Advanced Power electronics and Drive

Yoseph Mekonnen

Page 1
Lecture 4
Rectifiers

Page 2
 Outline
 Single-Phase Half Wave Rectifiers
 Harmonics
 Single–Phase Full Wave Rectifiers
 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers

Page 3
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifiers
1
T
Performance Parameter
Vdc   VL (t )dt
T 0
1
T The output voltage is composed of the
  Vm sin(wt )dt
T 0 dc voltage and ac ripple.
Vm Pdc  The efficiency or
  0.318Vm  rectification ration.
 Pac

V
I dc  dc 
0.318Vm Vac  Vrms
2
 Vcd2  Effective rms of the ac
component of o/p voltage.
R R
1 Vrms
1 T 2 2 FF   Form Factor: Measure of the
Vrms    VL (t )dt  Vdc shape of output voltage.
T 0 
Vac
1 T

1
2 RF 
   Vm2 sin 2 ( wt )dt  Vdc
T 0 
 Ripple Factor: Measure of the
V
 m
RF  FF  1 ripple content of output
2 voltage.
Pdc Transformer utilization
I rms 
0.5Vm TUF  
R Vs I s factor

Vm2
Pdc  Vdc I dc  2 Displacement factor: the
 R DF  cos( ) 
cosine of the angle between
V2 the fundamental current and
Pac  Vrms I rms  m
4R voltage

Page 4
 Diode Characteristics
 Harmonic Factor
I s2  I s21
HF 
I s21
 Input Power Factor

Vs I s1
PF  cos( )
Vs I s
T

 Harmonic s
2
b0   V0 (t ) cos(nwt )d ( wt )  Crest Factor
T 0

 Peak input current CF  I speak
Vo (t )  Vdc   ao sin nwt  bn cos nwt 2
1
b0   Vm sin(wt ) cos(nwt )d ( wt ) to its rms
n 1, 2...
 0
Is
1
T
 HF : a measure of
Vdc   V0 (t )d ( wt )
T 0 Vm (1  (1) )n
distortion of a waveform
 , n  2, 4,6...
1
2
Vm  1 n 2 and is called THD.
2 0
Vdc  V sin( nwt ) d ( wt ) 
m
  0, n  1,3.5...  If input current is purely
2
T
V V 2V 2V 2V sinusoidal, PF=DF
a0   V0 (t ) sin(nwt )d ( wt ) Vo (t )  m  m sin wt  m cos 2 wt  m cos 4 wt  m cos 6 wt ...
T 0  2 3 15 35  Ideal Rectifier,
1
2
V efficiency=100%, Vac=0,
a0   Vm sin(wt ) sin(nwt )d ( wt )  m , n  1
 0 2 RF=0, TUF=1, THD=0,
 0, n  2,3.. PF=DF=1.

Page 5
 …Contd..

Example
For the following diode rectifier with resistive load Find
its performance parameters

a) Efficiency e) PIV of Diode D1

b) FF f) CF of the input Current
c) RF g) input PF
d) TUF

Page 6
…Contd..

Page 7
…Contd..
Pdc Vrms
 FF 
Pac Vdc
Vac
RF  FF  1 RF 
Vdc

Pdc
TUF 
Vs I s

Page 8
 Battery Charging

If the output is connected to a battery the rectifier is

used as a battery charger.

Page 9
 …Contd..

The diode conducts when Vs>E and become on blocking

mode when Vs<E.
The angle the diode start conducting can be found from:

The diode is turned of when:

Page 10
 Example

Example

Page 11
 …Contd..

Solution

Page 12
 …Contd..

Solution

Page 13
 Fourier Expansion

The Fourier series of a single phase half wave rectifier.

Page 14
 …Contd..

Partial sums of the Fourier series for the square-wave

function

Page 15
Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier
T
1 Vdc 0.6366Vm
Vdc   VL (t )dt I dc  
T 0 R R
1
1 
T /2 T
2 2

T V m sin(wt )dt Vrms    VL2 (t )dt 
0 T 0 
2Vm 1
  0.6366Vm 1 T 2 2 2
    Vm sin ( wt )dt 
T 0 
Vrms 0.707Vm V
I rms    m
R R 2

 Harmonic s
 The output of a full-wave
rectifier contains only even
harmonics. The second
harmonics is the most dominant
one and its frequency is 120 Hz
(2f=120 Hz)

