01-Action On Building DBSE-AE PDF

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SE-AE Basic Document

Structural Safety
Building actions
April 2009
Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building
Index
1 General
1.1 Scope of application

2 Permanent actions
2.1 Own weight
2.2 Prestressing
2.3 Ground actions
3 Variable Actions
3.1 Use overload 3.2

Actions on railings and dividing elements 3.3 Wind 3.4
Thermal actions 3.5 Snow 4 Accidental actions
4.1
Earthquake
4.2 Fire 4.3
Impact Annex A. Terminology
Annex B. Notations and units
B.1 Notations
B.3 Units
Annex C. Schedule of weights and coefficients of internal friction
Annex D. Action of the wind
D.1 Dynamic pressure
D.2 Exposure coefficient D.3
Exterior pressure coefficients Annex
E. Climatic data
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1 General
1.1 Scope of application

1
The field of application of this Basic Document is the determination of actions on buildings, to verify compliance with the
structural safety requirements (bearing capacity and stability) and fitness for service, established in the DB-SE.
2 The actions and forces acting on elements such as lifting devices or overhead cranes, or constructions such as silos or tanks are
outside the scope of this Basic Document.
3 In general, friction forces are not defined in this Basic Document, since they are considered
They were like effects of actions.
4 Unless otherwise indicated, all values have the sense of characteristic.
5 The types of actions and their treatment are established in the DB-SE
OTHERWISE 1
2 Permanent Actions
2.1 Own weight
1
The self-weight to be taken into account is that of the structural elements, the enclosures and separating
elements, the partitions, all types of carpentry, coatings (such as paving, trim, plastering, false ceilings), fillings
(such as earth) and fixed equipment.
2 The characteristic value of the own weight of the constructive elements will be determined, in general, as its
average value obtained from the nominal dimensions and the average specific weights. Annex C includes the
weights of materials, products and typical construction elements.
3 In the case of ordinary partitions whose weight per square meter does not exceed 1.2 kN/m2 and whose plan
distribution is substantially homogeneous, its own weight may be assimilated to an equivalent uniformly distributed
load. The value of the weight per square meter of elevation multiplied by the ratio between the partition wall
surface and that of the plant considered may be adopted as the value of said equivalent load. In the case of
heavier partitions, this may be assimilated to the same uniform equivalent load value cited plus a local increase,
of a value equal to the excess weight of the partition with respect to 1.2 kN per m2 of elevation.
In general, in homes it will suffice to consider a load of 1.0 kN for each m2 of constructed area as the self-weight
of the partition.
4 If proceeding by direct measurement of the weight of the projected partitions, alterations and modifications that are
reasonable during the life of the building must be considered.
5 The weight of the facades and heavy partitioning elements, treated as local action, will be assigned as a load to
those elements that will unequivocally support them, taking into account, where appropriate, the possibility of
distribution to adjacent elements and the effects of arches. of download. In case of continuity with lower floors, it
must be considered, from the element's safety side, that the entire weight of the element gravitates on itself.
6 The characteristic value of the own weight of the equipment and fixed installations, such as collective boilers,
transformers, lifting devices, or cooling towers, must be defined in accordance with the values provided by the
suppliers.
2.2 Prestressing
1 The action of the prestressing will be evaluated based on what is established in the EHE Instruction.
2.3 Land actions

1 The actions derived from the ground pressure, both from its weight and from other actions that act on it, or the
actions due to its displacements and deformations, are evaluated and treated as established in DB-SE-C.
OTHERWISE 3
3 Variable Actions
3.1 Usage Overload

