Lesson 06

CEng 112n: Building Technologies
Lesson 06: GLASS, ASPHALT, Lesson Summary:

This lesson discusses glass,
POLYMERS, AND COMPOSITE asphalt, polymers, and composite
materials. This also includes the
types and how they are utilized as
• Glass and Glazing • Polymer a building material.
History of Glass Plastics

Learning Objectives:
Development Rubber
• Discuss glass, polymers, and
Production Coats
Types of Glass asphalt as a building material.
• Discuss the different
Glass Thickness • Composite Materials
Glazing and Glass composite materials used as
Construction Wood Panel Composites building materials.
EVG 3D Panel
• Asphalt EIFS
84 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of
the one who prepared these manual, the author.
GLASS AND GLAZING

Hard, brittle, usually transparent or translucent substance, produced by silica together with a flux and a
stabilizer into a mass.
A. HISTORY OF GLASS DEVELOPMENT

3500 B.C Discovery of opaque glass beads
3000 – 2000 B.C. Mesopotamian created glass by casting in core mold.
24 B.C. – 14 A.D Discovery of glass blowing techniques by the glassmakers in the Sidon-
Babylon area.
100 Discovery of clear glass by the Romans.
11 – 13 Century
th th
Development of glass sheets (Cylinder Glass) by the German Glassmaker and
Venetian Glassmakers.
1674 George Ravenscorft patented Lead Crystals
1688 Plate Glass production was discovered by French.
1905 Emile Fourcault, Belgian, introduced the process of drawn glass making
1910 Glass lamination was introduced by Edouard Benedictus, French.
1959 Britain’s Pilkington Brothers, Ltd. Introduced the floating technique of
making glass.
B. PRODUCTION OF GLASS
Types of Forming and Glass Type Produced
Soda Ash
Sand + (Sodium Hydroxide) + Forming Process Construction Glass
(Silicon Dioxide) a. Blowing – air is Crown Glass
(Sodium Carbonate)
induced to the mass of blowing + whirling to
Potassium partially cooled glass a flat, circular disk
Lime + Alumina + Machine blown
Oxide
RAW MATERIALS Hand blown Cylinder Glass
blown into a
Broken glass or Cullet to cylinder and cut
Sheet Glass
promote melting lengthwise and
flatten
b. Drawing – molten Drawn Glass
MELTING FORMING
glass is drawn usually
Initial: 1,400 °C Process by which
using a wire, from the
Final: 1,540 °C molten glass is
formed for final
furnace to cool
Output: Molten Glass
product
c. Rolled – molten glass Plate Glass
flows between sets of polished after cooling
large, heavy roller
HEAT-
OTHER
TREATMENT d. Floating – molten
TREATMENTS Float Glass
Formed glass heat- glass flows through a
treated nearly distortion free
bath of molten tin and
then allowed to cool
PACKING AND
TRANSPORT
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A. 85
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. TYPES OF GLASS ACCORDING TO HEAT TREATMENT
a. Annealed Glass – glass that is cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses
b. Heat-strengthened Glass – partially tempered, reheated and sudden cooling. Twice the strength of
annealed glass
c. Tempered Glass – reheated, to just below softening point, and partially cooled, to induce
compressive stress on the surface and tensile stress on the interior; 3-5 times stronger than annealed
glass. Cannot be altered after fabrication. When fractured, glass shatters to relatively harmless
particles
Other Types of Glass

a. Laminated Glass – 2 or more glass bonded b. Coated Glass – glass with thin film adhered
under heat and pressure to interlayer of Poly to one or more surfaces
Vinyl Butyral (PVB) Types of Coated Glass
1. Fritted glass (silk screen)
c. Tinted glass – chemical admixture added 2. Low-E – transmit visible light (low-
Tinting Agent Color emissivity)
Iron Oxide Blue green 3. Self-cleaning glass – titanium oxide
Cobalt Oxide 4. Mirror – silver or aluminum
Grayish
Nickel
Selenium Bronze
d. Fire rated
1. Wired glass – glass with mesh embedded to prevent shatter in the event of breakage
2. Ceramic glass
3. Fire Retardant Filled Double Glazing
4. Intumescent Interlayer Laminated Glazing
e. Insulating glass – two or more glass sheets are separated by airtight airspace, usually filled with
argon
D. TYPES OF GLASS ACCORDING TO GLASS THICKNESS

