Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 10:
Illustrating Angles in Standard Position
and Coterminal Angles and Circular
Functions

AIRs - LM
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
STEM - PRE-CALCULUS
Module 10: Illustrating Angles in Standard Position and Coterminal Angles and Circular
Functions
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Cathrina P. Roberonta

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 10:
Illustrating Angles in Standard Position
and Coterminal Angles and Circular
Functions

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 Target

We begin by discussing the concept of a sequence. Intuitively, a

sequence is an ordered list of objects or events. For instance, the sequence of
events at a crime scene is important for understanding the nature of the
crime. In this module we will be interested in sequences of a more
mathematical nature; mostly we will be interested in sequences of numbers.
The sum of the numbers in a sequence can be represented as series.
The use of sigma notation will shorten the series and make it more compact
in form. It will help us shorten in writing out the long sum of a sequence. The
sigma notation will be used to denote a sum.
This learning material will provide you with information and activities
that will deepen your understanding about Sequence and Series.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles. (STEM_PC11IIa-
3); and
2. Illustrate the different circular functions. (STEM_PC11-IIb-1)

Learning Objectives:
1. Describe angles in standard position.
2. Define coterminal angles.
3. Recall the different circular functions.

Pretest
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided before
the number. Use separate sheet.
______ 1. Which of the following best illustrates an angle in standard position?
I. An angle is in standard position if its vertex is located at the
origin.
II. An angle is in standard position if one ray is on the positive x-
axis.
III. An angle is in standard position if one ray in on the negative x –
axis.
A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. I and III
______ 2. Which among the following are quadrantal angles?
A. 0˚, 45 ˚, 90˚, 270 ˚, 360˚
B. 0˚, 90 ˚, 180˚, 270 ˚, 360˚
C. 0˚, 45 ˚, 60˚, 270 ˚, 360˚
D. 0˚, 60 ˚, 90˚, 270 ˚, 360˚

1 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
______ 3. What do you call the ray where the measurement of an angles starts?
A. Arc length B. Co- terminal C. Initial side D. Terminal side
______ 4. What do you call the ray where the measurement of an angle ends?
A. Arc length B. Co- terminal C. Initial side D. Terminal side
______ 5. What do you call the angles which when drawn at standard position share
a terminal side?
A. Central angles B. Reference angles
C. Coterminal Angles D. Reflex angles
______ 6. Which of the following are coterminal angles?
A. 120˚and - 240˚ B. 120˚and 240˚
C. 120˚and - 260˚ D. 120˚and 260˚
______ 7. Find a positive and a negative coterminal angle of -130˚.
A. 230˚and -30
B. 300˚and - 60˚
C. 300˚and - 60˚
D. 230˚and -490˚
______ 8. In which quadrant does the terminal side of 300˚angle lie?
A. I B. II C. III D. IV
______ 9. What is the reference angle for the angle 26˚in standard position?
A. 16˚ B. 26˚ C. 154˚ D. 244˚

For numbers 10-15. If the terminal side of θ in standard position passes through
the point (5, -12).

_____ 10. What is sin θ?

5 12 5 12
A. B. C. − D. −
13 13 13 13
_____ 11. What is sec θ?
13 5 5 12
A. B. C. − D. −
5 13 13 13

_____ 12. What is cos θ?

5 12 5 12
A. B. C. − D. −
13 13 13 13

_____ 13. What is csc θ?

5 12 13 12
A. B. C. − D. −
13 13 12 5

_____ 14. What is tan θ?

5 12 5 12
A. B. C. − D. −
13 13 13 5

_____ 15. What is cot θ?

5 12 5 12
A. B. C. − D. −
13 13 12 13

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 Jumpstart

Activity 1: Where am I?
Directions: Identify the quadrant where the terminal side of each angle is located.
Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper. Then, draw a heart under the correct
quadrant.

Given Angle Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV

1. 45˚

2. 110˚

3. -695˚

5𝜋
4. − 6
22𝜋
5. 6

Activity 2. Locate the Six.

Directions: Study the rectangular coordinate system below. Using the given point
on the terminal side of θ, find the value of the six trigonometric functions. Write your
solutions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Sin θ = y
2. Cos θ =
3. Tan θ = x
4. Sec θ = .
5. Csc θ = (8, -6)
6. Cot θ =

3 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 Discover

Lesson 1. Angles in Standard Position and Coterminal Angles.

Standard Position: An angle is

in standard position if its vertex is
located at the origin and one ray is on
the positive x-axis. The ray on the x-
axis is called the initial side and the
other ray is called the terminal side. If
the terminal side of an angle
lies "on" the axes (such as 0º, 90º,
180º, 270º, 360º), it is called
a quadrantal angle. The angle shown at
the right is referred to as a Quadrant II
angle since its terminal side lies in
Quadrant II. The angle shown in Figure
1 at the right.
Figure 2
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/
TrigConcepts/TCStandardPosition.html
Figure 1
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/TrigConcepts/T
CStandardPosition.html
The angle is measured by the
amount of rotation from the initial side to
the terminal side. If measured in
a counterclockwise direction, then the
measurement is positive. If measured in
a clockwise direction, then the
measurement is negative. (A negative
associated with an angle's measure refers
to its "direction" of measurement,
clockwise.)
If two angles in standard position
have the same terminal side, they are
called coterminal angles. In the diagram at
the left, +120º and -240º are coterminal
angles. The angle is shown in Figure 2 at
the left.

