Differentiability

and
Analyticity

Dr. Hina Dutt

hina.dutt@seecs.edu.pk
SEECS-NUST
 Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics (10th
• Chapter: 13
Edition) by Ervin • Sections: 13.3
Kreyszig

A First Course in
Complex Analysis
with Applications by
• Chapter: 3
Dennis G. Zill and • Section: 3.1
Patrick D. Shanahan.
Derivative of Complex Functions

Suppose the complex function 𝑓 is defined in a neighborhood of a

point 𝑧0 . The derivative of 𝒇 at 𝑧0 , denoted by 𝑓′(𝑧0 ), is
′
𝑓 𝑧0 + ∆𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧
provided this limit exists.
If we write 𝑧 = 𝑧0 + ∆𝑧, then the alternate definition of 𝑓′(𝑧0 ) is
′
𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim .
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
Example 1; Using Definition
Use Definition to find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 − 5𝑧.
Differentiation Rules
Power Rule
Example 2; Using Differentiation Rules
Example 3; A Function That Is Nowhere
Differentiable
Show that the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 + 4𝑖𝑦 is not differentiable at any point 𝑧.
Example 3; A Function That Is Nowhere
Differentiable
Example 4

Show that the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧ҧ is nowhere differentiable.

Analyticity at a Point

A complex function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be analytic at a point

𝒛𝟎 if 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 and at every point in some y
neighborhood of 𝑧0 . D

x
A function 𝑓 is analytic in a domain 𝑫 if it is analytic at every
point in 𝐷.
Note
Analyticity at a point is not the same as differentiability at a point.
Analyticity at a point is a neighborhood property; in other words,
analyticity is a property that is defined over an open set.

The function𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 is differentiable at 𝑧 = 0, it is not analytic at that

point because there exists no neighborhood of 𝑧 = 0 throughout which 𝑓
is differentiable; hence the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 is nowhere analytic.

Analyticity implies differentiability but converse is not true.

Entire Functions
A function that is analytic at every point 𝑧 in the complex plane is
said to be an entire function.

Complex Functions that are entire:

1, 𝑧, 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 3 , … , 𝑧 𝑛
𝑒 𝑧 , sin 𝑧 , cos 𝑧 , sinh 𝑧 , cosh 𝑧
Complex Functions analytic almost everywhere:
1 1
𝑧2, 2
𝑧 −1
, tan 𝑧 , cot 𝑧 , tanh 𝑧 , coth 𝑧
Theorem 3.1: Polynomial and Rational
Functions
Theorem 3.2: Differentiability Implies
Continuity

If 𝑓 is differentiable at a point 𝑧0 in a domain 𝐷, then 𝑓

is continuous at 𝑧0 .

Differentiable ֜ Continuous

Not continuous ֜ Not differentiable

Example 5
The function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧ҧ is continuous in the whole complex plane but
differentiable nowhere.

The function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 + 4𝑖𝑦 is continuous everywhere because the real

and imaginary parts of 𝑓, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑦 are continuous at
any point (𝑥, 𝑦). Yet we saw in Example 3 that 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 + 4𝑖𝑦 is not
differentiable at any point 𝑧.
Singular Point
A point 𝑧 at which a complex function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) fails to
be analytic is called a singular point of 𝑓.

𝑧
The function 𝑓 𝑧 = is discontinuous at 𝑧 = ±𝑖.
𝑧 2 +1
Therefore, it is not analytical at these points. Hence 𝑧 = ±𝑖
are the singular points of 𝑓.
 ෝpital’s Rule
Theorem 3.3: L’H𝒐

Suppose 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions that are analytical at a point

𝑧0 and 𝑓 𝑧0 = 0, 𝑔 𝑧0 = 0, but 𝑔′ 𝑧0 ≠ 0. Then
𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑓′(𝑧0 )
lim = .
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑔(𝑧0 ) 𝑔′(𝑧0 )
 ෝpital’s Rule
Example 6; L’H𝒐

Compute the limit

𝑧 2 −4𝑧+5
a) lim 3
𝑧→2+𝑖 𝑧 −𝑧−10𝑖

𝑧 5 +4𝑧
b) lim 2
𝑧→1+𝑖 𝑧 −2𝑧+2
Exercise

The function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 is continuous at the origin.

i. Show that 𝑓 is differentiable at the origin.
ii. Show that 𝑓 is not differentiable at any point 𝑧 ≠ 0.
Practice Questions

A First Course in
Complex Analysis with • Chapter: 3
Applications by Dennis • Exercise: 3.1 Questions: 1-30
G. Zill and Patrick D.
Shanahan.