2Vm 4Vm 4V 4V
Vo (t )   cos 2 wt  m cos 4 wt  m cos 6 wt ...
 3 15 35

Page 16
…Contd..
T
1
Vdc   VL (t )dt
T 0
T /2 Pdc
2 

T V
0
m sin(wt )dt Pac
2Vm
  0.6366Vm

Vac  Vrms
2
 Vcd2
Vdc 0.6366Vm
I dc  
Vrms
R R
1
FF 
1 T
 2 Vdc
Vrms    VL2 (t )dt 
T 0 
Vac
RF 
1 Vdc
 2 T /2 2 2 2
   Vm sin ( wt )dt 
T 0  RF  FF  1
V
 m  0.707Vm Pdc
2 TUF 
0.707Vm 2Vs I s
I rms 
R I speak
Pdc  Vdc I dc CF 
Pac  Vrms I rms
Is

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 Harmonics

Vo (t )  Vdc  a
n 1, 2...
o sin nwt  bn cos nwt
T
1
T 0
Vdc  V0 (t )d ( wt )

2
1 2Vm
2 0
Vdc  V sin( nwt ) d ( wt ) 

m

T
2
a0   V0 (t ) sin(nwt )d ( wt )
T 0

2 4Vm 
1
a0 
  Vm sin(wt ) sin(nwt )d (wt )  
 n 2, 4.. (n  1)(n  1)
, n  2,4...
0

 0, n  1,3..
T
2
b0   V0 (t ) cos(nwt )d ( wt )
T 0

2
b0 
 V
0
m sin(wt ) cos(nwt )d ( wt )

0
2Vm 4Vm 4V 4V
Vo (t )   cos 2 wt  m cos 4 wt  m cos 6 wt ...
 3 15 35

Page 18
 Example
For the following single phase full wave rectifier with
resistive load find the performance parameters.

a) Efficiency e) PIV of Diode D1

b) FF f) CF of the input Current
c) RF
d) TUF

Page 19
 Solution
Solution 
Pdc
FF 
Vrms
Pac Vdc
RF  FF  1

Pdc
TUF 
2Vs I s

I speak
CF 
Is

Page 20
 Controlled Rectifier
 SCR: Acts like a diode where you can select when conduction
will start, but not when it stops.

Fig. Two-transistor behavioral model of a

thyristor.

 Stay off until a gate pulse is applied while VAK> 0.

 Once on, behaves like a diode and does not turn off until i ->0.
 To stay off (after VAK > 0 again) must have i stay at 0 for a
short time tq-> (10 –l00us)
 Thyristor is a semi-controlled device: we control the turn on
point, but only turns off when circuit conditions force it to.

Page 21
 …Contd..

AC-DC converters employing thyristor are extensively

used for changing constant ac input voltage to controlled dc
output voltage.
 In a controlled rectifiers, a thyristor is tuned off as AC
supply voltage reverse biases it, provided anode current has
fallen to level below the holding current.

Controlled rectifiers have a wide range of applications,

from small rectifiers to large high voltage direct current
(HVDC) transmission systems.
They are used in many kinds of motor drives, traction
equipment, controlled power supplies, and many other
applications.

Page 22
Single-Phase Half Wave Controlled rectifiers

A single-phase half-wave rectifier uses a single thyristor

to control the load voltage.
The thyristor will conduct, ON state, when the voltage VT
is positive and a firing current pulse iG is applied to the gate
terminal.
Delaying the firing pulse by an angle ‘α’ does the control of
the load voltage. T
The firing angle ‘α’ is measured from the position where a
diode would naturally conduct.

Page 23
 …Contd..

Since the load is resistive and therefore the load current

has the same waveform as the load voltage.
The thyristor goes to the non-conducting condition, OFF
state, when the load voltage and, consequently, the current
try to reach a negative value.

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Single-Phase Full Wave Controlled rectifiers
Thyristors T1 and T2 must be fired simultaneously during the positive
half-wave of the source voltage Vs to allow conduction of current.
Alternatively, thyristors T3 and T4 must be fired simultaneously
during the negative half wave of the source voltage.
Resistive Load

Page 25
 RL Load

RL Load
A high-load inductance generates a
perfectly filtered current and the rectifier
behaves like a current source.
With continuous load current, thyristors
T1 and T2 remain in the on-state beyond
the positive half-wave of the source
voltage Vs.
For this reason, the load voltage Vd
can have a negative instantaneous
value.
The firing of thyristors T3 and T4 has
two effects:
a. they turn off thyristors T1 and T2; and
b. After the commutation, they conduct
the load current.

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Thank You!

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