substituting from Eq. (37) into Eq. (36):
dc.
F
dr
#
2
r
c.
F
"
r
, (38)
where "(a
!2m
P)/(m
2
#
C
r
, (39)
where C
:
o
P
"
P#
Q
2
ln
r
:
!
QC
2
1
r
!
1
a
, (40)
44 P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56
o
F
"
P#
Q
2
1#ln
r
a
#
QC
2
1
r
#
1
a
. (41)
The radial displacement equation is determined by "nding c
F
"cC
F
#c.
F
, where cC
F
"m
o
F
!
m
o
P
, with o
P
and o
F
as given in Eqs. (40) and (41):
c
F
"K
P#
Q
2
ln
r
a
#
C
r
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
#
KQC
2a
#
2
(m
Q#1)#m
P. (42)
Substituting c
F
in Eq. (34) results in
u"Kr
P#
Q
2
ln
r
a
#
C
r
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
#
KQC
r
2a
#
r
2
(m
Q#1)#m
Pr!ra
#a
cos 0. (43)
The above equation along with Eq. (12) are the displacement equations for the plastic zone at
a(r(C. From the boundary condition r"a, 0"0, u"0 the following relations are obtained:
a
"
aa
2
!
C
(m
Q#1)
a
. (44)
Therefore,
u"Kr
P#
Q
2
ln
r
a
#
C
r
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
#
KQC
r
2a
!
a
2
(r!a)!
(m
Q#1)C
a
. (45)
Stress relations (1) and (2), and the displacement equations (12) and (15)}(17) are still applicable
in the elastic zone with new parameters A, B, and a
#
which will be determined from the continuity
considerations between the elastic and plastic zones.
From, Eq. (19) the following moment equation is obtained:
M"!
c
2
P#
Q
2
#
QC
2
ln
c
a
!
1
4
(c!a)
P#
Q
2
#
QC
a
!(Bc!A) ln
b
c
!
1
2
(b!c)
B!
A
b
. (46)
Continuities of tangential and radial stresses and displacements at the elastic}plastic boundary
are enforced in this solution. The following equations for A and B are obtained from o
P
and
o
F
continuities, respectively:
A"
c
b!c
QC
2
1
c
!
1
a
!
P#
Q
2
ln
c
a
#Bln
b
c
, (47)
P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56 45
B"
1
(1!ln(b/c))
A
b
c
#1
P#
Q
2
1#ln
c
a
!
QC
2
1
c
#
1
a
. (48)
An equation identical to Eq. (47) is also obtained from the requirement of zero radial force,
@
?
o
F
dr"0. (49)
The continuity equation for the tangential displacement at r"c is
a
#
c0!a
#
sin0"ca
0!a
sin0, (50)
where a
#
is still !2Bm
and a
#
is a new constant yet to be determined. Substituting for a
from
Eq. (44), an expression for a
as
0 approaches zero is found by di!erentiation as
a
"
!2Bm
c!a
#
!(1#m
Q)(C
/a)
c!(a/2)
. (51)
The new a
#
is determined from the continuity of radial displacements at r"c,
a
#
"
P#
Q
2
Kc ln
c
a
#
C
c
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
#
KQC
c
2a
!
(c!a)
2
[(1#m
Q)#2m
P]!
(m
Q#1)C
a
!
A(m
#m
)b
c
!BcK
1#ln
b
c
!AcK!Bm
c. (52)
From "(a
!2m
p)/(m
Q#1)#KQc ln(c/a)
KcPln
a
c
!m
Pc#
cK#
(m
#m
)b
c
A
#
cKln
b
c
!m
B!
KQc
2a
#
Q
2c
(m
#m
)#
1
c
C
. (53)
Eqs. (47), (48), and (53), along with three equations for b, c, and C
2A
(2>/(3)#B
. (54)
46 P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56
At r"c, c.
F
"0. Therefore, from Eq. (39) it follows that,
C
"!
2
c. (55)
5. Second elastic}plastic
The second plastic zone occurs at j)r)b as deformation continues. The e!ective stress and
e!ective plastic strain in this zone are
o "
(3
2
(o
P
!o
F
), (56)
cN"!
