ABSTRACT

Intelligent building and automation design is the future of building industries. Most modern public
and residential buildings are planned with the objective of decreasing expenses by reducing energy
consumption. Enhancing energy preservation strategies and using sustainable design approaches are
necessary factors in developing this field.There are numerous significant benefits to lessening energy
consumption as it helps to preserve limited resources while also lessening the costs for both benefiting
businesses and consumers in a short amount of time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy
efficiency implications of using Intelligent Building Automation System. Overall, the findings in this
paper indicate that a fundamental agenda for the twenty-first century is to develop highly responsive
buildings with substantive potentials of automatic control and monitoring towards optimizing ambient
intelligent environments while balancing this approach with the human values, well being, health, and
quality of life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy efficiency implications of using
Intelligent Building Automation System.
The objective is to determine how the IBAS system manage the energy usage and to determine
whether the IBAS system really helps to save energy. Smart has become more sustainable. The energy
efficiency in these smart buildings can be gauged from the fact that some of them have their sources
of power generation and at times generate more power than they consume. This not only helps them
save costs but also gets rid of frequent power failures.

Keywords: Building automation, Sustainable design, Intelligent environment, Energy efficiency,

Modern public residential buildings.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Intelligent building and automation design is the future of building industries. Most modern public
and residential buildings are planned with the objective of decreasing expense by reducing energy
consumption.Enhancing energy preservation strategies and using sustainable design approaches are
necessary factors in developing this field.There are numerous significant benefits to lessening energy
consumption as it helps to preserve limited resources while also lessening the costs for both benefiting
businesses and consumers in a short amount of time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy
efficiency implications of using Intelligent Building Automation System. Overall, the findings in this
paper indicate that a fundamental agenda for the twenty-first century is to develop highly responsive
buildings with substantive potentials of automatic control and monitoring towards optimizing ambient
intelligent environments while balancing this approach with the human values, well being, health, and
quality of life. This dissertation focuses on discussing the development of integrated building control
systems for energy and comfort management in intelligent buildings. There are three major research
objectives that are to be illustrated in this dissertation.

The first objective is the design and development of an integrated building control system to perform
intelligent control over the entire building environment. The designed integrated system should be
able to tackle different control tasks in building management and automation.

The second objective is the energy and comfort management to optimize occupants‘ comfort and
energy efficiency, which are two primary concerns for evaluating the performance of a building
control system. Occupants‘ satisfaction is related to both the condition of the environment and
occupants‘ preferences over the environment. Since maintaining high comfortable indoor environment
always leads to high energy consumption, the integrated control system needs to solve the conflict
between improving user‘s comfort and saving the energy consumption.
 Fig 1. Intelligent building benefits
Source. Onto text

The third objective is to solve various complex and nonlinear problems in different levels of building
subsystems by applying effective and intelligent control techniques. In this dissertation, multiple
intelligent control techniques are utilized to deal with different problems in both the development of
the building automation system and the control on the subsystems. The utilized intelligent control
techniques are agent technologies, swarm intelligence, neural network approaches, and fuzzy control
method. This research will demonstrate how these intelligent technologies are implemented in
tackling complex problems in the different levels of system automation.

1.1 Need

We spend up to 90 percent of our lives in buildings, and we believe that everything people do in life
deserves a perfect place to do it. In a world where our fundamental health, safety and Well being
expectations have been deeply impacted with the anxiety of a new virus, buildings should offer a
haven. Ideally, a perfect place to learn. A perfect place to grow. A perfect place to prosper. While it’s
true that today’s buildings should be efficient, reliable and safe – these characteristics alone don’t
enable businesses and empower people the way a true smart building can. Adaptability is
crucial.Intelligent building interact with the people, systems and external elements around them.They
learn from past experiences and real-time inputs. They adapt to the needs of the people and the
businesses within them by increasing comfort, efficiency, resiliency and safety.

Fig 2. The percentage of reduced energy consumption

Source. Intelligent buildings, definitions, factors and evaluation criteria of selection
1.2 Future value

The future of intelligent buildings is likely to be filled with many advances in technology and
practices. In the coming years, intelligent buildings will become smarter, more responsive, and more
efficient. As technology advances, intelligent buildings will become increasingly capable of
responding to the needs of occupants, using sensors and data collection to gauge environmental and
energy needs. Automation will be used to adjust temperature and lighting, optimize energy
consumption, and control HVAC systems. This will reduce energy costs and improve occupant
comfort. Intelligent buildings will also be able to detect and respond to security threats, using
sophisticated security systems to protect occupants and property. Finally, intelligent buildings will
become increasingly connected, with the use of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT).
This will allow for real-time data collection and analysis, enabling intelligent buildings to respond to
changes in the environment, provide better services, and reduce energy costs.