1 The overload of use is the weight of everything that can gravitate on the building due to its use.
2 The overload of use due to heavy equipment, or the accumulation of materials in libraries, warehouses or
industries, is not included in the values contemplated in this Basic Document, and must be determined
according to the values of the supplier or the requirements of the property. .
3.1.1 Overload Values 1 In

general, the effects of usage overload can be simulated by applying a uniformly distributed
load. According to the use that is fundamental in each zone of the same, as
characteristic values those of Table 3.1 will be adopted. Said values include both the
effects derived from normal use, people, furniture, fixtures, usual merchandise, content
of ducts, machinery and, where appropriate, vehicles, as well as those derived from
unusual use, such as accumulation of people, or furniture. during a transfer.
2 Likewise, for local checks of bearing capacity, a concentrated load must be considered acting at any point in
the area. Said load will be considered acting simultaneously with the uniformly distributed overload in the
areas of traffic use and parking of light vehicles, and independently and not simultaneously with it in the rest
of the areas.
cases.
Said concentrated load will be considered applied on the finished pavement in a square surface of 200 mm
in traffic and parking areas and of 50 mm on each side in the rest of the cases.
Table 3.1. Characteristic values of usage overloads

Uniform load
concentrated load
use category Usage subcategories
[kN/m2 ] [kN]
Homes and room areas in hospitals and hotels

A1 2 2
To residential areas
A2 storage rooms 3 2
B Administrative zones 2 2
C1 Areas with tables and chairs Areas with 3 4
C2 fixed seats Areas without obstacles that 4 4
Public access areas (with the prevent the free movement of people such as lobbies of public,
exception of surfaces belonging administrative buildings, hotels; exhibition halls in museums; etc
C3 5 4
C to categories A, B, and D)
Areas for gym or physical activities

C4 5 7
Crowded areas (concert halls, stadiums, etc.)

C5 5 4
D1 commercial premises 5 4
D Commercial areas Supermarkets, hypermarkets or large areas

D2 5 7
(1)
E Traffic and parking areas for light vehicles (total weight < 30 kN) (2) 2 20
F Passable roofs accessible only privately 1 2
Roofs with an inclination of less than 20º 1(4) (6) 2

Covers accessible only for G1(7) (5)
0,4(4)
G conservation Light covers on purlins (without floor) 1
(3)
G2 Roofs with an inclination greater than 40º 0 2
OTHERWISE 5
(1)
They must be broken down into two concentrated loads of 10 kN separated by 1.8 m. Alternatively, these loads may be
replaced by an overload uniformly distributed throughout the entire area of 3.0 kN/m2 for the calculation of secondary elements,
such as ribs or joists, double supported, of 2.0 kN/m2 for that of slabs, reticulated slabs or ribs of continuous slabs, and 1.0 kN/m2
for primary elements such as beams, support charts, supports or footings.
(2)
In walkable roofs for public use, the value corresponds to the use of the area from which it is accessed.
(3)
For roofs with a slope between 20º and 40º, the value of qk is determined by linear interpolation between the values
corresponding to subcategories G1 and G2.
(4)
The indicated value refers to the horizontal projection of the roof surface.
(5)
A light roof is understood to be that whose permanent load due solely to its enclosure does not exceed 1 kN/m2 .
(6)
A tributary area less than the total roof area may be adopted, not less than 10 m2 and located in the most unfavorable part of it,
provided that the adopted solution appears in the building's maintenance plan.
(7)
This usage overhead is not considered concomitant with the other variable actions.
3 In the access and evacuation areas of buildings in category A and B areas, such as portals, plateaus and
stairs, the value corresponding to the area served will be increased by 1 kN/m2 .
4 For local verification, cantilevered balconies of all kinds of buildings will be calculated with the use overload
corresponding to the category of use with which it communicates, plus a linear overload acting on its
edges of 2 kN/m.
5 For warehouse or library areas, the average overload value will be recorded in the project report and in
the instructions for use and maintenance, and, where appropriate, load distribution, for which the area
has been calculated, and must include a plate with said value in the work
6 In porches, sidewalks and transit spaces located on a load-bearing element or on land that develops
pressures on other structural elements, a use overload of 1 kN/m2 will be considered if they are private
spaces and 3 kN/m2 if they are publicly accessible.
7 The indicated values already include the effect of load alternation, except in the case of elements
Critical coughs, such as flights, or in crowded areas.
8 For the purposes of combining actions, the overloads of each type of use will be considered as different
actions. The items within each subcategory of Table 3.1 are different types.
3.1.2 Reduction of overloads 1 For the

