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Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis DVM 2022-23
Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis DVM 2022-23
Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis DVM 2022-23
By
Abebe Wirtu
January, 2023
Systemic Clinical Examination
1. Clinical Examination of Musculoskeletal system
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Systemic Clinical Examination
The abnormalities occur in this system can be
categorized as:
a) Degenerative
Arthropathy: degeneration of joints
Myopathy: degeneration of muscle
Osteopathy: degeneration of bone
b) Inflammatory: Arthritis, myositis, Osteomyelitis
c) Proliferative: Tumor
d) Developmental: Arthrogryposis (Fixed joints in a
distorted position)
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Systemic Clinical Examination
Examination of Muscle
Done by Inspection and Palpation
Abnormalities in muscle
Increased tone:-
Continuous spasm- Tetanus
Intermittent spasm-Strychnine
poisoning
Muscle tremor: repetitive twitching of
voluntary muscle
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Systemic Clinical Examination
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Systemic Clinical Examination
Examination of the Bone
Can be done by:- essay bone examination
Inspection
Palpation
Radiology
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Systemic Clinical Examination
Examination of Feet
• Done by inspection and palpation
2.Motor disturbance
3.Sensory disturbance
5.Reflexes
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Systemic Clinical Examination
1. Central disorders (Brain and spinal cord)
Cerebral affections:
Linked with increased motor nerve activity
Manifested by paralysis, spasms, disturbance of
vision/hearing and unconsciousness
Cerebellum disorder:
Characterized by loss of equilibrium,
incoordination of limbs, falling
Spinal cord disorder:
Manifested by regional spasticity and paralysis of
the dependent organ or part of the body
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Systemic Clinical Examination
2. Motor disturbance
Paralysis:
Is loss of motor nerve control over any of the body
function
Muscular atrophy:
Prolonged deprivation of motor innervations
Leads to wastage (degeneration)
Spasm: blank space
Hypersensitivity to sound
Tetanus affected animals are hypersensitive to
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light and sound
Systemic Clinical Examination
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Systemic Clinical Examination
5. Reflexes
• Reflex is an involuntary activity induced in a
muscle or gland in response to stimulus
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Systemic Clinical Examination
i. Corneal Reflex
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Systemic Clinical Examination
ii) Pupillary reflex
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The Skin, Coat and Associated Structures
• The skin is a heterogeneous organ which serves as the
principal medium of communication between the animal and
its environment.
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Elasticity of the skin
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Elasticity of the skin
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Classification of skin disease
Primary skin disease
• Disease initially affect the skin
• Parasitic (Demodecosis)
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Condition of the hair coat
• In well nourished animal it is smooth and shiny
whereas in deficiency it becomes dry, lusterless and
staring
Example:-
Follicular dysfunction
Congenital (Hereditary)
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Conditions associated…….cont’d
3. Excessive hair growth (Hypertrichosis)
• Usually inherited or congenital
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4. Hyperemia / Redness of skin
• Can be diffuse or circumscribed
• It can occur in :-
Dermatitis ( inflammation) ex. FAD
Dilation of cutaneous capillary
Swine Erysipellosis (E. adiopathy) which is
characterized by Diamond shaped hyperemic
lesions (pathognomonic)
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5. Cutaneous hemorrhage
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Jaundice (Ictrus)
• Yellowish discoloration of skin and m/m
• Excessive bilirubin accumulation
• Bilirubin can accumulate due to : -
• Liver damage,
• Bile duct obstruction or
• Excessive hemolysis
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Pruritus (Itching)
• Pruritus is a typical itching sensation
• Characterized by:-
Scratching
Biting and
• An indication of pain
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Sweat gland Activity
1. Appocrine sweat gland
• Develop from the hair follicles
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ii. Anhidrosis (Reduced sweat secretion)
• Characterized by absence of sweat under mane in
horses
• Can be generalized which occur due to :-
Systemic disease with excessive fluid losses ex. Enteritis
with diarrhea
Diabetes – polyurea
Vomition
Diarrhea
Hemorrhage
Hypovolemic shock
• Can be localized due to reduced blood supply to the
area Example. Ergotism ( peripheral arterial spasm)
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Sebaceous gland activity
• Produces sebum (oily secretion) which gives skin
shinny and lustrous appearance
• Sebum secretion reduced due to:-
Nutritional disorders
Febrile disease
Chronic wasting diseases
Parasitic disease
• Sebum secretion may increase due to :-
Dermatitis or
Eczema
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Odour of the skin
• Occur due to secretions of appocrine and
sebaceous glands