CEng 112n: Building Technologies

Lesson 04: MASONRY Lesson Summary:

This lesson discusses
UNITS different materials that are
considered as Masonry Units. This
also includes discussion on the
• Masonry • Ceramic Tiles production, types, and installation
of these masonry units.
• Brick Masonry Production
Types of Ceramic Tiles
Learning Objectives:
Production Tile Setting
• Identify the different types of
Parts of Brick Masonry
Types of Bricks • Clay Roof Tiles masonry and how they are
utilized in building
Brick Sizes
Types of Roof Tiles construction.
Brick Working
Basic Profile
Types of Brick Wall
Installation
Masonry

• Stone Masonry • Roof Shingles

Installation and Course
Production
Common Shingle Material
Types of Rocks/Stone
Stone Laying
• Paving Units
Stone Finishes
Types of Paving Material
• Concrete Masonry Types of Paving Pattern
Unit Paving Installation
Types of Installation Methods
Concrete Block
Classification
Types of Concrete
Masonry Unit
Mortar
Types of Mortars
CHB Construction (Rules
of Thumb)

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A. 55
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
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MASONRY
Building with units of various materials, natural or manufactured. Usually with the use of mortar as a
bonding agent

BRICK
A masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by drying in the
sun or firing in a kiln

A. BRICK PRODUCTION
BRICK FORMING Methods of Brick Forming
(Molding)
1. Soft-Mud – wet clay with 20%-30% moisture
2. Sand-Struck – sand lined, matte finish
3. Water-Struck – water lined, smooth finish
4. Stuff-Mud – extruding, 12%-15% moisture, cutting the extrusion
5. Dry Process – 5%-7% moisture, surrounded to high pressure,
sharped edges, smooth surface
BRICK DRYING Methods of Brick Drying
1. Sun Drying
2. Kiln Drying or Autoclave – drying using furnace
Flashing – firing brick alternately with too much or too little air to vary
face color

Cull – rejected due to inferior quality

FINAL PRODUCT

B. PARTS OF BRICK MASONRY (WALL)

a. Wythe or “Withe” – vertical section
Tie
of a masonry wall one masonry unit
thick

b. Course – continuous horizontal layer

of masonry units

c. Range – continuous course of

Range

masonry units having the same height

from end to end
Closer
d. Closer – the last masonry unit laid in
a course

e. Joint – binder in between two Collar Joint

masonry units
1. Bed Joint – horizontal joint
Cup Joint – bed joint made thicker for leveling
2. Head Joint – vertical joint perpendicular to the
face
3. Collar Joint – vertical joint between two wythes Header Joint

Bed Joint
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C. TYPES OF BRICKS
a. Common brick – general purpose, not specially treated for color and texture. “Building Brick”

b. Facing brick – special clay for facing a wall, usually treated for color and texture
Types (size, color, chippage, distortion) Grade (durability to weathering)
1. FBX – minimum variation in size, color, chippage, and 1. SW – severe weathering
distortion 2. MW – moderate weathering
2. FBS – minimum variation size, wide color range 3. NW – negligible weathering
3. FBA – non uniform size, color, texture

c. Firebrick – fire clay, refractory clay, used for lining furnaces and fire place

D. BRICK SIZES
Brick name Length Height Depth
Modular 8” 2 2/3” 4”
Norman 12” 2 2/3” 4”
Structural clay
12” 2 2/3” 6”
research (SCR)
Engineered 8” 2 2/3” 4”
Norwegian 12” 3 1/5” 4”
Roman 12” 2” 4”
Economy 8” 4” 4”

E. BRICK WORKING – art of bonding bricks effectively

a. Brick Laying
Exposed Face Cut Bricks
1. Soap – Normal face
Long Edge Short Edge Broad Face dimension with a
Rowlock Shiner nominal thickness
of 2”
Long Edge

Soldier Sailor
Horizontally Laid
Short Edge

2. Bat – cut
transversely with
one end whole
Stretcher Header
Broad Face

Note: Shaded parts are the exposed or Face side of the brick

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b. Brick Joints
1. Tooled Joint – weather resistant joint compressed and shaped with any tool other than trowel
a.) Concave b.) V-joint c.) Raked
Curved, using a rounded Angular, using a v-shaped Deep, using a square-edged
bar jointer tool

2. Troweled point – striking-off excess mortar with a trowel

a.) Weather b.) Flush c.) Struck
Press upper edge, sheds Flush with masonry unit Press lower edge, reverse
water readily of weather joint

3. Point or pointing – to fill or finish the surface of a masonry joint with mortar after laying
a.) Tuck b.) Tuck and Pat
Raking out defective mortar, filling and Ornamental fillet of lime or putty
tooling

c.) Bastard d.) Flat joint

Ornamental fillet of mortar Flush of common mortar

c. Brick Bonding
Bond – the arrangement of masonry units. Having a regular, recognizable, usually overlapping
pattern to increase strength and enhance appearance.