Two angles in standard position that have a common terminal side are called
coterminal angles. Observe that the degree measures of coterminal angles differ by
multiple of 360˚ or 2π.

Example:
A. Determine if the following pairs of angles are coterminal.
1. 10˚, 370˚
2. -520˚, 200˚
3. -600˚, -60˚

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Solution:
1. 10˚- 370˚= -360˚= - 1 (360), which is a multiple of 360˚.
So, 10˚and 370˚ are coterminal.
2. -520˚- 200˚= -720 = -2 (360), which is a multiple of 360˚.
So, -520˚ and 200˚are coterminal.
3. -600˚- ( -60 ˚) = -540˚, which is not a multiple of 360˚.
So, -600˚, and -60 ˚ are not coterminal.

B. Find a coterminal angle between 0˚ and 360˚.

1. -205˚
2. 525˚
3. 670˚
9𝜋
4.
4
5𝜋
5. −
3
Solution:
1. -205˚ + 360˚ = 155˚
2. 525˚ - 360˚ = 165˚
3. 670 – 360 = 310˚
9𝜋
4. − 2𝜋
4
9𝜋 8𝜋
= −
4 4
𝜋
=
4
5𝜋
5. − +2𝜋
3
5𝜋 6𝜋
= − +
3 3
𝜋
=
3

Reference Angles: Associated with every angle drawn in standard position (except
quadrantal angles) there is another angle called the reference angle. The reference
angle is the acute angle (the smallest angle) formed by the terminal side of the given
angle and the x-axis. Reference angles may appear in all four quadrants. Angles in
quadrant I are their own reference angles.

5 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/TrigConcepts/TCStandardPosition.html

A reference angle is always positive and is always less than 90º .

Remember: The reference angle is measured from the terminal side of the
original angle "to" the x-axis (not "to" the y-axis).

Lesson 2. Circular Functions

The graph of the equation x 2 + y 2 = 1 is a circle in the rectangular coordinate
system. This graph is called the unit circle and has its center at the origin and has
a radius of 1 unit (see figure 4). Trigonometric functions are defined so that
their domains are sets of angles and their ranges are sets of real numbers. Circular
functions are defined such that their domains are sets of numbers that correspond
to the measures (in radian units) of the angles of analogous trigonometric functions.
The ranges of these circular functions, like their analogous trigonometric functions,
are sets of real numbers. These functions are called circular functions because
radian measures of angles are determined by the lengths of arcs of circles. In
particular, trigonometric functions defined using the unit circle lead directly to these
circular functions.

Figure 4 Figure 5

Suppose the terminal side of angle 𝜃, in standard position, intersects the unit circle
at point (x, y) as shown in Figure 5.

Because the radius of the unit circle is 1, the distance from the origin to the point
(x, y) is 1.

By the first definition for the trigonometric functions we have,

𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = = = 𝑥 and sin 𝜃 = = = 𝑦
𝑟 1 𝑟 1

6 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
The length of the arc from (1, 0) to (x, y) is exactly the same as the radian measure
of angle θ. Therefore, we can write

cos 𝜃 = cos 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = sin 𝑡 = 𝑦

These results give rise to a third definition for the trigonometric functions.

Let θ be an angle in standard position and P (θ) = P (x, y) the point on its terminal
side on the unit circle. Then,
1
sin θ= y csc θ= , 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦

1
cos θ = x sec = , 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
tan θ = , 𝑥 ≠ 0 cot θ= , 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑦

Example

Find the values of cos135˚, tan135˚, sin (60˚), and sec (60˚).

Figure 6 a Figure 6 b

From the properties of 45˚-45˚and 30˚ - 60˚right triangle (with hypotenuse 1 unit),
we obtain the lengths of the legs as in Figure 6 b. Thus, the coordinates of A and B
are
√2 √2 1 √3
𝐴 = (− , ) and 𝐵 = ( , − )
2 2 2 2

Therefore, we get
√2
cos 135˚ = − , tan 135˚ = −1
2

√3
sin( −60 ) = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sec( −60˚) = 2
2

7 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 The values of the six trigonometric ratios cannot be calculated exactly for most
angles. Nor can the exact value of an angle generally be found given the value of one
of the ratios. There are, however, three special angles that lend themselves nicely to
ratio calculation. They are 30˚, 45˚ and 60˚. Notice that 30˚ and 60˚ angles are
complementary and that a 45˚ angle is its own complement.

