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Section3 4 OFDM Fundamentals
Section3 4 OFDM Fundamentals
Introduction
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
1 Introduction
Development of mobile communications systems - Revisit
Mobile broadband technology evolution - Revisit
~ 1 Gbps (stationary),
~ 100 Mbps (mobile)
~ 14 Mbps (downlink),
~ 5.8 Mbps (uplink)
~ 50 Kbps code
code
space
frequency
frequency frequency
frequency
time
time
time
~ 1 Gbps (stationary),
~ 100 Mbps (mobile)
~ 14 Mbps (downlink),
~ 5.8 Mbps (uplink)
~ 50 Kbps code
code
space
frequency
frequency frequency
frequency
time
time
time
WCDMA LTE
R99 HSDPA HSPA LTE
3GPP Advanced
“4G”
CDMA 2000 EVDO EVDO IMT-Advanced
3GPP2 Rev A Rev B
Clk RF
Pilot insertion Osc LO
ci
Conv. MQAM S/P Insert CP P/S
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
Burst structure
Information
bits, ui
RF Clk
LO Osc
ADC MQAM
RF CP S/P FFT Demapper
-1 decoder Information
bits, ui
CP samples
P/S DAC RF
IFFT
QAM symbols
X k ,m
xn , m
Clk RF
Pilot insertion Osc LO
ci
Conv. MQAM S/P Insert CP P/S
Encoder mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Burst structure
Information
Wireless Communications - Chapter bits,
3: uPhysical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 7
i
Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver
Outline
Transmitted OFDM signals
Introduction
Time-variant multipath channels
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Received OFDM signals
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
MQAM symbol detection in the frequency domain
After inverse FFT (IFFT) and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion, the
transmitted baseband signal of the 𝑚th OFDM symbol can be written as
𝑁 −1 ( )
1 ∑ 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛
𝑥𝑛,𝑚 =√ 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 exp , (1)
𝑁 𝑘=0 𝑁
After inverse FFT (IFFT) and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion, the
transmitted baseband signal of the 𝑚th OFDM symbol can be written as
𝑁 −1 ( )
1 ∑ 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛
𝑥𝑛,𝑚 =√ 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 exp , (1)
𝑁 𝑘=0 𝑁
Local
Scattering
Two Main
Multipaths
∑
𝑦𝑚 = 𝑙 𝑥𝑚−𝑙 ℎ𝑙,𝑚 + 𝑤𝑏 (𝑚/𝑊 ) (2)
The 𝑙th (time-variant) channel tap gain that includes the effect of
transmit-receive filters and time-variant channel propagation is denoted
by ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 where 𝑛 and 𝑚 stand for the indices of the time-domain sample
and OFDM symbol, respectively.
Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 9
Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver
Outline
Transmitted OFDM signals
Introduction
Time-variant multipath channels
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Received OFDM signals
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
MQAM symbol detection in the frequency domain
0
10
1 km/h
5 km/h
MSE of DPS−BEM−based channel fitting
10 km/h
−5
10 20 km/h
30 km/h
40 km/h
−10 50 km/h
10 60 km/h
70 km/h
80 km/h
−15 90 km/h
10 100 km/h
120 km/h
140 km/h
−20 160 km/h
10 180 km/h
200 km/h
−25
10
−30
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Number of used basis functions
20
0
Amplitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
120
100 140
80 120
60 100
80
40 60
20 40
20
Subcarrier index OFDM symbol index
Clk RF
Pilot insertion Osc LO
RF Clk
LO Osc
ci
Conv. MQAM S/P Insert CP P/S
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
ADC MQAM
RF CP S/P FFT Demapper
-1 decoder Information
bits, ui
Burst structure
Information
Wireless
bits, ui Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 16
Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver
Outline
Transmitted OFDM signals
Introduction
Time-variant multipath channels
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Received OFDM signals
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
MQAM symbol detection in the frequency domain
Clk RF
Pilot insertion Osc LO
RF Clk
LO Osc
ci
Conv. MQAM S/P Insert CP P/S
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
ADC MQAM
RF CP S/P FFT Demapper
-1 decoder Information
bits, ui
Burst structure
Information
Wireless
bits, ui Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 16
Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver
Outline
Transmitted OFDM signals
Introduction
Time-variant multipath channels
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Received OFDM signals
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
MQAM symbol detection in the frequency domain
Clk RF
Pilot insertion Osc LO
RF Clk
LO Osc
ci
Conv. MQAM S/P Insert CP P/S
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
ADC MQAM
RF CP S/P FFT Demapper
-1 decoder Information
bits, ui
Burst structure
Information
Wireless
bits, ui Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 16
Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver
Outline
Transmitted OFDM signals
Introduction
Time-variant multipath channels
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Received OFDM signals
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
MQAM symbol detection in the frequency domain
User 1
FFT Decoder
User 2
MU-MIMO encoder
FFT Decoder
IFFT
User 3
FFT Decoder
FFT Decoder
where:
𝑛 = 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1
Δ𝑓 and 𝜀 = Δ𝑓 𝑁 𝑇 denote the absolute and normalized CFOs,
respectively.
𝑇 is the sampling period of the system.
As observed in (8), the presence of CFO introduces a time-domain
phase rotation that will translate into ICI in the frequency domain.
In addition, the time-variation of the multipath channels also induces
ICI in the frequency domain.