1. Running bond – 2. Stack bond – stretcher 3. Common Bond –

overlapping stretcher course with all head joint header course after 5 or
aligned 6 stretcher course

58 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.
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4. Flemish Bond – alternating header and 5. English Bond – alternative course of
stretcher header and stretcher has aligned joints

English Cross bond

stretcher is offseted
Flemish Cross Bond

6. Garden Wall – a header and 3 stretcher

Flemish Diagonal Bond

Queen closer – 1/2 of normal length

King closer – 1/3 of normal length

F. TYPES OF BRICK WALL MASONRY

a. Solid Masonry
A wall constructed with solid masonry units laid on
adjacent wythes

b. Composite Wall – at least one wither dissimilar to

others
Backing –supports, strengthens, and protects a facing.
Facing – ornamental layer which also acts as a
protective layer.
Adhered Veneer – non-structural facing supported and
bonded to a backing
Anchored Veneer – a veneer secured to a backing using Solid Masonry
fasteners.

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Types of Composite Walls
1. Faced Wall – Masonry wall facing
bonded to the backing
2. Cavity Wall – Masonry wall
having a facing and backing
completely separated except for
metal ties
3. Veneered Wall – Non-structural
facing attached, not bonded, to a Cavity Wall
backing or supporting structure Faced Wall
4. Grouted Masonry – A cavity wall
with its cavity filled with a grout.
Grout – fluid mortar used to fill
narrow cavity into sold mass
Grout lift
increment of
Grout pour grout height with
Total height to
in a grout pour
be filled with
grout

Veneered Wall

Low-lift grouting High-lift grouting

≤ 8”, or 6 times grout width ≤ 6”

5. Reinforced Grouted Masonry - Masonry wall with steel

reinforcement

Grouted Masonry

STONE
Rock or piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for particular purpose

A. PRODUCTION OF MASONRY STONE

FIELDSTONE
Loose, unfinished stone found DRESSED STONE FINISHED STONE
on the surface Worked to desired shape (Cut stone)
and smoothed on the face Machined to relative fine finish
DIMENSION STONE
Quarried and squared stone 2
feet or more in length and
width and of specified
thickness

B. TYPES OF ROCK/STONE ACCORDING TO FORMATION

a. Sedimentary - deposition of sediments, soft stone
1. Limestone – calcium carbonate, shell or
coral
i. Travertine – from spring water deposit
ii. Dolomite – rich in magnesium
carbonate
iii. Oolite – small, round, calcerous grains
2. Sandstone – quartz sand cemented
i. Bluestone
ii. Brownstone (reddish)
iii. Soapstone – high portion of talc.
“Steatite”

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b. Metamorphic - undergone changes in texture, structure, or composition due to natural agents,
moderate hardness
1. Marble – from limestone
2. Verd Antique – mottled serpentine
3. Slate – compressed clay or shale
4. Quartzite – compact, quartz
5. Gneiss – banded or foliated, minerals in layers

c. Igneous - crystalized molten magma

1. Granite – hard, coarse-grained of quarts, feldspar, and mica
2. Obsidian – volcanic glass, black
3. Malachite – green to nearly black, copper carbonate
4. Serpentine – hydrous magnesium silicate, green, mottled appearance
5. Basalt – extrusive type of Igneous Rock where in the volcanic magma or lava reaches and
cools down at the surface of the earth
6. Volcanic Tuff or “Philippine Adobe” – rock that forms from the products of an explosive
volcanic eruption. In these eruptions, the volcano blasts rock, ash, magma and other materials
from its vent.

C. STONE LAYING
a. Rubble – rough fragments of broken stone or the masonry built of such stone
1. Random – discontinuous, approximate level 2. Coursed – continuous, level bed
bed

3. Squared – squared stone coursed every 4. Cyclopean – large irregular blocks of

layer stone fitted closely without mortar

b. Ashlar – squared building stone finely dressed on all faces adjacent to those of other stone so as
to permit very thin mortar joints
1. Random – 2. Coursed – stones having the 3. Broken – horizontal
discontinuous course same height within each courses of varying heights
course, each course vary in may be broken at
height
intervals into two or more
course.