dimensioning of the horizontal load-bearing elements (beams, ribs of slabs, etc.), and their connection
elements (corbels, abacuses, etc.), the sum of the overloads of the same category of use that act on it,
can be reduced by multiplying it by the coefficient of Table 3.2, for use categories A, B, C and D.
2 For the dimensioning of a vertical element (pillar, wall), the sum of the overloads of the same use that
gravitate on it, can be reduced by multiplying it by the coefficient of Table 3.2, for the categories of use
A, B, C and D.
Table 3.2. Overload reduction coefficient
vertical elements horizontal elements
Number of floors of the same use Tax area (m2 )
1 from 2 3 from 4 5 or more 16 25 50 100
1,0 0,9 0,8 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7
3 The above reduction coefficients may be applied simultaneously to a vertical element when the floors
located above said element are intended for the same use and as long as they correspond to different
users, which shall be stated in the project report and in the instructions. of use and maintenance. In the
case of 1 or 2 floors, the reduction for tributary surface can be applied to the vertical elements.
3.2 Actions on railings and dividing elements 1 The structure of the

railings, parapets, parapets or guardrails of terraces, gazebos, balconies or stairs must resist a horizontal,
uniformly distributed force, and whose value
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characteristic will be obtained from table 3.3. The force will be considered applied at 1.2 m or above the
upper edge of the element, if it is located at a lower height.
Table 3.3 Actions on railings and other dividing elements Category of use
Horizontal force [kN/m]
C5 3.0 C3, C4, E, F 1.6 Resto de los casos 0.8
2 In traffic and parking areas, the parapets, parapets or railings and other elements that delimit accessible
areas for vehicles must resist a horizontal force, uniformly distributed over a length of 1 m, applied at a
height of 1.2 m above the ground. level of the rolling surface or on the upper edge of the element if it is
located at a lower height, whose characteristic value will be defined in the project based on the specific
use and the characteristics of the building, not being less than qk = 50 kN.
3 Dividing elements, such as partitions, must withstand a horizontal force half to the definition.
nested in table 3.3, according to the use on each side of it.
3.3 Wind
3.3.1 General
1 The distribution and value of the pressure exerted by the wind on a building and the resulting forces
depend on the shape and dimensions of the building, the characteristics and permeability of its surface,
as well as its direction, of the intensity and gusting of the wind.
2 The provisions of this Basic Document are not applicable to buildings located at altitudes higher than 2,000
m. In these cases, the wind pressures must be established from available empirical data.
3 In general, ordinary buildings are not sensitive to the dynamic effects of wind. This Basic Document does
not cover constructions with a slenderness greater than 6, in which such effects must be taken into
account.
3.3.2 Wind action

1 Wind action, generally a force perpendicular to the surface of each exposed point, or static pressure, which
can be expressed as:
qe = qb · ce · cp (3.1)
being:
qb the dynamic pressure of the wind. In a simplified way, as a value at any point in Spanish territory,
0.5 kN/m2 can be adopted . More precise values can be obtained through annex D, depending on
the geographical location of the work.
ce the exposure coefficient, variable with the height of the point considered, depending on the degree of
roughness of the environment where the construction is located. It is determined in accordance
with what is established in 3.3.3. In urban buildings with up to 8 floors, a constant value of 2.0 can
be taken, independent of the height.
cp the wind or pressure coefficient, depending on the shape and orientation of the surface with respect
to the wind, and where appropriate, on the location of the point with respect to the edges of that
surface; a negative value indicates suction. Its value is set to 3.3.4 and 3.3.5.
2 The buildings will be verified before the action of the wind in all directions, regardless of the existence of
contiguous dividing constructions, although generally the consideration of any two substantially
orthogonal will suffice. For each direction, action in both directions should be considered. If a global
wind coefficient is used, the action will be considered applied with a plan eccentricity of 5% of the
maximum dimension of the building in the plane perpendicular to the considered wind direction and on
the unfavorable side.
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3 The action of the wind also generates tangential forces parallel to the surface. They are calculated as the
product of the external pressure by the coefficient of friction, with a value equal to 0.01 if the surface is
very smooth, for example steel or aluminum, 0.02 if it is rough as in the case of concrete. gon, and 0.04 if
it is very rough, as in the case of the existence of waves, ribs or folds. On the windward and leeward
surfaces, it will not be necessary to take into account the action of friction if its value does not exceed 10%
of the perpendicular force due to the action of the wind.
3.3.3 Exposure coefficient The exposure

