SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

COMPUTING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ECD1223 Analogue Electronics

Ms. Rijana Hussin

ASSIGNMENT : LAB2

Operational Amplifiers - Integrator

[ LEONG MIN SHEN (0189074) ]

DUE DATE : 27th May 2016

TOTAL MARKS : [100 MARKS / 5%]

Plagiarism
The assignment is based on an individual response. The report must be completely your own work
and you must not copy from others. Any plagiarized work will be zero-rated. Any reference material
you use (books, journals, Internet, magazines etc.) must be clearly identified in your report using
procedures in the Harvard System of Referencing.

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Introduction

The name “operational amplifier” came from the amplifier’s ability to perform mathematical operations.
Two good examples of this are the integrator and differentiator which perform the operations of
integration and differentiation, respectively.

Objectives

This lab studies some of the advanced uses of operational amplifiers. The circuits studied will include
the inverting integrator.

Materials and Equipment

 1 741 Op-Amp
 1 Balanced D.C. Supply
 2 2K Ohm Resistors
 2 39K Ohm Resistors
 1 Oscilloscope
 1 Breadboard

Figure 1. Inverting integrator

Procedure
1. Construct the integrator as shown in Figure 1.
2. Take R = 39kΩ, R1 =2kΩ, and C2 = 1µF. Bias the amplifier with +15V or -15V.
3. Apply a 200Hz, 1Vpp sinusoidal signal to the input.
4. Connect one oscilloscope channel to the input, and use other channel to connect to
the output terminal.
5. Sketch the input and output waveforms.
6. Perform the same for a 1kHz square wave input and repeat step (4) and (5).
7. Perform the same for a 1kHz triangle wave input and repeat step (4) and (5).

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Result:

Figure 1

Figure 2

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 Figure 3

Discussion:

Op-Amp Integrating Amplifier is an operational amplifier circuit that performs

mathematical operation. Inverting op-amp integrator will produces an output voltage which is
proportional to the integral of the input voltage over time. This relationship means the
magnitude of the output signal is determined by the length of the time where voltage is
present at its input as the current through the feedback loop charges or discharges the
capacitor as the required negative feedback is occurring through the capacitor. There are
two types of inverting op-amp integrating amplifier which can divided into ideal inverting op-
amp integrator and practical inverting op-amp integrator. In this experiment, we will discuss
about practical inverting op-amp integrator. In practical inverting op-amp integrator, we will
add an extra feedback resistor, Rf which is parallel to capacitor, C as shown on the diagram
above. Addition of feedback resistor will fix the low frequency gain (A) of the circuit to a fixed
small value. Therefore, the input offset voltage will have practically no effect on its output
offset voltage and variations in the output voltage is prevented. This can be explained where
by the infinite feedback resistance ( Rf=∞ ) will cause the voltage gain (A) to amplify the
small input offset voltage based on the following equation:

Rf
Voltage gain, A=−( )
R1

Since Rf = ∞,

A= ∞

The overall equation of practical op-amp integrator can be derived as follows:

Step 1:
Applying KCL at the node between the inverting input terminal and the resistor,

i1=iF +iB

Step 2:
Since the input resistance is high, iB will be very small and can be neglected,

i1=iF

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Step 3:
Determine the relation between the current through capacitor and voltage across it

dv
iC=C
dt

d (Vnode−Vo)
Therefore, iF=Cf ×
dt

(Vin−Vnode)
i1=
R1

Since i1=iF ,

(Vin−Vnode) d (Vnode−Vo)
=Cf ×
R1 dt

Since the non-inverting input terminal is grounded, non-inverting input voltage at the node
can be taken as 0.
Since the open loop gain of the circuit above is nearly infinity, so Vnode can be assumed to
0.

Step 4:
Since Vnode=0,

Vin d (−Vo)
=Cf × (1)
R1 dt

Step 5:
Start to integrate both side of the equation (1) with respect to time
t t
d (−Vo)
∫ Vin =∫ Cf
0 R1 0 dt

Finally,
t
−1
Vo= ×∫ Vin dt+C
( R 1Cf ) 0

Based on the equation, we found that the steps of deriving equation for practical inverting
op-amp integrator is exactly same with the ideal inverting op-amp integrator.

Feedback capacitor is used in the circuit to prevent the saturation .In DC integrator
inverting amplifier, the output voltage at any instant will always be the integral of a waveform.
From figure 1, we can see that the input waveform is a sinusoidal wave, the output waveform
will cosine wave after integration. Although, the sinusoidal waveform is converted to a cosine
waveform that giving 90° of phase sift of the signal but the input waveform still have the
same frequency and period with the output waveform. From figure 2, triangular output
waveform is formed from the input of rectangular waveform. For figure 3, integration enable
triangular input waveform to produce output in the form of sinusoidal. During the process of
obtaining results, we have experienced some experimental mistakes. One of the
experimental mistakes that cause us unable to obtain clear output and input waveform is the
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alligator clip of oscilloscope probe. In order to have a clearer result, we must make sure the
alligator clip of the oscilloscope is connected tightly with the other components.

Conclusion:

Throughout this experiment, we had understood the differences between the ideal op-
amp integrator and practical op-amp integrator. Besides, we also have learn how to derive
the equation of practical inverting op-amp integrator which is similar to the ideal inverting op-
amp integrator. Based on these 3 results above, we found that the frequency and period of
input and output waveform remains unchanged after integration.

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