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8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
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D. STONE FINISHES
a. Joint Treatments
1. Squared – joints having sharp corners creating a flush faces
2. Rusticated – visible faces of dressed stone raised or contrasted with
joints
a.) Pitch-Faced – arrises cut on the same plane
i. Beveled ii. Chamfered

Squared
b.) Sunk Draft – margin of a stone set below the rest of the face
i. Sunk/Rabbeted

Rustication process:

Rusticated
Placement of Tooling of Side to Produce
Draft Draft Margin
Draft – line or border as a guide for the stonecutter in leveling surfaces
Draft Margin – smooth uniform margin

b. Types of Surface Treatment:

1. Sawn Finish – done using a saw
a.) Chat-Sawn + slurry (loose abrasive)
b.) Shot-Sawn + slurry (hardened steel pellet)
2. Flame Finish (Thermal finish) – superheating the face to cause small chips to chip-off
3. Tooled Finish – using other tools other than a saw
a.) Quarry-Faced (rock-faced) – hammer dressed
b.) Boasted Surface – chiseled roughly parallel grooves
c.) Batted Surface – smooth surface and chiseled with scores
4. Rough Finish – clear contoured surface
5. Smooth Finish– relatively flat surface
a.) Honed – little or no gloss
b.) Polished or Glassed – crystalline texture; ground and buffed to form a glasslike surface

62 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of
the one who prepared these manual, the author.
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CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS (CMU)

Precast masonry unit of Portland cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded into various shapes

A. CONCRETE BLOCK – hollow or solid concrete masonry unit

Gross Cross-Sectional Area
The total cross-sectional area

Net Cross-Sectional Area

The total cross-sectional area minus the area of cellular space

Web - a cross wall of a hollow masonry unit

Core/Cell – a molded open space in a hollow masonry unit

Face Shell – on of the two sidewalls of a hollow masonry unit

B. CLASSIFICATION
a. Hollow Masonry Unit (Concrete Hollow Block or CHB): net cross-sectional area  75% gross
cross-sectional area
b. Solid Masonry Unit: net cross-sectional area  75% gross cross-sectional area

C. TYPES OF CMU BY USE/FORM (FOR WALLS)

Block name Thickness

a. Stretcher Block 8”
b. Partition Block (non-load bearing) 4” or 6”

c. Bullnose Block - one or d. Corner Block - a solid end e. Return-Corner Block – 6”,
more rounded exterior face, used to construct an 10”, 12”; maintain full and
corner end or corner half-length course

f. Double-Corner Block - g. Open-end Block - with one h. Sash or Jamb Block - has
having solid faces at both end open an end slot or rabbet to
ends, used for masonry receive a jamb
pier

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i. Header Block - a portion j. Bond Block - used in k. Lintel Block - used to
of a face shell removed to constructing bond beam construct a bond beam
receive headers

l. Cap/Solid Top Block - m. Sound-Absorbing n. Control-Joint Block - used

has a solid top used as Masonry Unit - has a solid to construct a vertical
bearing surface top and a slotted shell for control joint
sound absorption

o. Screen - decorative p. Concrete Brick Solid q. Slump Block - irregular

pattern, admits air and Sand-Line Block – light- faces and surface caused by
sunlight colored, damp sand and net mix settlement
slaked line

r. Pilaster Block used in s. Coping Block used for t. Sill Block has a wash to
constructing pilasters constructing a top or shed rainwater from a sill
finishing course

D. TYPES OF CMU BY GRADES E. TYPES OF CMU BY MOISTURE

a. Grade N – load-bearing, for general use CONTENT
b. Grade S – load-bearing, for above ground a. Type I – with specified limit
grade, weather proof or not exposed b. Type II – without specified limit

F. TYPES CMU BY WEIGHT

Normal Weight Lightweight
 2000 kg/m3 
(normal weight aggregate) (light weight aggregate)

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G. TYPES OF CMU BY FINISHES
a. Split-face – b. Faced – having a ceramic,
machine cut, glazed, or polished track
rough or fractured

c. Scored – having d. Shadow – bevel pattern

one or more face
grooves

H. TYPES OF CMU CONSTRUCTION BY BONDING

a. Mortar Bonded – with mortar

b. Surface Bonded – without mortar

I. MORTAR – plastic mixture of cement and/or lime, sand and water, used as a bonding agent in
masonry construction

Types of Mortar According to Ingredients

a. Cement Mortar = Portland Cement + Sand + Water

b. Cement-Lime Mortar = Portland Cement + Lime (to increase plasticity and water-retentivity) +
Sand + Water

c. Masonry Mortar = Portland Cement + (hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agent, gypsum)
+ Sand + Water