1
coefficient takes into account the effects of turbulence caused by the relief and topography of the terrain. Its
value can be taken from table 3.4, the height of the point being considered being the measurement with
respect to the average slope of the windward façade. For heights greater than 30 m, the values must be
obtained from the general expressions included in Annex D. For large-format prefabricated panels, the point
to consider is their midpoint.
2 In the case of buildings located in the vicinity of cliffs or escarpments with a slope greater than 40º, the height
will be measured from the base of said topographic accidents. This Basic Document is only applicable to
cliff or escarpment heights less than 50 m.
3 For the purposes of degree of roughness, the environment of the building will be classified in the first of the
types in table 3.4 to which it belongs, for the analyzed wind direction.
Table 3.4. Values of the exposure coefficient ce
Height of the considered point (m)

Roughness of the environment
3 6 9 12 15 18 24 30
Edge of the sea or a lake, with a water surface in the direction of the wind of at
I 2,4 2,7 3,0 3,1 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,7
least 5 km in length
II Flat rural land without obstacles or significant trees 2,1 2,5 2,7 2,9 3,0 3,1 3,3 3,5
Hilly or flat rural area with some isolated obstacles, such as trees or small buildings
III 1,6 2,0 2,3 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,9 3,1
IV General urban, industrial or forest area 1,3 1,4 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,6
Business center of large cities, with a profusion of tall buildings

IN 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,9 2,0
3.3.4 Wind coefficient of apartment buildings 1 In

apartment buildings, with floors that connect all the façades at regular intervals, with openings or small
practicable or hermetic windows, and internally compartmentalized, for the global analysis of the structure,
it will suffice to consider global windward and leeward wind coefficients, applying the wind action to the
projection surface of the built volume in a plane perpendicular to the wind action. As global wind coefficients,
those of table 3.5 may be adopted.
Table 3.5. Wind coefficient in apartment buildings
Slenderness in the plane parallel to the wind
< 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 ÿ 5,00
Wind coefficient of pressure, cp 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8
Wind suction coefficient, cs -0,3 -0,4 -0,4 -0,5 -0,6 -0,7
For other cases and as an alternative to the global wind coefficient, the wind action may be determined as
a result of that which exists at each point, based on the wind coefficients established in Annex D.2 for
various canonical forms, applying the of the one that presents features that are more consistent with the
case analyzed, considering in its case the joint shape of the building with the dividing walls.
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2 In buildings with a flat roof, the action of the wind on it, generally suction, usually operates on the safety
side, and can be neglected.
3 For local analyzes of façade or enclosure elements, such as carpentry, glazing, cladding, anchors, or
straps, the wind action will be determined as the result of that which exists at each point, based on the
wind coefficients established in Annex D.3 in the sense indicated above
3.3.5 Wind coefficient of warehouses and open-plan constructions 1 In