a. Single-Strength – glass with a thickness of 2.5 mm (3/32”)
b. Double-Strength – glass with a thickness of 3.0 mm (1/8”) up to 25.4 mm (1”)
E. GLASS PRODUCTS
a. Glass Sheets – translucent panes of glass
b. Glass Blocks – translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured,

or patterned faces, made of fusing two halves together with a partial
vacuum inside and used for glazing opening
c. Glass Bricks – a solid, impact-resistant glass block unit sometimes

having an insert or coated to reduce solar heat transmission
F. GLAZING AND GLASS CONSTRUCTION
Glazing – the panes or sheets of glass or other transparent material made
to be set in frames, as in window, doors, or mirrors.
Types of Glazing Methods

a. Face Glazing – the setting of a glass pane in a rabbeted frame, holding
it in place with glazier’s points, and sealing it with a beveled bead of
putty or glazing compound.
b. Double Glazing – the installation of two parallel panes of glass with Face Glazing
a sealed air space between to reduce the transmission of heat and

sound.
1. Wet Glazing – the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing
tape or a liquid sealant.
2. Dry Glazing – the setting of glass in a window frame with a
compression gasket instead of a glazing tape or liquid sealant.
c. Flush Glazing – a glazing system in which the framing members are

set entirely behind the glass panes or units to form a flush exterior
surface, the glass adhering to the framing with a structural silicone
sealant. Double Glazed
Wet Glazing
d. Glass Mullion System – a glazing system in which sheets of tempered

glass are suspended from special clamps, stabilized by perpendicular
stiffeners of tempered glass, and joined by a structural silicone sealant
and sometimes by metal patches.
e. Butt-Joint Glazing – a glazing system in which the glass panes or

units are supported at the head and sill in a conventional manner with.
With their vertical edges being joined with a structural silicone sealant
without mullions.
Double Glazed – Dry
Glazing
Flush Glazing Glass Mullion

System Butt-Joint Glazing
Note: All illustrations of this page is credited to F.D.K. Ching.

POLYMER
A compound of high molecular weight formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating
structural unit
Monomer – molecule of low molecular weight chemically bound as a unit
High polymer – polymer consisting of molecules that are large
Copolymer – compound of high molecular weight formed by 2 or more different monomers
Types of Polymer
A. PLASTICS – synthetic or natural organic material of polymer that can be molded, extruded, or drawn
into objects, films, or filament
Plastic Production
Petroleum
Product FILLER modify bulk, strength, heat resistance,
electrical resistance, or working
Monomers combine to
+
POLYMERIZATION
properties of the Resin

Process by which
form Polymers
STABILIZER resists degradation of plastic when

exposed to UV radiation or other
+ environmental conditions
CATALYST causes or accelerates chemical

reaction
+
RESIN
+ PLASTICIZER increase workability and flexibility
Solid or semisolid organic
material (Acrylic, Polyvinyl,
+
Epoxy, Melamine, Phenolic,
Urea-Formaldehyde) ADDITIVES Reinforcement, Extenders, Flame
Retarders, and Color
RAW MATERIALS
MIXING TRANSFORMING FINAL