2
(3
cN
F
. (57)
The following strain, stress and displacement equations are obtained by using a similar approach
as in the "rst-plastic zone:
cN
F
"
p
2
#
C
r
, (58)
c
F
"K
P!
Qp
2
ln
b
r
#
KQC
2b
#
C
r
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
!Pm
#
p
2
(Qm
#1), (59)
where
p"
2m
P#a
Q#1
(60)
and C
are a
P!
Qp
2
ln
b
r
#
QC
2
1
b
!
1
r
, (61)
o
F
"!
P!
Qp
2
1!ln
b
r
#
QC
2
1
b
#
1
r
, (62)
u"K
P!
Qp
2
r ln
b
r
#
KQC
2b
r#
C
r
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
!Pm
r#
p
2
(m
Q#1)r!ra
#a
cos 0, (63)
v"ra
0!a
sin0. (64)
P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56 47
In the elastic zone (c)r)j), the previous stress equations (1) and (2) can no longer be used, as
the boundary condition o
P
"0 at r"b is out of its domain (this boundary condition has already
been applied in the second plastic zone). The new equations [1] are
o
P
"
A
r
#B(1#2 ln r)#2D, (65)
o
F
"!
A
r
#B(3#2 lnr)#2D. (66)
Based on these equations and using the approach of Section 3, the following relationships for
displacements in the elastic zone are obtained:
u"!(m
#m
)
A
r
#2KBr(lnr!1)#B(m
!3m
)r#2DKr#a
#
cos 0, (67)
v"4Bm
r0!a
#
sin0, (68)
where A, B, D, and a
#
are new parameters yet to be determined.
The stresses and displacements in the "rst-plastic zone (a(r)c) are still given by Eqs. (40), (41),
(43), and Eq. (12) with new equations for C
P!
Qp
2
j ln
b
j
!Bj(1#2 lnj)!2Dj#
Q
2
C
1
b
!
1
j
, (69)
B"
1
1#2 lnc
P#
Q
2
ln
c
a
!
A
c
!2D!
QC
2
1
c
!
1
a
. (70)
An equation for D is obtained from the condition of zero radial force (Eq. (49)):
D"
1
2(c!j)
!A
1
c
!
1
j
#[j(1#2 ln j)!c(1#2 lnc)]B#
QcC
2
1
a
!
1
c
#
P#
Q
2
c ln
c
a
#
P!
Qp
2
jln
j
b
!
QjC
2
1
b
!
1
j
. (71)
The following equations for C
and C
"
2ca
Q(a#c)
!
A
c
#B(3#2 lnc)#2D!
P#
Q
2
1#ln
c
a
, (72)
C
"
2bj
Q(b#j)
!
A
j
#B(3#2 lnj)#2D#
P!
Qp
2
1!ln
b
j
. (73)
48 P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56
The procedures for "nding and p equations are similar to that employed earlier (Eqs. (50)}(53))
and are based on u and v continuities at c and j:
a
"
4Bm
c!a
#
!(m
Q#1)(C
/a)
c!a/2
(74)
and a
P#
Q
2
Kc ln
c
a
#
C
c
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
#
KQC
c
2a
!
c!a
2
[(m
Q#1)#2m
P]!(m
Q#1)
C
a
#
A
c
(m
#m
)
!Bc(m
!3m
)!2KDc!2KBc(lnc!1), (75)
a
"
!p
#4Bm
j
j!p
, (76)
a
"#a
#
#p
!p
, (77)
where
p
"
KjQ
2(m
Q#1)
ln
b
j
#
j
2
, (78)
p
"
KjP
(m
Q#1)
ln
b
j
#
KQC
j
2b
#
C
j
Q
2
(m
#m
)#1
, (79)
"!(m
#m
)
A
j
#2KBj(lnj!1)#B(m
!3m
)j#2KDj. (80)
From Eqs. (74)}(80) and using (, a
) and (p, a
Q#1)#KcQln(c/a)
!
A(m
#m
)
c
#c(2Kln c#3m
!m
)B
#2KcD!
KQc
2a
#
Q
2c
(m
#m
)#
1
c
C
!m
Pc!KcPln
c
a
, (81)
p"
2
j(m
Q#1)!KjQln(b/j)
!