The research gap in the field of intelligent building systems is the lack of a comprehensive
understanding of the impact of intelligent building systems on building performance, efficiency, and
occupant comfort.While there has been extensive research in the field of intelligent building systems,
the majority of this research has been focused on the technical aspects of system design and
implementation, such as energy efficiency, comfort, and safety. While these are important aspects of
intelligent building systems, there is a lack of research that focuses on the impact of these systems on
the overall performance of the building, and how these systems affect occupant comfort, satisfaction,
and productivity. Additionally, there is a lack of research on how intelligent building systems can be
used to create more efficient and sustainable building environments, as well as how these systems can
be used to optimize user experience and engagement.

1.3 Research statement

Intelligent buildings involve the use of a variety of sensors, controls, and other automation
technologies to optimize building performance. Intelligent buildings are designed to reduce energy
consumption, improve occupant comfort and safety, and provide a more efficient and cost-effective
way to manage a building. Intelligent buildings have the potential to provide significant value and
relevance to a wide range of stakeholders, including building owners, occupants, and the local
community. For building owners, intelligent buildings can provide significant cost savings due to
energy efficiency, improved operational efficiency, and increased tenant satisfaction. Intelligent
buildings also provide the potential to increase leasing rates and attract new tenants, as well as
improve tenant retention rates. For occupants, intelligent buildings provide a comfortable, safe, and
productive environment. Intelligent buildings use sensors and controls to adjust lighting, temperature,
and ventilation levels, while also providing access to real-time data on the building’s performance.
This data can be used to improve occupant comfort and safety, as well as provide feedback on energy
consumption. For the local community, intelligent buildings provide a range of benefits, including
increased economic development opportunities due to enhanced building performance and improved
occupant satisfaction. Intelligent buildings also provide the potential to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and improve air quality. Furthermore, intelligent buildings can provide.

The concept of intelligent buildings is important because it can provide the highest level of comfort,
safety, and efficiency for occupants, while being cost effective for building owners and managers.
Intelligent buildings use a combination of advanced technologies to optimize energy use, provide
security, and improve occupant comfort. By utilizing such technologies, intelligent buildings can save
energy and reduce operational costs, while providing occupants with a comfortable and safe
environment. Additionally, intelligent buildings can provide a more connected and efficient
experience for occupants by enabling them to access services, such as parking, elevators, and meeting
rooms, from their desks or mobile device. Ultimately, intelligent buildings can provide enhanced user
experiences, increased productivity, and greater sustainability for the building, its occupants, and its
owners or managers.
2.0 LITERATURE STUDY

2.1 Building Automation

Building automation is the automatic centralized control of a building's HVAC (heating, ventilation
and air conditioning), electrical, lighting, shading, Access Control, Security Systems, and other
interrelated systems through a Building Management System (BMS) or Building Automation System
(BAS). The objectives of building automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of
building systems, reduction in energy consumption, reduced operating and maintaining costs,
increased security, historical performance documentation, remote access/control/operation, and
improved life cycle of equipment and related utilities.

Building automation is an example of a distributed control system – the computer networking of

electronic devices designed to monitor and control the systems in a building.

BAS core functionality keeps building climate within a specified range, provides light to rooms based
on an occupancy schedule (in the absence of overt switches to the contrary), monitors performance
and device failures in all systems, and provides malfunction alarms to building maintenance staff. A
BAS should reduce building energy and maintenance costs compared to a non-controlled building.
Most commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings built after 2000 include a BAS. Many older
buildings have been retrofitted with a new BAS, typically financed through energy and insurance
savings, and other savings associated with pre-emptive maintenance ad fault.

detecti
on.

Fig 3. Building automation tools

Source. Benefits of Adopting Intelligent Building System.
 Fig 4. Building automation technique
Source. Google

2.2 Sensors

Analog inputs are used to read a variable measurement. Examples are temperature, humidity and
pressure sensors which could be thermistor, 4–20 mA, 0–10 volt or platinum resistance thermometer
(resistance temperature detector), or wireless sensors. A digital input a device is on or off. Some
examples of digital inputs would be a door contact switch, a current switch, an air flow switch, or a
voltage-free relay contact (dry contact).

Digital inputs could also be pulse inputs counting the pulses over a period of time. An example is a
turbine flow meter transmitting flow data as a frequency of pulses to an input. Non intrusive load
monitoring is software relying on digital sensors and algorithms to discover appliance or other loads
from electrical or magnetic characteristics of the circuit. It is however detecting the event by an
analog means. These are extremely cost-effective in operation and useful not only for identification
but to detect start-up transients, line or equipment faults, etc.

