PERIODICITY

PERIODIC CHART

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BLOCKS OF ELEMENTS
 ATOMIC RADIUS

For metallic elements:

The metallic radius is half the
distance between the centres of
neighbouring atoms in a metal.

For non-metallic elements:

The covalent radius is half the
internuclear distance between
two atoms of element joined by
a single covalent bond.

The ionic radius of an element is its

share of the distance between
adjacent ions in an ionic solid.
 TRENDS IN THE ATOMIC RADIUS

• Explain the decrease in atomic radius across the third period.

• Explain why, for sodium to silicon, the ionic radii are less than the atomic radii.
• Explain why, for phosphorus to chlorine, the ionic radii are greater than the
atomic radii.
 TRENDS IN THE ATOMIC RADIUS

250
K

Atomic Radius (pm)

200
Na Ca
150 Li Mg
Al Si
Atomic Radius: the radius of the atoms 100 Be
B C N
P S Cl
O F Ar
will increase as the atoms fill more 50 Ne
principal energy levels with electrons. 0
H He
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Element
TRENDS IN THE IONIC RADIUS

• Ionic size
depends upon:
– Nuclear charge.
– Number of
electrons.
– Orbitals in which
electrons reside.
 TRENDS IN THE IONIC RADIUS

• Ions increase in
size as you go
down a column.
– Due to increasing
value of n.
 TRENDS IN THE IONIC RADIUS

Na+ Mg2+ Al 3+ Si4+ P3- S2- Cl-

• Ionic size decreases with an increasing nuclear charge.

 FIRST IONISATION ENERGY

The energy required to remove ONE MOLE of electrons (to infinity) from
ONE MOLE of gaseous atoms to form ONE MOLE of gaseous positive ions

e.g. Na(g) Na+(g) + e-

Al(g) Al+(g) + e-

1500

1000

500 3s 3p

3s 3p

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
TREND IN FIRST IONISATION ENERGY
 TREND IN FIRST IONISATION ENERGY

Noble gas

Which group of elements should A belong to?

TREND IN FIRST IONISATION ENERGY
TREND IN IONISATION ENERGY
 TREND IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY

• Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract

electrons.
• The electronegativities of the elements are given a value of
between 0.0 and 4.0.
• The greatest electronegativity value goes to fluorine, 4.0.
• Francium, Fr, has the lowest electronegativity, 0.7.
TREND IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Substances conduct electricity when ions 0.4

or electrons are free to move.
0.3
Periods Overall decrease across periods
0.2
Na, Mg, Al metallic bonding with
delocalised electrons
0.1

Si, P, S, Cl covalently bonded -

0
no electrons are free
to move

Ar monatomic - electrons
are held very tightly
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Groups
Where there is any electrical conductivity, it UNITS:- Siemens per metre
decreases down a group.
Question 1
 MELTING POINT

Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required

to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.
Kelvin
SODIUM MAGNESIUM
Periods 3000

A general increase then a decrease 2500

2000
Metals Na-Al The electron cloud in magnesium is
Melting point increases due to the 1500 denser than in sodium so more energy
is required to separate the ‘ions’
increasing strength of metallic bonding 1000
caused by ...
500

the larger number of electrons 0

contributing to the “cloud”

larger charge and smaller size of ions

gives rise to a larger charge density.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

Non-metals Si-Ar Kelvin

3000

SILICON 2500

Large increase in melting 2000

point as it has a giant 1500
molecular structure like
1000
diamond
500

A lot of energy is required to 0

break the many covalent
bonds holding the atoms
together.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

P, S, Cl, Ar Kelvin
Very much lower melting points as they 3000

are simple covalent molecules 2500

2000
Melting point depends on the weak
intermolecular van der Waals’ forces. 1500

1000
The larger the molecule the greater
the van der Waals’ forces 500

0
P4 S8 Cl2
relative mass 124 256 71
melting point 44°C 119°C -101°C
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required

to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.
PHOSPHORUS Kelvin
3000
can exist is several allotropic forms.
2500
In red phosphorus, each molecule
exists in a tetrahedral structure. 2000
The atoms are joined by covalent
1500
bonds within the molecule
1000
formula P4 500
relative mass 124
0
melting point 44°C

Melting point drops dramatically as

intermolecular attractions are now
due to weak van der Waals’ forces. Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required

to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.
SULPHUR Kelvin
3000
can exist is several allotropic forms.
Molecule can exist in a puckered eight 2500

membered ring structure. The atoms are 2000

joined by covalent bonds within the
molecule 1500

1000
formula S8
500
relative mass 256
0
melting point 119°C

Melting point rises slightly as the

molecule is bigger so has slightly
stronger van der Waals’ forces. Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required

to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.

CHLORINE Kelvin
3000

Exists as a linear diatomic molecule. 2500

The atoms are joined by covalent 2000

bonds within the molecule
1500

formula Cl2 1000

relative mass 71 500

melting point -101°C 0

Melting point falls slightly as the

molecule is smaller so has slightly
lower van der Waals’ forces. Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required

to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.
Kelvin
ARGON 3000

2500
Exists as a monatomic species.
2000

formula Ar 1500
relative mass 40 1000
melting point -189 °C
500

0
Melting point falls.

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 MELTING POINT

P4 S8 Cl2 Ar
relative mass 124 256 71 40
melting point / K 317 392 172 84
 BOILING POINT

Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to

separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.
Kelvin
Boiling points tend to be a 3000

better measure and show 2500

better trends because 2000

solids can be affected by
1500
the crystal structure as well
1000
as the type of bonding.
500

As is expected, the boiling 0

points are higher than the

melting points.

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
MELTING POINT
MELTING POINT