PROCESS PROCESS PRODUCT
Types of Plastics
a. Thermoplastic (Tp) – capable of softening or fusing when heating, and hardens when cooled
b. Thermoset or Thermosetting (Ts) – permanently rigid when heated and cannot softened again
Plastic Products
Name Abb. Type Uses
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene ABS Tp Pipe, Shower Stall
Alkyd Ts Coating
Epoxy Ts Adhesives, Coating, Binders
Melamine Formaldehyde Melamine Ts Plastic Laminates
Phenolic Coatings, Laminates, Insulating
Phenolic Formaldehyde Ts
(Bakelite) Foams, Electrical Boxes
Polyamides (Nylon) Tp Membranes, Hardware
Polybutene Tp Sealant Tapes, Sealants
Polycarbonate (Lexan) Tp Glazing, Light Fixtures, Roofing
(Mylar, Roofing Membranes, Geotextiles,
Polyester Ts
Darcon) Matrix, Piping, Tarpaulins
Vapor Retarders, Moisture Barriers,
Polyethylene Polythene Tp
Piping, Tarpaulins
Polyisocyanurate Ts Insulation
Acrylic
Glazing, Skylights, Light Fixtures,
Polymethyl Metacrylate (Plexiglas Tp
Illuminated Signs, Coating, Adhesive
Lucite)
Polypropylene PP Tp Pipes
Polystyrene (Styrofoam) Tp Insulation, Glazing
PTFE
Polytetra-Fluorethylene Tp Sliding Joint Bearing, Thread Tape
(Teflon)
Polyurethane Both Coating, Sealant, Insulation, Adhesive
PVC, PVA Pipes And The Likes, Siding, Gutter,
Polyvinyl Chloride Acetate Tp
Vinyl Windows, Doors, Tiles
Silicone Ts Water Repellant, Sealant
Thermoplastic Polyolefin TPO Tp Roof Membranes
Coating, Plywood Adhesives, Binders
Urea-Formaldehyde UF Ts
For Wood Panel Products, Insulation
B. RUBBER – chemically treated and toughened natural rubber, valued for its elasticity, non-conduction
to electricity, and resistance to shock and moisture
Types of Rubber
a. Natural rubber – obtained by coagulating the milky juice of rubber trees and plants
b. Elastomer – synthetic rubber similar to natural rubber

1. Chlorinated Polyethylene, Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (Hypalon) – roof membrane
2. Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPOM) – roof membrane, flashing
3. Isobutylene-Isoprene Copolymer (Butyl Rubber) – flashing, waterproofing
4. Polychloroprene (Neoprene) – gasket, waterproofing
5. Polyisobutylene (PIB) – roof membrane
6. Polysiloxane (Silicone rubber) – sealant, adhesive, coating, roof membrane
7. Polyurethane – sealant, insulation
8. Sodium Polysulfide (Polysulfide, Thiokol) – sealant
C. COATS – film-forming materials used to enhance aesthetics and protect a base material.
Coat System - Combination of one or more coating for compatibility with each other, surface to which
applied, suitability for the expected exposure, and desired decorative effect
Topcoat – final coat applied to a surface
Undercoat – applied to hide the color substrate and improve

adhesion of the topcoat
Basecoat – first coat applied to a surface
Substrate – surface to be coated
Other Terminologies
a. Sealer – reduce absorption of subsequent coats to prevent bleeding through finish coat
b. Primer or prime coat – improve adhesion of subsequent coats
c. Ground coat or color – intended to show through top coat
d. Mist coat – thin, pigmented coat applied to finish coat to improve luster
e. Glaze coat – thin coat of transparent color applied to enhance color of painted surface
Types of Coats
a. Opaque Coats/Paints – coats that produces an opaque finish which does not allow the color of the
substrate to be seen.
Pigment and Vehicle + Additives
+
Filler Binder + Solvent
1. Pigment and Filler - ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart
color and opacity to paint
a.) Hiding or Active Power – produces an b.) Extender – prevention of pigment
opaque finish from setting
i. Zinc Oxide i. Calcium Carbonate
ii. Lithopone ii. Silica
iii. Titanium Dioxide iii. Mica
2. Binder - film-forming component of paints. Non-volatile part of paint vehicle.
a.) Alkyd Resin f.) Polyester Resin
b.) Acrylic Resin g.) Melamine Resin
c.) Vinyl-Acrylic Resin h.) Epoxy Resin
d.) Vinyl Acetate/Ethylene (VAE) i.) Latex
e.) Polyurethane Resin
3. Solvent - volatile part of paint vehicle that evaporate during drying
a.) Water – for water-based paints
b.) Solvent
i. Oils ii. Thinner
Linseed Oil Tung or China Oil Turpentine
Soybean Oil iii. Mineral Spirits
Fish Oil
Properties of Paint
1. Colorfast – color that will not fade or run with washing
2. Coverage – measure of the area over volume of paint may be spread at a given thickness
3. Hiding or Covering Power (opacity) – ability to conceal any marks, pattern, or color on the
surface to which it is applied
4. Gloss – degree of surface luster
a.) High Gloss – brilliant sheen or luster
b.) Enamel – smooth, hard, glossy finish
c.) Semi-Gloss or Satin Finish – moderate, satin luster
d.) Eggshell – little or no gloss
e.) Flat – without gloss or sheen
Types of Paint According to Contents

