Literature-
or narrative non-fiction.
- LITERA Latin word which literally means an “acquaintance with
letters”
- It is a body of work, either written, oral, or visual, containing
imaginative language that realistically portrays thought, emotions, and
experiences of the human condition.
- It is a product of particular culture that concretizes man’s array of
values, emotions, actions and ideas. It is therefore a creation of human
experiences that tells about people and their world.
IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE
 Studying literature is like looking at the mirror of life where man’s
experiences, his innermost feelings and thoughts are reflected.
 Through literature, we learn the culture of people across time and
space.
 We understand not only the past life of a nation but also its present.
 Moreover, we become familiar not only with the culture of neighboring
countries but also with that of others living very far from us.
MAJOR LITERARY GENRES:
POETRY- is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed
through meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices to evoke an
emotional response.
- It has been known to employ meter and rhyme. The very nature of
poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it
nearly impossible to define.
DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or
pantomime a story involving conflict more contrast of character,
especially intended to be acted on stage: a play.
- It may be any situation or series of events having vivid, emotional
conflicting or striking interest.
FICTION- is literature created from the imagination, not presented as
fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation.
- Types of literature in the fiction include the novel, short story and
novella.
NON- FICTION- is based on facts and the author’s opinion about a
subject.
- The purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform and sometimes to
persuade.
- Its examples are biographies, articles from textbooks and magazines
and newspapers.
21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL- story through text and illustrated images.
50% narrative is presented without words.
- The reader must interpret the images to comprehend the story
completely.
DIGI-FICTION- Triple Media Literature
- combines three media: book, movie/video, and internet website.
- To get the full story, students must engage in navigation, reading,
and viewing in all three forms.
GRAPHIC NOVEL- narrative in comic book formats.
MANGA- Japanese word for comics
- It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all
comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan.
- Artistic And Story Telling Style
- considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
- Ameri-manga – sometimes used to refer to comics created by
American artists in Manga style.
DOODLE FICTION-
incorporates doodle writing, drawings and handwritten graphics.
- Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS- stories told almost entirely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges.
- blogs, emails, and IM format narratives
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE- addresses issues of
modern womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly.
- features a female protagonist.
FLASH FICTION- extreme brevity
- There is no widely accepted definition of the length and
category.
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION-
Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
CREATIVE NON-FICTION- also known as literary non-fiction
- create factually accurate narratives.
SCIENCE FICTION- speculative fiction
- futuristic science and technology, space travel, time
travel, faster than light travel, and a parallel universe and
extra-terrestrial life
BLOG- a weblog, a website containing short articles called posts
that are changed regularly.
HYPER POETRY- digital poetry that uses links and hypertext
mark-up
LITERARY STANDARDS
PERMANENCE
- endures
- can be read again and again
- lasting
ARTISTRY
- sense of beauty
SUGGESTIVENESS
- emotional power of literature.
-
UNIVERSALITY
- timeless and timely.
- it deals with elemental feelings, fundamental truths and
universal conditions.
SPIRITUAL VALUE
- bringing out moral values which makes a better persons.
INTELLECTUAL VALUE
- stimulates thought.
STYLE- This is the peculiar way in which writers sees life, forms
his ideas and expresses them.
VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY
FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO CONTEMPORARY
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES (-BC-1564)
- Pre-·Showcase a rich past through their folk speeches,
folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and
mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast
Asian neighbors.
- Riddle or tigmo in Cebuano; bugtong in Tagalog paktakon
in Ilongo patototdon in Bicol
- They demand an answer and are used to test the wits of
those who are listening to them.
- used in battle of wits, where locals young and old join
and/or watch to see who is the smartest.
- Another characteristic of Filipino riddles is their flippant
nature – they seem to be referring to something laughable,
but in reality, the answer is more serious than expected.
- Proverbs or aphorisms - express norms or codes of
behavior, community beliefs or they instill values by
offering bits of wisdom in short, rhyming verse.
Tanaga- a mono-riming heptasyllabic (7) quatrain (4 line-stanza)
expressing insights and lessons on life.
Folk song - expresses the hopes and aspirations, the peoples lifestyles
as well as their loves; often repetitive and sonorous.
Narrative song - uses for its subject matter the exploits of historical
and legendary heroesn folk narratives, i.e. epics and folk tales are
varied, exotic and magical
Tales - are stories of origin for certain places, their names, ad their
creation. These are also known as myths and legends.
Epics – are long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and
misadventures.
THE SPANISH COLONIAL TRADITION (1565-1863)
- showcase an array of religious prose and poetry.
- When the Spaniards came, there was an immediate shift on the focus
of literature. It became centered on the Christian faith, and the
stories about natural phenomena suddenly became all about lives
of saints and other religious hymns.
- Religious lyrics versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in
early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish
 language religious poetry or the pasyon became known in the
Filipinos commemoration of Christs agony and resurrection at
Calvary.
 Prose narratives - written to prescribe proper decorum; also
used for proselytizingn secular works appeared alongside
historical and economic changes, the emergence of an opulent
class and the middle class who could avail of a European
education.
Secular lyrics followed the conventions of a romantic tradition: the
languishing but loyal lover, the elusive, often heartless beloved, the
rival.

