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Guia 4 .El Núcleo Eucariota 2310
Guia 4 .El Núcleo Eucariota 2310
El núcleo Eucariota
KAROL VANESA VASCO HERNANDEZ
Estas preguntas son del libro: SADAVA D. et altri. LIFE: The Science of Biology, 10th Ed.
2014. Sinauer Associates, Inc. MacMillan
DNA y su papel en la herencia (cap 13)
1. 13.1 RECAP: Los experimentos con bacterias y virus demostraron que el ADN es el
material genético.
a. a. En el momento de los experimentos de Griffith en la década de 1920,
¿qué evidencia circunstancial sugirió a los científicos que el ADN podría ser
el material genético? Véase p. 260
3. 13.3 RECAP: Meselson and Stahl showed that DNA replication is semiconservative:
each parent DNA strand serves as a template for a new strand. A complex of
proteins, most notably DNA polymerase, is involved in replication. New DNA is
polymerized in one direction only, and since the two strands are antiparallel, one
strand is made continuously and the other is synthesized in short Okazaki
fragments that are eventually joined.
a. How did the Meselson–Stahl experiment differentiate be- tween the three
models for DNA replication? See p. 268 and Figures 13.9, 13.10
b. Name five enzymes needed for DNA replication. What are their roles? See
pp. 271–274 and Figures 13.13–13.17
c. Why is the leading strand of DNA replicated continuously while the lagging
strand must be replicated in fragments? See pp. 272–273 and Figure 13.16
4. 13.4 RECAP: DNA replication is not perfect. In addition, DNA may be altered or
damaged by environmental factors. Repair mechanisms detect and repair
mismatched or damaged DNA.
a. Explain the roles of DNA proofreading, mismatch repair, and excision
repair. See Figure 13.20
b. Busquen 2 genes de reparación en el genoma humano
c. Mutaciones en esos genes están asociados a cancer?
Estas preguntas son del libro: SADAVA D. et altri. LIFE: The Science of Biology, 10th Ed.
2014. Sinauer Associates, Inc. MacMillan
Ciclo celular y división celular (cap 11).
6. 11.1. RECAP: Four events are required for cell division: a reproductive signal,
replication of the genetic material (DNA), segregation of replicated DNA, and
separation of the two daughter cells (cytokinesis). Prokaryotes often have just one
chromosome, and cell division can be rapid. Eukaryotes usually have multiple
chromosomes, and the process of cell division is more intricate, involving either
mitosis or meiosis.
a. What is the reproductive signal that leads the bacterium Bacillus subtilis to
divide? See p. 206
b. Explain why DNA must be replicated and segregated before a cell can
divide. See p. 206
c. Describe the major steps in binary fission. See pp. 206–207 and Figure 11.2
7. 11.2 RECAP: The eukaryotic cell cycle is under both external and internal control.
Cdk’s control the eukaryotic cell cycle and are themselves controlled by cyclins.
External signals such as growth factors can initiate the cell cycle.
a. Draw a cell cycle diagram showing the various stages of interphase. See p.
208 and Figure 11.3
b. How do cyclin–Cdk’s control the progress of the cell cycle? See pp. 209–210
and Figure 11.6
c. What are growth factors, and how do they act to control the cell cycle? See
p. 211
8. 11.3 RECAP: Mitosis is the ordered division of a eukaryotic cell nucleus into two
nuclei with identical sets of chromosomes. The process of mitosis, while
continuous, can be viewed as a series of events (prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). Once two nuclei have formed, the cell
divides into two cells by cytokinesis.
a. What is the difference between a chromosome, a chromatid, and a
daughter chromosome? See Figures 11.8, 11.10
b. What are the various levels of “packing” by which the genetic information
contained in linear DNA is condensed during prophase? See p. 212 and
Figure 11.9
c. Describe how chromosomes move during mitosis. See p. 216 and Figure
11.10
d. What are the differences in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells? See
pp. 216–217 and Figure 11.13
10. 11.6 RECAP Cell death can occur either by necrosis or by apoptosis. Apoptosis is
governed by precise molecular controls.
a. What are some differences between apoptosis and necrosis? See p. 225
b. In what situations is apoptosis necessary? See p. 226
c. How is apoptosis regulated? See Figure 11.23
11. 11.7 RECAP: Cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of their rapid cell division
and their ability to spread (metastasis). Many proteins regulate the cell cycle,
either positively (oncogenes) or negatively (tumor suppressors). In cancer, one or
another of these proteins is altered in some way, making its activity abnormal.
Radiation and many cancer drugs target proteins involved in the cell cycle.
a. How are oncogene proteins and tumor suppressor proteins involved in cell
cycle control in normal and cancer cells? Review p. 228 and Figure 11.25
b. How does cancer treatment target the cell cycle? Review pp. 228–229 and
Figure 11.26