warehouses and open-plan constructions, without slabs connecting the facades, the action of the wind must
be individualized in each element of the exterior surface. When on at least two of the sides of the
building (facades or roofs) the total area of the holes exceeds 30% of the total area of the considered
side, the action of the wind is determined considering the structure as a canopy or a free wall.
2 For the purposes of calculating the structure, on the security side, the resultant in each façade or roof
plane of the values of Annex D.3 may be used, which include the worst value at each point due to
various wind directions. For local purposes, such as straps, enclosure panels, or anchors, the values
corresponding to the zone or zones in which said element is located must be used.
3 If the building has large holes, the action of the wind generates, in addition to pressures on the outside,
rior, pressures inside, which are added to the previous ones.
The internal wind pressure coefficient, cpi, is considered unique in all the interior walls of the building
that delimit the area affected by the façade or roof that has large holes. To determine the internal
pressure, in single-storey buildings, the exposure coefficient corresponding to the height of the
midpoint of the opening will be considered, unless there is a dominant opening, in which case the
exposure coefficient will be that corresponding to the average height of said hole. If the building has
several floors, the average height of the analyzed floor will be considered. A hole is considered
dominant if its area is at least ten times greater than the sum of the areas of the remaining holes.
4 When the area of the openings in a façade is double the openings in the rest of the façades of the
building, cpi = 0.75cpe will be taken; if it is triple cpi = 0.9cpe where cpe is the external pressure wind
coefficient. In intermediate cases it will be linearly interpolated. Otherwise, the values of table 3.6 will
be taken
Table 3.6 Interior pressure coefficients Area of holes in suction

Slenderness in the
zones with respect to the total area of holes in the building
plane parallel
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
to the wind ÿ1 ÿ4
0,7 0,7 0,6 0,4 0,3 0,1 0,0 -0,1 -0,3 -0,4 -0,5
0,5 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 -0,1 -0,2 -0,3 -0,3
Fig. 3.1 Pressures exerted by the wind in an open-plan construction
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3.4 Thermal actions
3.4.1 General
1 Buildings and their elements are subject to deformations and geometric changes due to variations in the outside
ambient temperature. Their magnitude depends on the climatic conditions of the place, the orientation and
exposure of the building, the characteristics of the construction materials and finishes or coatings, and the
internal heating and ventilation system, as well as the thermal insulation. .
2 Variations in temperature in the building lead to deformation of all the construction elements, particularly the
structural ones, which, when prevented, cause stress in the affected elements.
3 The arrangement of expansion joints can help reduce the effects of temperature variations. In typical buildings
with structural elements of concrete or steel, thermal actions may not be considered when expansion joints
are arranged in such a way that there are no continuous elements of more than 40 m in length. For other
types of buildings, the DB includes the maximum distance between expansion joints depending on the
characteristics of the material used.
3.4.2 Calculation of thermal action

1 The global effects of thermal action can be obtained from the average temperature variation of the structural
elements, in general, separately for the effects of summer, expansion, and winter, contraction, from a
reference temperature, when the element was built and that can be taken as the annual mean of the location
or 10ºC.
2 The extreme summer and winter ambient temperatures can be obtained from Annex E.
3 For elements exposed to the elements, the extreme temperature of the environment will be adopted as the
minimum temperature. As maximum temperature in summer, the extreme of the environment will be
adopted, increased by that from the effect of solar radiation, according to table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Temperature increase due to solar radiation

surface color
surface orientation
Very clear Clear Dark
north and east 0C 2C 4C
south and west 18 C 30 C 42 C
4 The temperature of the protected elements inside the building can be taken, during
all year, a temperature of 20ºC.
5 The temperature of the elements of the enclosure not directly exposed to the weather can be taken as the
average between those of the two previous cases.
3.5 Snow
1 The distribution and intensity of the snow load on a building, or in particular on a roof, depends on the local
climate, the type of precipitation, the surrounding relief, the shape of the building or the roof, the the effects
of the wind, and of the thermal exchanges in the exterior walls.
2 The load models in this section only cover the cases of the natural deposit of snow. On roofs accessible to
people or vehicles, possible accumulations due to artificial redistribution of snow must be considered.
Likewise, the particular construction conditions that facilitate the accumulation of snow must be taken into
account.
3.5.1 Determination of snow load 1 On flat roofs of

apartment buildings located in locations with an altitude of less than 1,000 m, it is sufficient to consider a snow
load of 1.0 kN/m2 . In other cases or in light structures, sensitive to vertical load, the values can be obtained
as indicated below.
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2 As value of snow load per surface unit in horizontal projection, qn, can be taken: (3.2)
=
qn m·sk
being:
µ roof shape coefficient according to 3.5.3 sk the characteristic

