WEEK 6: GLOBAL DIVIDES THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

*SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DIVIDE

GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH

• First World • Third World

• Richer and developed region
• 95% has enough food and shelter
• Economy: industries and major businesses,
commerce and finance
MAJOR DIFFERENCES
• Less population
• High Wealth
• High standard of living
• High industrial development
• Industry
• Poor and less developed
• 5% has enough food and shelter
• Source for raw material of north.
• Large population
• Low Wealth
• Low standard of living
• Low industrial development
• Agriculture

During Cold War

- Primary Global Division was between East and West, and predicted upon security and power balance

After Cold War

- Many see Primary Global Division as being between North and South , and predicted upon economic
inequality.

Worlds within the World

First World
* developed, capitalist, industrial countries (North America, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia)
Second World
* the former communist-socialist, industrial states (Russia, Eastern Europe *e.g., Poland* and some of Turk
States *e.g., Kazakhstan* as well as China

Third World
* developing countries (Africa, Asian and Latin America)

CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS

Major Premise
• The underdevelopment of certain states/peoples and their lack of representations in global political
process is a reality
Prevalent
• Imbalances of Aggregate economics and political power between states Intestates dimensions

MULTINATIONAL VS TRANSNATIONAL
• Multinational companies own a home company and its subsidiaries.
• Transnational companies don’t have subsidiaries but just many companies.
• Multinational companies have a centralized management system.
• Transnational companies don’t have a centralized management system.
• Multinational companies will face a barrier in decision making due to its centralized management system.
• Transnational companies are able to gain more interest in the local markets since they maintain their own
systems.
LOCATING THE GLOBAL SOUTH
By Lisandro Claudio
The Starbucks and the Shanty
• There are markers of global interconnectedness, even global modernity
• There are Starbucks branches in Melbourne and Manila, New York and New Delhi
• All these branches look more or less the same
• The sameness represents the cultural homogenization that many critics have associated with
globalization
• In Manila and New Delhi, there is a good chance that upon leaving the coffee shop, you will meet a child
beggar in tattered clothes or walk a block or two, with your latte still hot, you will find a shanty town
• Spaces of affluence in the developing world may mirror the Global North • Spaces of underdevelopment in
developed countries may mirror the poverty of the Global South
• There is something more confusing about poverty in the global south, and the north/south divide is as
visible as the processes of globalization that engender it
• The divide reminds us that globalization creates undersides.

MAJOR LENSES: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

REALISM
LIBERALISM
MARXISM
POST MODENISM

Globalism (Steger):
Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of new technologies: it is, more importantly,
a normative international goal.
To not partake to globality backwards.
Civilization Discourse:
Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of international order.
Modernization theory (Rostow):
Outlined the historical progression terms of a society's capacity to produce and consume material goods.

* Global South is a metaphor for inter-state inequality and product of Western Imagination (Claudio
2014). Historically, there had been divisions and labeling among different nations of the world

• The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divides the world into two; The West and The East
• The treaty states that the new discovered lands on western part outside of Europe belongs to the Crown
of Castille and The East by the Portuguese
• Global South refers to the Socio-Economic and Political divides in the Southern Hemisphere of the 1569
Mercatorian Map.
• It consists of Africa, Latin America, and Asia including the Middle East.
• Global South also connotes developing countries as opposed to rich, industrialized, and wealth nations.

The Global North

• It consists of Developed, industrialized and Wealthy nations such as;
• Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, Russia, and the USA. AKA Group of 8 (G8).
• It also refers to the developed countries in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
Top 5 countries with highest GDP that belongs to Global North
 USA GDP worth $ 21427.70 B
 Japan GDP worth $ 5081.77 B
 Germany GDP worth $ 3845.63 B
 United Kingdom GDP worth $ 2827.11 B
 France GDP worth $ 2715.52 B

The Global South can also be found in Developed Countries

• Economically poor families, underprivileged individuals, unfair labor practices, and suppression of human
rights, and other basic rights in Europe, Australia, US, and Canada.
• Thus, you may also experience Global South even you’re living in the developed countries.
• The terms Global South and Third World are CONCEPTUALLY THE SAME.
• The term third world is the Antecedent or Predecessor of Global South (Claudio 2014)
• Arguably, the term Third World ceased to exist when the cold war ended.
• World was once categorized based on the economic ideology of Western Capitalism against the
Socialism of the Soviet Union.
• Capitalist Economies were considered as First world.
• Socialist Economies referred as Second world.
• Those that did not belong to either type of formal economies belongs to the Third world.
• Initially speaking, the term Third world referred to the former colonies of European Countries Later, the
term was used to refer to the poor world; these countries were considered to be non-industrialized and
newly industrialized, lacked of standard systems in banking, finance, and trade Hence, it’s outdated that
these countries belong to the third world since the term ceased after the Cold war These countries may be
classified as Global South though some of their citizens experience Global North in their soil.

WEEK 7: ASIAN REGIONALISM

Regionalism
• Strengthened collective identity in a conglomerate of nations occupying a particular geographic area or
aiming at shared goals; increase in particular area.
• Refers to the decentralization of political powers a higher towards a lower political level.

