Publication Manual

1. What Is APA, why APA?

a. Paper Format
b. In-Text Citation
c. Mechanics of Style
d. Bias free language
e. Table and figure
f. References
g. Grammar
h. Publication
2. Ethical, Legal, and Professional Standards in Publishing
3. Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research Participants and Subjects
4. PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT

 The APA (American Psychological Association) style format is the preferred citation
style for social science research papers.

What does APA style mean?

 APA style is a set of guidelines for writing and formatting research papers in
psychology and related fields. APA is frequently used in the fields of economics,
criminology, political science, sociology, business, and pedagogy.
 When we talk about APA style in research, we are talking about the rules for what a
research paper must contain and how it should be written.
 APA provides specific guidelines for nearly all aspects of manuscript formatting,
from font choice to margins and punctuation. (Enago.com)

Why Use APA Style? (APA Manual)

 APA Style provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps
authors present their ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner.
 Uniformity and consistency enable readers to (a) focus on the ideas being presented rather
than formatting and (b) scan works quickly for key points, findings, and sources. Style
guidelines encourage authors to fully disclose essential information and allow readers to
dispense with minor distractions, such as inconsistencies or omissions in punctuation,
capitalization, reference citations, and presentation of statistics.

We use APA style for several important reasons: (enago.com)

  First, APA is referred to as a citation style because it includes specific rules for how
the references you cite should be formatted and indicated in your research paper.
Proper citation ensures that you will never be accused of plagiarism and lets others
who read your paper understand where you got your information.
 Second, APA style provides style and writing guidelines to make sure that your
research paper is easy to read and has all of the necessary elements. The primary
purpose of APA style is to promote scientific communication by facilitating clarity of
expression and standardizing the organization and content of manuscript
formatting.

Types of Articles and Papers

 quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods empirical articles and replications.

o Quantitative research refers to a set of approaches commonly used in the behavioral
and social sciences and related fields in which the observed outcomes are numerically
represented
o The results of these studies are typically analyzed using methods (statistics, data
analyses, and modeling techniques) that rely on the numerical properties of the
measurement system.
o Quantitative research studies use a variety of experimental designs and a range of
analytic techniques.
 Qualitative Articles
o In qualitative articles, authors report original, empirical, qualitative research.
o knowledge about human experience and/or action, including social processes.
o analyze data consisting of natural language (i.e., words), researcher observations (e.g.,
social interactions), and/or participants’ expressions (e.g., artistic presentations) rather
than collecting numerical data and conducting mathematical analyses.
o use an iterative process of analysis in which they reexamine developing findings in light
of continued data analysis and refine the initial findings
 mixed method articles
o combining qualitative and quantitative empirical approaches
o Mixed methods research should not be confused with mixed models research, which is a
quantitative procedure, or with multimethods research, which entails using multiple
methods from the same approach.
o describing the philosophical assumptions or theoretical models used to inform the study
design
o describing the distinct methodologies, research designs, and procedures in relation to
the study goals
o collecting and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data in response to research
aims, questions, or hypotheses;
 o and integrating the findings from the two methodologies intentionally to generate new
insights.
  Replication Articles
o the results of work intended to verify or reproduce findings from previous investigations
o to examine whether the conclusions from an earlier study remain the same or similar
over variations in the conduct of the original study
o There are internal and external forms of replication
o An external replication occurs when researchers obtain a new sample and duplicate,
insofar as is possible or desirable, the features of the original study being replicated.
o Researchers conducting an external replication should report sufficient information to
allow readers to determine whether the study was a direct (exact, literal) replication,
approximate replication, or conceptual (construct) replication.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Meta-Analyses
o a collection of techniques in which researchers use the findings from a group of related
studies to draw a general conclusion (synthesis) based on the extant research on a topic
o Individual participant or subject data are not used in meta-analyses because the data
analyzed are at the study level.
o Individual participant or subject data are not used in meta-analyses because the data
analyzed are at the study level.

 Literature Review Articles

o provide narrative summaries and evaluations of the findings or theories within a
literature base.
o The literature base may include qualitative, quantitative, and/or mixed methods
research
o define and clarify the problem; summarize previous investigations to inform readers of
the state of the research;
o identify relations, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature;
o and suggest next steps in solving the problem.
o can be arranged in various ways —for example, by grouping research on the basis of
similarity in the concepts or theories of interest, methodological similarities among the
studies reviewed, or the historical development of the field.