Corrido – a legendary religious narrative form that usually details

the lives of saints or the history of a tradition.

Awit – a chivalric poem about a hero, usually about a saint. It is also

usually sung and used in religious processions.
Pasyon – is a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ, beginning
from his birth and up to his death. This is usually sung during the
Lenten season.
Cenaculo – the dramatization of the passion of Christ. It highlights
the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ, and it is also done during the
Lenten season.
Moro-moro – or Comedia de Capa y Espada is a blood-and-
thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of Christians and Muslims.
It is usually about battles to the death and the proofs of faith.
Carillo – a play that uses shadows as its main spectacles. This is
created by animating figures made from cadboard, which are
projected onto a white screen.

Tibag – the dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the Holy
Cross. St. Helena is the mother of Constantine and is oftentimes
credited to have influenced her son to be a great Christian leader he is
known for today.
Duplo or Karagatan – narrative dramas that are connected to
Catholic mourning rituals and harvest celebrations.

Zarzuela – probably one of the most famous forms of entertainment

back in the Spanish era. Zarzuelas are comedies or melodramas that
deal with the elemental passions of human beings. A zarzuela follows
a certain plot, which shows either a satirical look at society or a
begrudged life.

Literary Works of Region IV
CAVITE
- A province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of
Manila Bay in the CALABARZON region on Luzon island.
Situated just 21 kilometers (13 mi) south of the capital, it is one
of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces
because of its close proximity to Metro Manila. With a
population of 3, 678, 301 in 2015, it is the most populated
province in the country. For over 300 years, the province has
been known as the “Historical Capital in the Philippines” and
was the cradle of the Philippine Revolution, the renouncement
of Spanish colonial control, which culminated in the Philippine
Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite.
- The main languages spoken are Tagalog, Chabacano, and
English. Due to province’s proximity to Metro Manila a large
number of people migrated to Cavite from farther provinces,
resulting in a significant usage of Bikol, Cebuano and Ilokano.
Famous Writer and Literary Pieces
 Mars Ravelo (October9, 1916 – September 12, 1988, Tanza,
Cavite)
- was a Filipino graphic novelist who created the
characters Darna, Dyesebel, Captain Barbell,
Lastikman, Bondyin, Varga, Wanted: Perfect Mother,
Hiwaga, Maruja, Mariposa, Roberta, Rita, Buhay
Pilipino, Jack and Jill, Flash Bomba, Tiny Tony, and
Dragonna among others.
LAGUNA-
Laguna, officially known as the Province of Laguna (Filipino:
Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish: Provincia de La Laguna), is a
province in the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region
in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated
southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal,
west of Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna
hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in
the country. As of 2015 census, the province’s total
population is 3, 035, 08.
Famous Writer and Literary Pieces
 Bienvenido Lumbera is a Filipino poet, critic and
dramatist. He is a National Artist of the Philippines