2.3 Alarms and security

All modern building automation systems have alarm capabilities. It does little good to detect a
potentially hazardous or costly situation if no one who can solve the problem is notified. Notification
can be through a computer (email or text message), pager, cellular phone voice call, audible alarm, or
all of these.

2.4 Room automation

Room automation is a subset of building automation and with a similar purpose; it is the consolidation
of one or more systems under centralized control, though in this case in one room.The most common
example of room automation is corporate boardroom, presentation suites, and lecture halls, where the
operation of the large number of devices that define the room function (such as videoconferencing
equipment, video projectors, lighting control systems, public address systems etc.) would make
manual operation of the room very complex. It is common for room automation systems to employ a
touchscreen as the primary way of controlling each operation.
2.5 Smart environment

Smart environments link computers and other smart devices to everyday settings and tasks. Smart
environments include smart homes, smart cities and smart manufacturing. Smart environment is
defined as "a small world where different kinds of smart device are continuously working to make
inhabitants' lives more comfortable." Smart environments aim to satisfy the experience of individuals
from every environment, by replacing the hazardous work, physical labor, and repetitive tasks with
automated agents. Has been differentiated into three different kinds of smart environments for
systems, services and devices.

2.6 Occupancy

Occupancy is one of two or more operating modes for a building automation system. Unoccupied,
Morning Warmup, and Night-time Setback are other common modes. Occupancy is usually based on
time of day schedules. In Occupancy mode, the BAS aims to provides a comfortable climate and
adequate lighting, often with zone-based control so that users on one side of a building have a
different thermostat (or a different system, or subsystem) than users on the opposite side.

A temperature sensor in the zone provides feedback to the controller, so it can deliver heating or
cooling as needed. If enabled, morning warmup (MWU) mode occurs prior to occupancy. During
Morning Warm up the BAS tries to bring the building to setpoint just in time for Occupancy.

2.7 Shadow and glazing

Shading and glazing are essential components in the building system, they affect occupants’ visual,
acoustical, and thermal comfort and provide the occupant with a view outdoor.

Automated shading and glazing systems are solutions for controlling solar heat gains and glare. It
refers to the use of technology to control external or internal shading devices (such as blinds, and
shades) or glazing itself. The system has an active and rapid response to various changing outdoor
data (such as solar, wind) and to changing interior environment (such as temperature, illuminance, and
occupant demands). Building shading and glazing systems can contribute to thermal and lighting
improvement from both energy conservation and comfort point of view.

2.8 Air handlers

Most air handlers mix return and outside air so less temperature/humidity conditioning is needed. This
can save money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled or hot water circuits).
Some external air is needed to keep the building's air healthy. To optimize energy efficiency while
maintaining healthy indoor air quality (IAQ), demand control (or controlled) ventilation (DCV)
adjusts the amount of outside air based on measured levels of occupancy.

2.9 Constant air volume handling units

The less efficient type of air-handler is a "constant volume air handling unit," or CAV. The fans in
CAVs do not have variable-speed controls. Instead, CAVs open and close dampers and water-supply
valves to maintain temperatures in the building's spaces. They heat or cool the spaces by opening or
closing chilled or hot water valves that feed their internal heat exchanges. Generally one CAV serves
several spaces.
2.10 Air handling unit discharge air temperature control

Air handling units (AHU) and roof top units (RTU) that serve multiple zones should vary the
"DISCHARGE AIR TEMPERATURE SET POINT VALUE" automatically in the range 13 to 21 °C
(55 to 70 °F).This adjustment reduces the cooling, heating, and fan energy consumption. When the
outside temperature is below 21 °C (70 °F), for zones with very low cooling loads, raising the supply-
air temperature decreases the use of reheat at the zone level.

2.11 Hot water systems

The hot water system supplies heat to the building's air-handling unit or VAV box heating coils, along
with the domestic hot water heating coils. The hot water system will have a boiler(s) and pumps.
Analog temperature sensors are placed in the hot water supply and return lines. Some type of mixing
valve is usually used to control the heating water loop temperature. The boilers and pumps are
sequenced on and off to maintain supply.
2.12 Condenser water systems
Cooling towers and pumps are used to supply cool condenser water to the chillers. Because the
condenser water supply to the chillers has to be constant, variable speed drives are commonly used on
the cooling tower fans to control temperature. Proper cooling tower temperature assures the proper
refrigerant head pressure in the chiller. The cooling tower set point used depends upon the refrigerant
being used. Analog temperature sensors measure the condenser water supply and return lines.
2.13 Dynamic shading
Dynamic shading devices allow the control of daylight and solar energy to enter into built
environment in relation to outdoor conditions, day lighting demands and solar positions. The common
products include Venetian blinds, roller shades, louvers, and shutters. They are mostly installed on the
interior side of the glazing system because of the low maintenance cost, but also can be used on the
exterior or a combination of both.

