Role or memory in learning

Sleep is beneficial for the consolidation of episodic memories in both children and adults. However,
infants showed bigger improvements in sleep-dependent explicit knowledge than adults did in a study
comparing implicit and explicit memory for motor sequences. Although some studies have suggested
that procedural memory, a type of implicit memory, is not affected by sleep to the same extent in
children, gains may be sensitive to the level of pre-sleep learning, word acquisition and consolidation is
modulated by SWS, which is consistent with findings in adults. The results of a higher sleep advantage
for lexical integration in children compared to adults was replicated by nocturnal sleep and napping.
Previous studies showed that sleep improves emotional memory in both adults and children, with
children having a greater influence than adults

Therefore, any study that looks at how sleep affects memory consolidation must take into account the
fact that sleep-disturbed children frequently have concurrent, ongoing, and complex cognitive and
behavioral deficits, many of which may be related to the quality of sleep or the quantity of learning that
can be retained during a sleep-interval. Studies of sleep-dependent learning in developmental disorders,
which may be more likely to reveal considerable behavioral or cognitive variability, must take into
account these potentially confounding aspects.

A.LuongoaA.LukowskibT.ProthoaH.Van VorceaL.PisaniaJ.Edgina(2020.08.001)

https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.001
Changes in human memory with the quantity of sleep

The three interconnected processes of encoding, processing/consolidation, and retrieval make up

memory. In response to a new stimulus, encoding enables the creation of a memory trace, which is then
stabilized, strengthened, and integrated into pre-existing knowledge networks (consolidation). Following
that, this information is available for quick recall (retrieval).3 Memory is typically split into two
categories: declarative memory and non-declarative memory, and each of these processes is mediated
by a unique set of neuronal interactions. Non-declarative memory, on the other hand, is frequently
linked with knowledge or skills that are not connected with conscious awareness. Declarative memory is
explicit, connected to awareness, and can be further divided into memories connected to specific
context that includes some element of time (episodic memory) and fact-based information (semantic
memory).

Like other non-homogeneous phenomena, sleep is composed of a variety of neurochemical states and
brain processes that correspond to various stages of sleep. When compared to equal lengths of time
awake, sleep facilitates memory consolidation and confers a memory-retention advantage for many, but
not necessarily all, forms of memory. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to assume that the normal
processes of memory consolidation may be changed or damaged when sleep is disrupted. Identification
of the effects of these illnesses on memory and their treatment are essential in the modern age due to
the high prevalence of sleep disorders, including widespread sleep deprivation and poor sleep
hygiene.5,6 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition in which repetitive upper airway
collapse occurs during sleep. Results in intermittent hypoxia and fragmented sleep, making it the ideal
lens through which to examine how a clinical sleep disorder interacts with memory. Furthermore, OSA is
incredibly widespread.ion or talents unrelated to conscious consciousness.

Shilpi Ahuja,1 Rebecca K Chen,1 Korey Kam,1 Ward D Pettibone,1 Ricardo S

Osorio,2 and Andrew W Varga (2018 Sep 5)

https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12706