d. Epoxy Mortar = Epoxy Resin (catalyst) + Fine Aggregate

e. Non-Staining Mortar = Low-Free Alkali (to minimize efflorescence or staining of adjacent

masonry by the migration of soluble material)

f. Lime Mortar = Lime + Sand + Water

Types of Mortar According to Grade

Strength Use
High Reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth.
Type M
2500 psi (17.25 MPa) Subjected to frost action or to high lateral or compressive loads
Medium-High Masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important
Type S
1500 psi (12.40 MPa) than compressive strength
Medium General use in exposed masonry above grade where high
Type N
750 psi (5.17 MPa) compressive and lateral strength are not required
Low
Type O
350 psi (2.40 MPa) Interior non-load bearing walls and partitions
Type K Very Low

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8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
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J. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK CONSTRUCTION (RULES OF THUMB)
a. All CHB wall shall be reinforced with a maximum distance of 0.60 meters on centers, both ways.
Distance may be reduced to 0.40 meters.

b. If a wall is to be constructed such that no there are no restraints, e.g. columns and beams, stiffener
columns must be constructed every 3.0 meters distance on centers.
Stiffener Column – column of the same thickness as wall and is as wide as 0.30 – 0.40 meters.
Serves as a vertical support for walls.

c. If a wall is to be constructed with restraint, the restraints must be equipped with dowel bars for
attachment of CHB wall reinforcements.

d. All CHB walls must be supported with a bond beam every 3.0 meter height.
Bond Beam – a masonry course grouted and reinforced to serve as a beam, a horizontal tie, or a
bearing course for a structural member.

e. All opening, e.g. doors and windows, shall be equipped with a lintel beam above the header of the
opening.
Lintel Beam – a beam supporting the weight above an opening.

f. All cells of the CHB shall be filled with grout.

CERAMIC TILES
Any of various fired clay tile used for surfacing walls, floors, and counter tops.

A. PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC TILES

BATCHING OF RAW MATERIALS
Computing and measuring of PACKAGING AND
materials for production
TRANSPORT

MIXING AND GRINDING GLOST FIRING

Firing in a tunnel or continuous kiln
Wet Milling Dry Grinding
Adding water during mixing
Shell Mixer
TILE GLAZING
Two cylinders joined into a V
Ribbon Mixer PROCESS
Helical vane TILE GLAZING
Intensive Mixer PROCESS
Radio revolving plows
BISQUE
SPRAY DRYING GRANULATION For wet- FIRING
Addition of water to milled tile For dry
form granule
ground tile
FORMING DRYING PROCESS
Slowly removing water to
PROCESS
prevent shrinkage cracks
Dry Pressing @ 2,500 tons
Extrusion + Punching
Ram Pressing

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B. TYPES BY ABSORPTION AND STRENGTH C. TYPE BY COMMON
Name Absorption Strength SIZES
Hard burned Vitreous 0.5% - 3.0% High compression 1. 15 cm x 60 cm
Semi-Vitreous 3.0% - 7.0% 2. 20 cm x 20 cm
Soft burned Low compression 3. 30 cm x 30 cm
Non-Vitreous More than 7%
4. 40 cm x 40 cm
Vitrification – process of firing clay at high temperature to a point of 5. 60 cm x 60 cm
making the material almost non-absorbent

D. TYPES BY USE
a. Floor Tiles – usually unglazed and is high duty

b. Wall Tiles – usually glazed, used on wall

c. Base or Baseboards – used to cover at the meeting of a floor and wall

d. Trimmer – used for finishing an edge or angle

e. Listel – a narrow strip used for decoration

f. Ceramic Mosaic – small tiles, glazed or unglazed, face or back-mounted on sheets

E. TYPES BY STRENGTH
a. Porcelain - hard, vitreous, translucent, consist essentially of Kaolin (China clay), Feldspar, and
Quartz, fired at high temperature.

b. Non-porcelain – common type of ceramic tile with higher water absorption.

F. TILE SETTING Ceramic Tile

Installation of tiles Tile Adhesive
a. Thick-Set – ceramic tiles are applied over a Portland cement mortar,
Mortar
for leveling, prior to tile adhesive

b. Thin-Set – ceramic tiles are set in a thin coat of any:

1. Dry set mortar
2. Latex-Portland cement mortar
3. Epoxy mortar
4. Organic adhesive

CLAY ROOF TILES

Ridge or Crown Tile

Field Tile
Rake
Tiles
Hip Tile
Barge Course

Arris
Tiles

Eaves Closer
Eaves Course
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A. TYPES OF ROOF TILES ACCORDING TO USE
a. Field Tile – cover the main expanses of a roof

b. Edge Tile Starter Tile

1. Ridge Tile – convex, for covering the ridge
2. Hip Tile – convex, for covering the hip
3. Rake Tile – for covering a rake
4. Arris Tile – L-shaped for covering ridge, hip or rake. Tilting Tile

c. Eaves Closer/Bird Stop – used to cover the openings in Single Lap

eaves caused by the profile of the tile.