  Theoretical Articles
o draw from existing research literature to advance theory.
o present empirical information only when it advances the theoretical issue being
explicated.
o trace the development of a theory to expand and refine its constructs, present a new
theory, or analyze an existing theory
o point out flaws or demonstrate the advantage(s) of one theory over another.
o Authors also may examine a theory’s internal consistency and external validity.
 o The order of sections in a theoretical article can vary.

  Methodological Articles
o present new approaches to research or practice, modifications of existing methods, or
discussions of quantitative and/or qualitative data analysis.
o use empirical data (quantitative, qualitative, or both) only as a means to illustrate an
approach to research
o use simulated data to demonstrate how methods work under varying conditions (e.g.,
different sample sizes, number of variables, level of nonnormality, size of coefficients).
o allow readers to compare proposed methods with those in current use.

Ethical, Legal, and Professional Standards in Publishing

Ethical and legal principles underlie all scholarly research and writing. These long-standing principles are
designed to achieve the following goals:

o ensuring the accuracy of scientific findings,

o require authors submitting a manuscript for publication to also submit forms affirming
their compliance with ethical standards for research and publication and disclosing their
conflicts of interest
o Authors are encouraged to report in the text of the manuscript the institutional
approvals the study received
o authors report the methods and results of their studies fully and accurately
o Modifying results, including visual images, to support a theory or hypothesis and
omitting troublesome observations from a report to present a more convincing story are
also prohibited (APA Ethics Code Standard 5.01b, Avoidance of False or Deceptive
Statements).
o protecting the rights and welfare of research participants and subjects,
Research with human participants involves additional rights and welfare protections; for
example, researchers are required to:
o obtain informed consent, assent, or permission, as appropriate, using language that is
reasonably understood by research participants
o avoid or minimize participants’ exposure to physical, emotional, or psychological harm;
exploitative relationships; undue influence based on the researchers’ status, power, or
authority; excessive or inappropriate inducements to participate; and unjustified or
unduly delayed deception or debriefing procedures; and
o take adequate measures to prevent unauthorized access to or release of participant
data to the public or other researchers not specified in the informed consent (e.g., by
obtaining prior written agreement for sharing of research data).
o and protecting intellectual property rights.
 o Individuals should take authorship credit only for work they have performed or to which
they have substantially contributed
o Authorship encompasses, therefore, not only persons who do the writing but also those
who have made substantial scientific contributions to a study.
o Those who so contribute are listed as authors in the byline.
o Lesser contributions, which do not constitute authorship, may be acknowledged in the
author note.

PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT

Paper Elements

 Title page  Professional Title Page include:

o title of the paper
o name of each author of the paper
o affiliation for each author
o author note
o running head
o page number
 add sample of the page

title summarize the main idea of the paper simply and, if possible, in a way that is engaging
for readers, concise statement, Include essential terms in the title to enhance readers’ ability to
find your work, Avoid words that serve no purpose, Avoid using abbreviations in a title;,

Author Name (Byline) The preferred form of an author’s name is first name, middle initial(s),
and last name; this form reduces the likelihood of mistaken identity, Omit all professional titles,
If the paper has one author, write the author name centered and in standard (i.e., nonbold,
nonitalic) font., If the paper has multiple authors, order the names of the authors according to
their contributions, For names with suffixes, separate the suffix from the rest of the name with a
space, not a comma (e.g., Roland J. Thorpe Jr.).

Author Affiliation identifies where the author(s) worked (or studied, in the case of student
authors) when the work was conducted, which is usually a university or other institution.

Author Note provides additional information about authors, study registration, data sharing,
disclaimers or statements regarding conflicts of interest, and help or funding that supported the
research. provides a point of contact for interested readers.
First Paragraph: ORCID iDs. Second Paragraph: Changes of Affiliation, Third Paragraph:
Disclosures and Acknowledgments, Fourth Paragraph: Contact Information.
Add sample of author note

 Running Head is an abbreviated version of the paper title that appears at the top of every
page to identify it for readers, especially readers of a print copy of the published article.
required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication
Authors should supply the running head rather than leave this task to the publisher because
authors are best able to select the most important words for an abbreviated title.