1. Oil Paint = Pigment + Binder + Drying Oil (for wood, used to produce a gloss finish)
2. Alkyd Paint = Pigment + Alkyd Resin + Solvent
3. Latex Paint = Pigment + Synthetic Latex + Solvent
4. Epoxy Paint = Pigment + Epoxy Resin + Solvent (resistance to abrasion, corrosion and
chemicals)
Other Types of Paints

1. Anticorrosive or Rust-Inhibiting Paints – rust inhibiting pigments to prevent or reduce the
corrosion on metal surface
2. Fire-Retardant Paints – specially formulated with silicone, polyvinyl chloride, or other
substance to reduce flame-spread of a combustible material
3. Heat-Resistant Paints – specially formulated with silicone resins to withstand high
temperature
b. Transparent Coat
1. Wood Stain – solution of a dye or suspension of pigment in a vehicle, applied to penetrate and
color a surface without obscuring the grains
Dye + Vehicle
Types of Stains
a.) Penetrating Stain – stain that penetrates a wood surface
b.) Water Stain – water a vehicle
c.) Spirit Stain – alcohol or spirit vehicle
d.) Pigmented or Opaque Stain – capable of obscuring the grain and texture of surface
e.) Oil Stain – drying oil or varnish oil vehicle
2. Wood Filler – used to fill in the gabs produced by cracks or the natural contour of the material.
a.) Paste Filler – composed of Silex (Stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine, and
sometimes colors ground in oil
b.) Crack Filler – plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. used for filling nail holes, cracks and
dents
3. Varnish – liquid preparation consisting of resin dissolved in vehicle, when spread and
allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous, usually transparent
Resin + Vehicle
Types of Varnishes
a.) Oil varnish = Resin + Oil
b.) Spar or Marine Varnish = Durable Resin + Linseed or Tung Oil (weather resistant)
c.) Polyurethane Varnish = Polyurethane Resin + Vehicle (exceptionally hard, abrasion and
chemical-resistant)
d.) Spirit Varnish = Resin + Alcohol or Mineral Spirit
e.) Shellac Varnish = LAC + Denatured Alcohol
4. Lacquer – any of various clear or colored synthetic coating consisting of nitrocellulose or

other cellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high-gloss
film
Nitrocellulose or Cellulose Derivative + Solvent
Common Coat Defects

a. Peeling g. Blistering m. Flaking
b. Hat Banding h. Bubbling n. Poor hiding
c. Efflorescence i. Caulk Failure o. Mud cracking
d. Alligatoring j. Cracking p. Poor print resistance
e. Chalking k. Darkening q. Stippling
f. Blocking/Adhesion l. Fading r. Wringling
ASPHALT
A brownish-black mixture of bitumen obtained from native deposits or as a petroleum byproducts, used
for paving, water proofing, and roofing.
Bitumen – any of various mixtures of hydrocarbons occurring naturally or distilled from coal or
petroleum. The semi-solid matter must be dissolved in solvent, emulsified, or heated to a liquid
state before application.
Uses of Asphalt
a. Asphalt Concrete - a composite material commonly used in construction projects such as road
surfaces, parking lots, and airports. Asphalt concrete consists of asphalt mixed with mineral
aggregate and then laid down in layers and compacted.
b. Asphalt Mastic – A mixture of asphalt, graded mineral aggregates, and fine mineral matter that
can be poured when heated and hardens when exposed to air, used as an adhesive, as a joint sealant
and in water proofing.
c. Bituminous Waterproofing - used for reinforced concrete roof waterproofing. This waterproofing
membrane comes on site in the form of rolls manufactures and packed in the factory properly sealed.
The bituminous waterproofing membranes are unfolded on the site and laid firmly on surface with
tar based adhesives using blowtorches. The bituminous waterproofing membranes are unfolded on
the site and laid firmly on surface with tar based adhesives using blowtorches.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
A. WOOD PANEL COMPOSITES – a combination of wooden veneers and any other materials such as
polymers to better the strength, performance, or finish of the wooden panel.
a. Plyboard – composite wood panels with wood blocks as cores and wood ply as veneers.
b. Melamine Board – composite wood panels with fiberboards as core and a veneer of melamine
resin.
c. Phenolic Board – composite wood panels with fiberboards as core and phenolic resin as veneers.
B. EVG (ENTWICKLUNGS- UND VERWERTUNGS-GESELLSCHAFT) 3D Panel