B. TYPES OF COURSE Starter Tile

a. Eaves Course – first course

1. Tilting Tile – triangular section
2. Starter Tile – shorter or plainer than field tiles
Tilting Tile
b. Barge Course – placed on and projecting over raking edge
Double Lap
C. BASIC PROFILES
a. Mission Tiles (Spanish Tiles) – tapered, b. Pantile – having s-shape cross-section; laid
semi-cylindrical; laid convex side up (Imbrex) downturn of one overlaps the upturn on the
to overlap; flanking, similar tiles laid concave next
side up (Tegula)
Imbrex

Tegula
c. Pan-and-Roll Tiling – tapered, semi- d. Interlocking
cylindrical overlap flat under-tiles Tile – flat,
rectangular;
a groove
along one
edge that fits
over a flange

D. INSTALLATION OF ROOF TILES

Insulation

Tiles

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Terminologies in Clay Tile Roof Installation
a. Batten – a horizontal wood strip on which roofing tiles or slates are hung.

b. Underlayment – a weather-proof material, such as roofing felt, for covering and protecting a roof
deck before tiles are applied.

c. Sheathing – boards, plywood, or structural panels fastened to the frame of a wall or roof as a base
for roofing.

d. Insulation – a material used to reduce or eliminate heat gain and heat transfer from the exterior to
the interior of the structure.

ROOF SHINGLES
Thin roofing material lain in overlapping rows

A. INSTALLATION AND COURSE

Insulation
Shingles

Imbrication – overlapping with a break or staggered joints

Common Lap Dutch Lap

B. COMMON SHINGLE MATERIALS

a. Asphalt Shingle – shingles made of a b. Steel Shingle – metal shingles
bituminous material called asphalt with a
fiber glass core

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c. Wood Shingle – smooth wood plank
designed to fit with other wood planks

d. Wood Shake – wood plank with a rough

surface that is resultant of wood splitting

e. Concrete Shingle – shingles made of

precast concrete

f. Slate Shingles – shingles made of

flagstones with smooth surfaces.
Wood Shingle Wood Shake

PAVING UNITS
Materials used for the exterior flooring.

A. TYPES OF PAVING MATERIAL

Brick Unit Concrete Interlocking Cobblestone Grid or Turf Cutstone

Paver Unit Paver Paver Paver Block Paver Paver

B. TYPES OF COMMON PAVING PATTERN

Running Bond Pattern Stack Bond Pattern Turf Block Pattern Basketweave Pattern

Interlocking Interlocking Herringbone Pattern Interlocking

Basketweave Pattern Basketweave Pattern Herringbone Pattern

Octagon and Dot Coursed Ashlar Roman Cobble Pattern Random Stone
Pattern

Note: All illustrations of this section is credited to F.D.K. Ching.

70 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of
the one who prepared these manual, the author.
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C. PAVING INSTALLATION
Paving Material/Pavement

Base – the foundation of the pavement that

transfers the load from the pavement to the
subgrade.

Subgrade – carries the load of the paving from the

base.
Earth

D. TYPES OF PAVING INSTALLATION METHODS

a. Flexible Base Method - a method of paving where the paving material is placed over a 1”-2” sand
setting bed over a 2”-6” compacted aggregate. At the edge of the pavement, the paving unit is laid
on concrete strip footing of at least 6” thick.
Paving Unit

Setting Bed

Compacted
Aggregate

Strip Footing

b. Rigid Base Method – a method of paving where the paving material is placed over a ¾”
bituminuous setting bed over a 4”-6’ thick concrete slab. The slab may be casted over a compacted
aggregate layer. At the edge of the pavement, the paving unit is laid vertically to a concrete strip
footing.

Paving Unit
Paving Unit

Setting Bed

Concrete Slab

Compacted
Aggregate
Strip
Footing

Note: All illustrations of this page is credited to F.D.K. Ching.

Book References:
Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Second Edition, 2014
Ching, Francis D.K., Building Construction Illustrated, Fifth Edition, 2014
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Allen, Edward & Iano, Joseph, Fundamentals of Building Construction, Fifth Edition, 2009
National Structural Code of the Philippines

Web References:
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A. 71
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
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