Asia

• It is the largest continent of our planet, both in size and also when we consider the population. The Asian
continent includes 48 countries. The continent is located mainly in the eastern hemisphere and in the
northern hemisphere. It is the largest continent of our planet, both in size and also when we consider the
population. The Asian continent includes 48 countries. The continent is located mainly in the eastern
hemisphere and in the northern hemisphere.

ASEAN
• ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
• Was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote political
and economic cooperation and regional stability.

Regionalization VS Globalization
GLOBALIZATION- is the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world
time and world-space.

REGIONALIZATION- is the growth of societal integration within a region and to the often-undirected
processes of social economic interaction. (Hurrel, 1995)
According to (Richer and West, 2014) this diversity comes to the different levels of development (from the
rich Singapore to poor Laos)
• Politics (from democracy to dictatorship)
• Economics (from free market to capitalism)
• Religion (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Shintoism)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION

Nature:
-promotes the integration of economies across states borders all around the world
Market:
- allows many company to trade on international level so it allows free market
Cultural & Societal relations:
-acceleration multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people
Aid:
- Globalized international community is also willing to come to aid of a country stricken by a natural
disaster.
Technological advances:
- has driven great advances in technology

REGIONALIZATION

Nature:
- precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments.
Market:
- in regionalize system, monopolies are more likely to develop.
Cultural & Societal relations :
- it does not support this
Aid:
- regionalized system not get involved in the affairs of others areas
Technological advances:
- advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region

REGIONALISM
• Refers to regional concentration of economic flows while regionalization refers to a political process by
economic policy if cooperate and coordination are present among countries. (Mansfield & Wilmer, 1993)
• Pertains to the process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states (Eliassen &
Arnadottir, 2012).

Asian Regionalism and its Pillar

• It is a new concept among the continental communities. New to cooperation and collaboration goals, it
has the 50 years old ASEAN Group and the failed East Asia Economic Group (EAEG).
• Composed of three (3) pillars:
o Political Security Community
o Economic Community
o Socio-Cultural Community
ASEAN +3, NAFTA, EU and 1st Factor
• ASEAN has also partnered with three East Asian Countries:
o China- Japan -South Korea
o Its goal is to address the 1997
o Asian financial crisis and help each other cope with the crisis.

• ASEAN has concretized regionalism in the Asian region

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• A free trade pact between Canada and the United States (now including Mexico)
• It was created to reduce the trading cost, increase business investments, and help North America be
more competitive in the global marketplace (NAFTA, 2018).

European Union (EU)

• A political and economic established to ensure free movement of people, goods and services, and capital
within the EU’s single mark- A political and economic established to ensure free movement of people,
goods and services, and capital within the EU’s single market (EU,2018).et (EU,2018).

ASPECTS THAT LED TO A GREATER ASIAN INTEGRATION

I. INTEGRATION HAS BEEN MARKET DRIVEN WITHIN ASIA
Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedure, social relations, and infrastructures that
are put into place for countries to engage in exchange.
o Emerging and developing economies in Japan, China, South Korea and other Asian countries.
o Get the labor services of Filipino Skilled workers.

Southeast Asians market their goods within the region

Examples
o Thailand exports its grocery products to 24-hour convenience stores
o Vietnam and Indonesia sell their bags and clotting to the region
II. FORMAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK WERE ESTABLISHED
• ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia.
• Composed of 67 members, 48 of which are from the Asia-Pacific region.
• This financial institution aids its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance, grants
and equity investments.
• Focused its assistance on food production and rural development.

III. ECONOMIC GRANTS AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ARE MADE AVAILABLE BY
BETTER ASIAN
ECONOMIES
• The Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims to work on human security and quality
growth.
• The agency targets to promote international cooperation and the development of the Japanese and global
economy by supporting the socio-economic development, recovery, or economic stability of developing
regions.
IV. PRODUCTION NETWORK HAVE EXPANDED
• Economies are mainly comparative advantage through the regional division of labor.
• Philippines major exports are copper products to name a few;

o Indonesia sells palm oil, rubber and natural gas within the region.
o South Korea produces machinery products and motor vehicle.

V. COOPERATION AMONG THE ASEAN AND EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES ENSUED THE ASIAN +3
• Financial ministers process that established two economics structures.
o Chiang Mai Initiative
o Asian Bond Markets Initiative
• The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue, coordination and collaborations on common financial,
monetary, and fiscal issues.

VI. ASEAN FOLLOWS A CONSENSUS RULE AS AN APPROACH TO DECISION MAKING

• This process prevents collision of cultural beliefs and economic policies that are understandably not easy
to unite because of the region’s diversity of archipelagic lives.
How Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization through regionalism?
Asian countries have responded with regional alternatives as
 Big Group;
 Small Group; and
 Local Communities.

BIG GROUP
Asian Development Bank (ADP)
• Focused on Asia and the Pacific
• Japan → INVESTMENTS
• Loans, grants, and information sharing on topics.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
• Spirit of regionalism and oneness.
ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)
• Bangkok on August 8, 1967
• Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
• It is a collective will to bind themselves together in friendship and cooperation and, through joint efforts
and sacrifices.