Special Angles - 45˚

The trick to these calculations is picking a right triangle containing the desired
angle and making the side lengths numbers that turn out to be easy to manipulate.
Here's how that works for 45˚. Since we can pick a triangle of any size we can make
the legs of the right angle both of length 1 and see what that leads to. The
computation is contained in the next table.

Ratios for 45o

https://colalg.math.csusb.edu/~devel/precalcdemo/rttriangle/src/triangles/specialangles.html

8 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
Special Angles – 30 ˚ and 60˚

These two angles can be done simultaneously since they are complementary. We
start with an equilateral triangle with side length 2. That makes each angle 60 o and
it can be split into two 30-60-90o triangles. The computations follow.

Ratios for 30o and 60o

https://colalg.math.csusb.edu/~devel/precalcdemo/rttriangle/src/triangles/specialangles.html

If the triangles are not your preferred way of memorizing exact trig. ratios, then use this table.

9 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 Explore

Activity 3. Complete Me.

Find the smallest positive and a negative coterminal angle for each given angle.

Given Angle Smallest Positive Smallest Negative

Coterminal Angle Coterminal Angle

1. -110˚

2. 210˚

3. -246˚

4. 392˚

5. -345˚

6. 192˚

7. 150˚

8. 565˚
𝜋
9.
6
5𝜋
10.
6

Activity 4. The Six-Tri.

2𝜋
Determine the reference angle of and identify the six trigonometric functions.
3

1. Sin θ =
2. Cos θ =
3. Tan θ =
4. Sec θ =
5. Csc θ =
6. Cot θ =

10 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 Deepen

Activity 5: Let’s draw.

Draw a circle with a center at the origin (0, 0) and radius of 5 centimeters. Assume
that five (5) centimeters is equal to one (1) unit. Divide the circle into 8 parts.

1. Can you figure out what these angles would be in degrees and radians?
2. Give its corresponding coordinates.

Gauge

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer for each test item.
______ 1. Which of the following best illustrates an angle in standard position?
I. An angle is in standard position if its vertex is located at the
origin.
II. An angle is in standard position if one ray is on the positive x-
axis.
III. An angle is in standard position if one ray is on the negative x –
axis.
IV. An angle is in standard position if one ray is on the negative x –
axis and y- axis

A. I and II B. II and III only C. I, II, and III D. II, III, IV

______ 2. Which among the following is/are quadrantal angles?

I. 0˚, 45 ˚, 90˚, 270 ˚, 360˚
II. 0˚, 90 ˚, 180˚, 270 ˚, 360˚
III. 0˚, 90 ˚, 180˚, 270 ˚, 360˚, 720˚
A. I only B. I and II C. II and III D. I and III
______ 3. What do you call the ray where the measurement of an angle ends?
A. Arc length B. Co- terminal C. Initial side D. Terminal side
______ 4. Which of the following are coterminal angles?
A. 120˚and - 240˚ C. 120˚and 240˚
B. 120˚and - 260˚ D. 120˚and 260˚
______ 5. Which of the following is not a pair of coterminal angles?
A. 40˚, -400 C. 55˚, 415˚
B. 70˚, 430˚ D. 20˚, -340˚

11 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
______ 6. Find a positive and a negative coterminal angle of -130˚.
A. 230˚and -30
B. 300˚and - 60˚
C. 300˚and - 60˚
D. 230˚and -490˚
______ 7. In which quadrant the terminal side of 315˚angle lies?
A. I B. II C. III D. IV
______ 8. What is the reference angle for the angle 26˚in standard position?
A. 16˚ B. 26˚ C. 145˚ D. 244˚
5𝜋
_____ 9. What is sin ?
6
1 5
A. B. C. 1 D. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2 6
5𝜋
_____ 10. What is sec ?
6
1 −√3 2
A. B. C. − D. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2 3 √3

_____ 11. What is tan 45˚?

1 5
A. B. C. 1 D. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2 6
_____ 12. What is cot 60:
1 √3
A. B. C. 1 D. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2 3

For numbers 12-15. Use the given point on the terminal side of angle θ to find the
value of the trigonometric function indicated.

( -10, -20) .

_____ 13. What is sin θ?

−1 2√5 √5
A. 1 B. C. − D.
√5 5 5

_____ 14. What is tan θ?

−1 −2√5 √5
A. 2 B. C. − D.
√5 5 5

_____ 15. What is cos θ?

−1 −2√5 √5
A. 1 B. C. − D.
√5 5 2

12 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
Answer Key

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14 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
References
Printed Materials:
Department of Education, (2016), Precalculus Learner’s Material (pp. 80 –
83). Pasig City, Philippines

Garces.Eden. Verzosa (2016), Pre- Calculus, Manila, Philippines: Vibal

Online and Electronic Sources

https://colalg.math.csusb.edu/~devel/precalcdemo/rttriangle/src/triangles/speci
alangles.html. Retrieved October 12, 2020.

https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/TrigConcepts/TCStandardPosition
.html. Retrieved October 12, 2020.

Kuta Software LLC Infinite Algebra 2 (Trial Version)

15 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriclum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

16 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module10