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Fig 5. Methodology chart

Source. Author
In order to develop an intelligent building, a holistic approach must be taken to ensure the building is
optimized for energy efficiency, occupant comfort, operational efficiency, and safety. To achieve this,
the following steps should be taken:

1. Develop an integrated Building Management System (BMS) that uses sensors and controls
to monitor and adjust various building systems in real time.
2. Gather and analyze data on the building’s performance, including energy consumption,
occupant comfort, and operational efficiency.
3. Implement automated energy management systems to reduce energy consumption and
improve efficiency.
4. Develop safety protocols and systems that are tailored to the building’s specific needs
5. Utilize advanced analytic to identify and address areas for improvement in the building’s
performance.
6. Create visualizations of the building’s performance to provide stakeholders with real-time
data on the building’s performance.
7. Integrate the building’s systems with external sources, such as renewable energy sources or
smart grids, to maximize energy efficiency.
8. Develop strategies to improve occupant.

4.0 LITERATURE CASE STUDY

4.1 The EDGE – Amsterdam, Netherlands

Location - Gustav Mahlerlaan 2970, 1081 Amsterdam, Netherlands

G.F.A - 40.000 sq. m

Completion date - 2014

Parking spaces - 372

Architect - PLP Architecture

Sustainability - BREEAM Outstanding BREEAM Outstanding World's most

sustainable office building from 2014-2016

Tenants - Deloitte, AKD, Henkel, Sandvik, Edelma

When developing the building, all parts, whether large or small, were reviewed. This way of thinking
ultimately led to an unparalleled complex. The Edge is orientated and shaped in such a way that the
power of the sun is optimally utilized. The glass facade ensures that daylight can be benefited from as
long as possible, without the heat of the sun influencing the temperature inside. The south side of the
building is equipped with super efficient solar panels, keeping the heat out and the radiation absorbed
when it's at its strongest.

4.1.1 Lighting for everyone

Everyone in The Edge with a smartphone or tablet may itself regulate the light and the "climate" of
his workplace with the special Philips app. The 6,000 low-energy LEDs are connected to a daylight,
temperature, infrared & motion detector. They are only active when necessary. The LEDs save energy,
because they offer 300 Lux, instead of the standard 500 Lux. As a result 3.9 Watts/m² is used instead
of the usual 8 Watts/m².

4.1.2 Healthy life

The Edge is not only good for the environment; it also offers a healthy inner climate for users. For
instance, the heat recovery ventilation system contributes to that: an intelligent ventilation system.

4.1.3 Head start - listening, cooperating and connecting

EDGE did not only listen to the client’s wishes, but also worked. EDGE did not only listen to the
client’s wishes, but also worked closely together with them, in order to achieve the best result. This
approach, including the cooperation with leading knowledge and expertise partners, ensured that The
Edge was the perfect marriage between technology and sustainability.

4.1.4 Findings

This study demonstrates, with clear research and empirical evidence, references, quotations, and
exploration of practical implementations, why we should consider IBs as a significant component of
future built environments. These findings show that IBs are expected to play a fundamental role in
shaping future cities. The prominent potential - These findings show that IBs are expected to play a
fundamental role in shaping future cities. The prominent potential of IBs is expressed in a host of
values like the automation and digitization of living environments and the integrated technological
facilities; enhanced security ; health and well-being; optimized resource performance; reduced
environmental impacts; investment returns and reduced level of operational costs; improved
networking potentials; higher productivity; better well-being for the users.

Overall, the findings in this paper indicate that a fundamental agenda for the twenty-first century is to
develop highly responsive buildings with substantive potentials of automatic control and monitoring
towards optimizing ambient intelligent environments while balancing this approach with the human
values, well-being, health, and quality of life. - In this line, IBs should successfully respond to the
ever-increasing demands of society while reducing the environmental impacts and this requires
effective design initiatives to be put in place.

5.0 CONCLUSION

“INTELLIGENT BUILDING IS MORE THAN BUILDING, IT IS A LIVING SYSTEM.”

 Provides adaptation to growing market and communication globalization.

 Improve worker satisfaction and productivity.
 Enhance flexibility and management capabilities.
 Reduces energy consumption needs.
 Lead to positive Cost to Benefit.
 Increased user satisfaction.
 As potential future savings over the projected life cycle of the building.
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