A wall system consisting of super-insulated
core expanded polystyrene sandwiched
between two engineered sheets of steel
welded wire fabric mesh, a galvanized steel
truss wire is pierced completely through the
polystyrene core at offset angles for
additional strength, and a concrete finish
applied through shotcrete applied on both
sides.
Advantages of EVG
1. Structural stability due materials used http://tkm3d.en.ec21.com/
2. Reduction of heat and sound up to 50%

3. Time and labor saving
C. EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEM (E.I.F.S.) - an exterior cladding system which
consists of plastic insulation foam, which is adhered or mechanically fastened to a backup wall, a
reinforcing mesh, which is applied to the outer surface of the foam by embedment in a base coat of a
stucco-like material, and an exterior finish coat of a similar stucco-like material that is troweled over
the reinforced base coat. It is a versatile material that may be used to clad new and existing buildings
but is weak in as a moisture barrier, especially when there is damage.
Types of EIFS
a. Polymer-Based EIFS – uses very low expanded
polystyrene bead foam insulation, a reinforcing
glass fiber mesh embedded in a base coat that is
formulated primarily from either Portland
cement or acrylic polymer, and a finish coat that
consist of texture granules in an acrylic polymer
vehicle.
b. Polymer-Modified EIFS – uses a slightly

higher density, extruded polystyrene foam
insulation, which is mechanically attached to the
backup wall with metal or plastic screw, a metal
reinforcing mesh, which is embedded in a
http://www.durock.ca/
relatively thick Portland cement base coat, and
the finish coat is formulated of Portland cement
with acrylic modifiers.
Comparison between EIFS Types
Polymer-Based EIFS Polymer-Modified EIFS
• More elastic and less prone to cracking • More durable
• Relatively easy to dent or puncture • More expensive
• More susceptible to shrinkage cracking
• Less susceptible to denting or puncture
Book References:
Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Second Edition, 2014
Ching, Francis D.K., Building Construction Illustrated, Fifth Edition, 2014
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Allen, Edward & Iano, Joseph, Fundamentals of Building Construction, Fifth Edition, 2009
National Structural Code of the Philippines
Web References:
www.britannica.com/science/asphalt-material
www.definitions.net/definition/asphalt+concrete
www.apai.net/Files/content/DesignGuide/Chapter_2B.pdf
theconstructor.org/practical-guide/bituminous-waterproofing-membrane-roof/13285

Lesson 06

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Lesson 06

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 06

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

Lesson 06: GLASS, ASPHALT, Lesson Summary:

History of Glass Plastics

GLASS AND GLAZING

A. HISTORY OF GLASS DEVELOPMENT

Other Types of Glass

D. TYPES OF GLASS ACCORDING TO GLASS THICKNESS

b. Double-Strength – glass with a thickness of 3.0 mm (1/8”) up to 25.4 mm (1”)

b. Glass Blocks – translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured,

c. Glass Bricks – a solid, impact-resistant glass block unit sometimes

Types of Glazing Methods

a sealed air space between to reduce the transmission of heat and

c. Flush Glazing – a glazing system in which the framing members are

d. Glass Mullion System – a glazing system in which sheets of tempered

e. Butt-Joint Glazing – a glazing system in which the glass panes or

Flush Glazing Glass Mullion

Note: All illustrations of this page is credited to F.D.K. Ching.

properties of the Resin

STABILIZER resists degradation of plastic when

CATALYST causes or accelerates chemical

MIXING TRANSFORMING FINAL

b. Elastomer – synthetic rubber similar to natural rubber

Topcoat – final coat applied to a surface

Undercoat – applied to hide the color substrate and improve

Basecoat – first coat applied to a surface

Substrate – surface to be coated

b. Primer or prime coat – improve adhesion of subsequent coats

c. Ground coat or color – intended to show through top coat

Types of Paint According to Contents

Other Types of Paints

4. Lacquer – any of various clear or colored synthetic coating consisting of nitrocellulose or

Nitrocellulose or Cellulose Derivative + Solvent

Common Coat Defects

B. EVG (ENTWICKLUNGS- UND VERWERTUNGS-GESELLSCHAFT) 3D Panel

2. Reduction of heat and sound up to 50%

b. Polymer-Modified EIFS – uses a slightly

You might also like