Abstract
A brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper. typically are limited to no more
than 250 words. may appear in paragraph or structured format,

Keywords  words, phrases, or acronyms that describe the most important aspects of your
paper. are used for indexing in databases and help readers find your work during a search.
provide three to five keywords describing the content

Text (Body) contains the authors’ main contribution to the literature.contain introduction,
There are many possible formats for the rest of the text; for example, a quantitative research
paper typically includes sections called “Method,” “Results,” and “Discussion,” whereas a
qualitative research paper may include a section called “Findings” instead of “Results,”

 Reference List provides a reliable way for readers to locate the works authors cite to
acknowledge previous scholarship. Are used to document and substantiate statements made
about the literature,

Footnotes A footnote is a brief note that provides additional content or copyright

attribution. Any type of paper may include footnotes. Content footnotes supplement or
enhance substantive information in the text; they should not include complicated, irrelevant,
or nonessential information.
Copyright Attributionwhen authors reproduce lengthy quotations and/or test or scale items
in the text, a copyright attribution is usually required

Appendices include material that supplements the paper’s content but that would be
distracting or inappropriate in the text of the paper in appendix. Include an appendix only if it
helps readers understand, evaluate, or replicate the study or theoretical argument being
made.

Supplemental Materials enrich readers’ experience and understanding of the content of the
article, Some examples of content provided as supplemental materials are video clips, audio
clips, or animations lengthy computer code details of mathematical or computational models
oversized tables detailed intervention protocols expanded methodology descriptions, etc.
 Effectively scholarly Writing
 Continuity and Flowtransition, noun string
 Conciseness and ClarityClarity, avoid redundancy and wordiness, sentence and paragraph
length, tone, Contractions and Colloquialisms, jargon, logical comparison, Anthropomorphism,

Grammar and Usage Incorrect grammar and careless construction of sentences distract readers,
introduce ambiguity, and impede clear communication.

 Verb tense, active and passive voice, mood, subject verb agreement, pronoun (use we as
coauthors article, I for a single author. Avoid editorial we, to refer to people in general )use
singular they, to refer to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context of the
usage. Use appropriate conjunction, ect.

Strategies to Improve Your Writing

 Reading to Learn Through Example

 Writing From an Outline
 Rereading the Draft
 Seeking Help From Colleagues
 Working With Copyeditors and Writing Centers
 Revising a Paper

BIAS LANGUAGE Precision is essential in scholarly writing; when you refer to a person or persons;
choose words that are accurate, clear, and free from bias or prejudicial connotations.

 Focus on Relevant Characteristics

 Acknowledge Relevant Differences That Do Exist.
 Be Appropriately Specific
 Examples of Specificity by Topic
 Be Sensitive to Labels

Reducing Bias by Topic

 Age
 Gender
 Participation in Research
 Racial and Ethnic Identity
 Sexual Orientation
 Socioeconomic Status
 Intersectionality
MECHANICS OF STYLE guidelines for ensuring clear, consistent communication and presentation in
written works.

 Punctuation
 Spelling
 Capitalization
 Italics
 Abbreviation
 Numbers
 Statistical and Mathematical Copy
 Presentation of Equations
 Lists

TABLES AND FIGURESTables and figures enable authors to present a large amount of information

 Tables Tables should be integral to the text but designed so that they are concise and can be
understood in isolation
 Figures All types of graphical displays other than tables are considered figures in APA Style

WORKS CREDITED IN THE TEXT

 Citation  Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly
influenced your work.
 Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your
own

To avoid plagiarism

o Paraphrase
o directly quote the words of others
o refer to data or data sets
o reprint a long text passage or commercially copyrighted test item

 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text

 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version
 Primary and Secondary Sources

Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation

 Interviews
 Classroom or Intranet Resources
  Personal Communications

In-Text Citations

 Author–Date Citation System

 Parenthetical citation (Koehler, 2016) Narrative Citation Koehler (2016)
 Citing Multiple Works (Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)
 Citing Specific Parts of a Source (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, p. 10)
(Shimamura, 2017, Chapter 3)
 Unknown or Anonymous Author , Book with no author: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019)
Magazine article with no author: (“Understanding Sensory Memory,” 2018)
 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates : Freud (1900/1953) (Piaget,
1966/2000)
 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations
 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations
 Works With the Same Author and Same Date
 Authors With the Same Surname
 Abbreviating Group Authors
 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps

Paraphrases and Quotations

Paraphraserestates another’s idea (or your own previously published idea) in your own words. Cite
the work you paraphrase in the text using either the narrative or parenthetical format

 Long Paraphrases If the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the citation.
If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches among sources, repeat the citation
so the source is clear.
 Direct quotation  A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work or from
your own previously published work. When quoting directly, always provide the author, year,
and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation
 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)
 Block Quotations (40 Words or More)
 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers
 Accuracy of Quotations
 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation
 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works
 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks

REFERENCE LIST
  Online and Print References ((e.g., a periodical’s title, a book’s or report’s publisher, a website’s
name). References for works with DOIs also include the DOI in the source element, and
references for most online works without DOIs include the work’s URL

Principles of Reference List Entries

 author: Who is responsible for this work?
 date: When was this work published?
 title: What is this work called?
 source: Where can I retrieve this work?

Reference Elements

Author an individual, multiple people, a group (institution, government agency, organization; see
Section 9.11), or a combination of people and groups.

Date In a reference, the date refers to the date of publication

 year only;
 year, month, and day (i.e., an exact date);
 year and month;
 year and season;
 or range of dates (e.g., range of years, range of exact dates).

Title the title refers to the title of the work being citedworks that stand alone (e.g., whole books,
reports, gray literature, dissertations and theses, informally published works, data sets, videos, films, TV
series, podcasts, social media, and works on websites) Adoption-specific therapy: A guide to helping
adopted children and their families thrive.

and works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., periodical articles, edited book chapters, and TV and
podcast episodes).  The virtue gap in humor: Exploring benevolent and corrective humor.

Source the source indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work.

 The source for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter)
 The source for a work that stands alone (e.g., whole book, report, dissertation, thesis, film, TV
series, podcast, data set, informally published work, social media, webpage)
 Works associated with a specific location (e.g., conference presentations) include location
information in the source.

Reference Variations
  Works in Another Language provide the author, date, title, and source of the work in the
original language as well as a translation of the title in square brackets after the title and before
the period.
o If the other language uses a different alphabet from the one you are writing in,
transliterate the alphabet into the Roman alphabet.
o If transliteration is not possible or advisable, it is acceptable to reproduce the original
alphabet in the paper
 Translated Works Cite translated works in the language in which the translation was
published. Credit the translator in the reference for a translated work.
 Reprinted Works one that has been published in two places and is available in both. a journal
article that was reprinted as an edited book chapter.  provide the information for the work
that you read.
 Republished or Reissued Works To cite a republished or reissued work (e.g., a work
republished in an anthology), provide the details of the new publication that you used, followed
by the year the work was originally published in parentheses at the end of the reference in the
following format: (Original work published 1922)
 Religious and Classical Works  Religious works (e.g., Bible, Qur’an, Torah, Bhagavad Gita),
classical works (e.g., ancient Greek and Roman works), and classical literature (e.g., by
Shakespeare) are all cited like books.

Reference List Format and Order

Format of the Reference List:

 Begin the reference list on a new page after the text. Place the section label “References” in
bold at the top of the page, centered.
 Order the reference list entries alphabetically by author, as described in Sections 9.44 to 9.48.
Double-space the entire reference list (both within and between entries).
 Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 in. to each reference list entry, meaning that the first line of the
reference is flush left and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in. from the left margin.
 Use the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program to apply the hanging
indent.

Shows the example!

Order of Works in the Reference List in alphabetical order in the reference list by the first word of the
reference list entry

 Order of Surname and Given Name  If you are uncertain of which name order you are reading,
check the author’s preferred form.
 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author  include the author’s name in every entry.,
year of publication, the earliest first.
 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date To differentiate references with the
same author and year, put a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the
reference list entry.
 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author  If, and only if‚ the work is signed
“Anonymous,” begin the entry with the word “Anonymous,” and alphabetize the entry as if
Anonymous were a true name. If there is no author and the work is not signed “Anonymous,”
the reference begins with the work’s title.