ASIAN DECLARATION
Aims and purposes:
• To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
• To promote regional peace and stability
• To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest
• To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities
• To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries
• To promote South-East Asian studies;
• To maintain close and beneficial cooperation.
SMALL GROUP
• Bilateral agreements or multilateral agreements. For example, the Philippines has standing bilateral
agreements with China in trade, defense, infrastructure, transnational crimes, tourism, education, health,
and many others.

Local Communities and Conclusion

LOCAL COMMUNITIES
• Globalization gave rise to terror group Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
• Trilateral agreement for security of the Philippines, Malaysia and India.
• In Thailand, Santi Suk village created its own currency, called “bia”

CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to integration. But they are
different in terms of scope

WEEEK 8: GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA

CULTURE

- Unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn.
- The ability to communicate knowledge to the next generation.
- Its development has been mainly influenced by media.
- The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social
group.
● Historically, media underwent five stages of development from the earliest forms to the complex one.

5 Stages of Media Development (Lule, 2014)

1st: ORAL COMMUNICATION

Language has a great factor in Oral Communication. HOW???
• It allows human to communicate and share information.
• Became the most important tool for exploring the world in different cultures.
• Helped people move and settle down.

 Oral Communication led to markets, trade, and cross-continental trade routes.

Example of Oral Communication
• Talking

2nd: SCRIPT
• Allowed humans to communicate over a larger space or distance.
• Allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political practice.
• Culture was written for transmission to next generation.
3rd: PRINTING PRESS
• Allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials.
• Written document was mass produced to give access to information for everyone.
• This period affected globalization by transforming various institutions such as schools, markets,
businesses, churches, governments, and amies, among others.
Example of Print Media
 Magazine
 Newspaper
 Flyers
 Journal Book

4th: ELECTRONIC MEDIA

• Use electricity.
• Includes telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television.
• Commonly used for advertisement.
• Open up new perspectives in the economic, political, and cultural process of globalization.
Example of electronic media
 video recordings & audio recordings
 multimedia presentations
 slide presentations
 CD-ROM and online content.

5th: DIGITAL MEDIA

• Can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic device.
• Relies on digital code.
• Digitalized content is transmitted over the internet & computer networks.
Example of Digital media
 Software
 Digital images, digital video & video games
 Web pages and websites
 Social media

Media
• Carrier of culture.
• Tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. However, the real media is the people.
Media has a use in marketing where marketing people seek the world for their cultural products and
managers.
• facilitate interaction of culture for profit.

Cultural Theories of Globalization

1. Cultural Differentialism
2. Cultural Hybridization/Hybridity
3. Cultural Convergence
Integration of Culture
What Is Cultural Integration?
• This is when the people from a culture adopt the essence of another culture, such as its attitudes and
ceremonies, while at the same time maintaining their own culture. This happens in many immigrant homes
as a survival tool, regardless of where the individual moves to or is from. Individuals maintain the familiar,
usually at home and the community, while they adopt the core practices of the new culture in public.
• Another facet of cultural integration is people from other cultures introducing elements of their own culture
to their new one. This can come in the form of music, food, attitudes, religion, arts and many other cultural
characteristics. The next section provides some examples.

Cultural Differentialism
• Cultural Diversity is a form of Cultural Differentialism.
• Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are superficially
affected by global flows.
• The Process of Globalization has evolved the spread of religion which has impacted civilization from the
past 2,000 years

Cultural Convergence
• Cultural convergence is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their
interactions increase. Basically, the more that cultures interact, the more that their values, ideologies,
behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each other.
• Suggest that globalization engender is growing sameness of all cultures.
• The culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes culture.

Cultural Hybridity
• Cultural hybridization refers to the convergence of different elements of various cultures. These elements,
such as food, language, fashion, or music.
• Suggest that globalization spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures.
• This trend will further bring about new cultural forms, not only in language but also in food, fashion, arts,
music among others

Example of Cultural Hybridity

• The Chaba Cano, a Spanish-based creole language of Zamboanga City and some parts of Cavite, which
implies hybridity in language prompted by the merging of the cultures.
Globalization
• Coined from globalization and localization, is a rather new concept brought about by the increased
frequency of contact among cultures.
Example
Mc Donald's beef burger elsewhere in the world gives way to a McAloo Tikki Vegetarian burger in India.
Benefits:
 Allows for profits to companies and nations
 Offers opportunities for development and advancement in economics, technology, and information and
usually impacts developed countries.
 Less stereotypes and misconception about other people and cultures.
 Capacity to defend one’s values and ideas globally.
 Generates interdependent companies amongst companies
 Access to other cultures products.
WEEK 9: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

RELIGION
• Plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values are anchored on this. It has affected their
attitudes, characters and perspective in life.
• It is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order
of existence.
RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION
• Polytheism - the belief in many Gods
• Monotheism - which is to worship one god while denying the existence of other gods. Single God
• Atheism - is an absence of belief in the existence of deities/God.
• Animism - is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
• Totemism - system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship with a
spirit-being, such as an animal or plant.