A(m
#m
)
j
#j(2Kln j#3m
!m
)B
#2KjD!
KQj
2b
#
Q
2j
(m
#m
)#
1
j
C
#m
Pj!KjPln
b
j
. (82)
P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56 49
Eq. (21) is used for determining b, with u
@
from Eq. (63) given by
u
@
"
C
b
(m
Q#1)!
b
2
a
#a
. (83)
From yielding conditions at c and j the following equations for c and j are obtained:
c"
!2C
, (84)
j"
!2C
. (85)
Eqs. (69)}(73) and (81)}(85) are the relationships used in the solution of the problem during the
second-plastic phase of deformation. Bending moment is determined from Eq. (19) and the
following relationship is obtained:
M"!
1
4
P#
Q
2
c!a#2c ln
c
a
#
QC
a
c!a#2a ln
c
a
#
P!
Qp
2
j!b#2j ln
j
b
!
QC
b
j!b#2b ln
j
b
#Aln
j
c
!B[j(lnj#1)!C(lnc#1)]!D(j!c). (86)
6. Numerical results and comparison with FEM 5ndings
A curved beam with initial dimensions a"60 mm, b"80 mm, and the following mechanical
properties was considered:
Elastic modulus, E"200 Gpa.
Yield strength, >"200 Mpa.
Slope of plastic line, :"2020.202 Mpa.
The same solution approach was used in all the three phases of deformation (all elastic, "rst-plastic,
and second-plastic). In each phase, the initial values of the unknown parameters at the beginning of
deformation (i"1) had to be determined. For phase one, the undeformed a and b, along with
a small value for moment M"10 N m (&0.07% of M for start of plastic deformation),
A"0, B"0, and a
#
"0 were used. Singular matrices resulted when M"0, or 10 N m and
Aand B values calculated from the appropriate relationships were used. It was also noticed that the
results at the end of all-elastic phase were not appreciably a!ected by large variations in the value
of the initial M.
The "nal values of a and b at the onset of yielding at r"a were used as the initial values of a and
b at the start of "rst-plastic phase, with an assumed c"a#1;10\ mm. The initial values of
A, B, , and C
, C
in the latter case. The selected values for initial c and j corresponded to the largest L1
condition number &10\ that were obtained by examining a limited number of solutions in each
case. However, no formal procedure for L1 maximization was developed. In spite of this, and the
persistent IMSL warning, the calculated stresses and displacements, based on the selected c and
j and the results for the initial values of other parameters, looked reasonably accurate. For
example, in the second-plastic case at i"1, the radial displacements at c and j, calculated at the
corresponding elastic and plastic zones were identical. Also, the continuities of radial and tangen-
tial stresses at c and j were maintained to at least 11 decimal places in all cases.
Stresses, strains, displacements, and the bending moment were determined based on the cal-
culated initial values in the "rst increment of deformation (i"1) in each phase. Additionally, for
any parameter x, its derivative with respect to the changing inside radius a was also determined.
This involved formulation for dx/da based on the functional dependence of the parameters
Fig. 2. Distributions of radial stress (a) at the end of all-elastic, (b) at the end of "rst elastic}plastic, and (c) after
n"1.49;10 increments of deformation in second elastic}plastic phase.
P. Dadras / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 39}56 51
x, y, z,
2
given by the governing equations in each phase,
dx
da
"
cx
cy
dy
da
#
cx
cz
dz
da
#2. (87)
A system of nonhomogeneous linear equations with dx/da, dy/da, dz/da,
2
as unknowns, the
known coe$cients cx/cy, cx/cz,
2
and cx/ca, cy/ca, cz/ca,
2
as the nonzero right-hand side
numbers was thus developed and solved by IMSL routine DLSARG.
The current values of the solution parameters at the beginning of subsequent increments (i#1)
were calculated from,
a
G>
"a
G
#Aa
G
, (88)
x
G>
"x
G
#
dx
da
G
Aa
G
, (89)
where the incremental increase of the inside radius Aa
G
"1;10\, 1;10\, and 2;10\ mm for
deformations in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The solution parameters were A, B, M, b, a
#
for
all-elastic, A, B, b, c, C
, C