and a recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Journalism, Literature and Creative Communications.
He won numerous literary awards, including the
National Book Awards form the National Book
Foundation, and the Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards.
 Ka Bel
 The Yaya’s Lullaby
 Servant
 Sadness
 Magic
 Eulogy of Roaches
RIZAL
Rizal, officially known as the Province of Rizal (Filipino:
Lalawigan ng Rizal) is a province in the Philippines located in
the CALABARZON region., just 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) east of
Manila. The province is named after Jose Rizal, one of the
main national heroes of the Philippines.
Famous Writer and Literary Works
 Maestro Lucio D. San Pedro (February 11, 1913 –
March 31, 2002) was born in Angono, Rizal. He was a
composer and a multi-talented musician.  Poetry Therapy in Mutual Support Groups of Cancer
 He was best known for his musical composition “ Sa
Ugoy ng Duyan” and the symphonic poem “Lahing
Kayumanggi”.
QUEZON
- Quezon is a province of the Philippines in the CALABARZON
region of Luzon island. The province was named after Manuel
L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and its
capital is Lucena City.
Famous Writer and Literary Work
Paz Marquez- Benitez was born in 1894 in Lucena, Tayabas
(now Quezon). Maquez- Benitez authored the first Filipino
modern English language short story, Dead Stars, published in
the Philippine Herald in 1925.
 Dead Stars
 A Night in the Hills
 Filipino Love Stories
Other Region IV Auhtors
 Néstor Vicente Madali González  (September 8,
1915-November 28, 1999) was a Filipino writer.
- He was born on 8 September 1915
in Romblon, Philippines. González, however, was
raised in Mansalay, a southern town of the
Philippine province of Oriental Mindoro.
- The works of Gonzalez have been published in
Filipino, English, Chinese, German, Russian
and Indonesian language.
 Novels:
- The Winds of April (1941)
- A Season of Grace (1956)
- The Bamboo Dancers (1988)
 Alejandro G. Abadilla
- Poet, essayist and fictionist Alejandro G.
Abadilla (a.k.a. AGA) was born in Salinas, Rosario,
Cavite, on March 10, 1906.
- "father of modern Tagalog poetry"
- Ako ang Daigdig at Iba Pang Tula (1955), and Piniling
mga Tula ni AGA (1965). In his two editions of
Tanagabadilla (1964, 1965), he re-imagined the
traditional octosyllabic quatrain of the tanaga.
 Bayani Abadilla
- Bayani Abadilla or Ka Bay is the hero of the Filipino
people because he was not a simple teacher, poet
and journalist; he also went underground to fight
Marcos dictatorship and later on became a fighter in
the cultural sphere.
- he served as the associate of the Pinoy Weekly, a
progressive weekly newspaper, to wave his struggle
for national freedom and genuine democracy.
 Dr. Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., PhD
- Dr. Jose Y. Dalisay Jr. (Butch Dalisay to readers of his
"Penman" column in the Philippine STAR) was born
in Romblon, Philippines in 1954.
- As of January 2006, he had published 15 books of his
stories, plays, and essays, with five of those books
receiving the National Book Award from the Manila
Critics Circle. In 1998, he was named to the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP) Centennial Honors
List for his work as a playwright and fictionist.
 Vim Nadera
- father of performance poetry in the Philippines
- A prolific editor, critic, columnist, translator and
author, his latest books are Poetreat: The Use of
Survivors in Metro Manila (UST, 2000) and Asinta:
Mga Tula at Tudla (UST, 2002). Vim is at present the
seventh, and the youngest, Director of the UP
Institute of Creative Writing.