value of the snow load on horizontal ground according to 3.5.2 3 When the construction is protected from wind
action, the snow load value may be reduced by 20% If you are in a heavily exposed location, the value should be increased by 20%.
4 For the calculation of the elements flown from the roof of buildings located at altitudes higher than 1,000 m, in addition to the surface
load of snow, a linear load pn must be considered, at the edge of the element, due to the formation of ice, which is given by the
expression (where k = 3 meters):
2
pn =k·µ ·sk (3.3)
5 The load that acts on elements that prevent the sliding of the snow can be deduced from the mass of snow that can slide. For these
purposes, it must be assumed that the coefficient of friction between the snow and the roof is zero.
3.5.2 Snow load on horizontal ground

1
The value of the snow overload on a horizontal terrain, sk, in the provincial capitals and autonomous cities can be taken from table
3.8
Table 3.8 Snow overload in provincial capitals and autonomous cities

Altitude sk Altitude sk Altitude sk
Capital Capital Capital
m kN/m2 690 m kN/m2 680 m kN/m2
0 0 1,130 180 0 0 470 570 820 Pontevedra
Albacete 0,6 Guadalajara 0,6 0,3
0 860 440 0 150 380 470 Salamanca 0
Alicante / Alicante 0,2 Huelva 0,2 0,5
0 640 100 0 660 0 40 130 230 San
Almeria 0,2 Huesca 0,7 0,3
1,010 70 690 740 0 0 450 Sebastián/ Donostia
Avila 1,0 Jaen 0,4 0,3
Santander 780 0
badajoz 0,2 Lion 1,2 0,7
Segovia 0
Barcelona 0,4 Lleida / Lleida 0,5 0,2
Sevilla 1.000
Bilbao / Bilbao 0,3 logrono 0,6 0,9
Soria
Burgos 0,6 Lugo 0,7 0,4
caceres Madrid Tarragona
0,4 0,6 0,2
Tenerife 10
Cadiz 0,2 Malaga 0,2 0,9
Teruel 1.090
Castellon 0,2 Murcia 0,2 0,5
Toledo 0
Real city 0,6 Ourense / Ourense 0,4 0,2
Valencia/ Valencia 0
Cordova 0,2 Oviedo 0,5 0,4
Valladolid 950
A Coruña / A Coruña 0,3 Palencia 0,4 0,7
Vitoria / Gasteiz 550
Basin 1,0 Palma de Mallorca 0,2 0,4
Zamora 0 690
Gerona / Gerona 0,4 Palms, The 0,2 0,5
Saragossa 520 650 210 0
Granada 0,5 Pamplona/Iruña 0,7 0,2
Ceuta and melilla
2 In other locations, the value can be deduced from Annex E, depending on the area and the topographic altitude of the construction
site.
3 In locations with altitudes higher than the maximum ones tabulated in the aforementioned Annex, the snow load will be adopted as
indicated by the municipal ordinance, when it exists, or will be established based on the available empirical data.
4 The specific weight of accumulated snow is highly variable, being 1.2 kN/m3 for freshly fallen snow, 2.0 kN/m3 for pressed or soaked
snow, and 4.0 kN/m3 for mixed with hail.
3.5.3 Shape coefficient

1
The wind can accompany or follow the snowfall, which causes an irregular deposit of snow on the roofs. Therefore, the thickness
of the snow cover can be different on each slope. To determine the shape coefficient of each of them, the following rules will be
applied successively
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2 In a slope limited below by cornices or hips, and in which there is no impediment to snow sliding, the shape
coefficient has the value of 1 for roofs with a slope of less than or equal to 30º and 0 for roofs with a steeper
slope. or equal to 60º (for intermediate values it will be linearly interpolated). If there is an impediment, µ = 1
will be taken whatever the inclination.
3 In a slope that limits inferiorly with a valley, which supposes an impediment to the sliding of the snow, two cases
are distinguished:
a) If the successive skirt is inclined in the same direction, the shape coefficient of the one above will be taken
as the one corresponding to the inclination of the one below in a width of 2m.
b) if it is inclined in the opposite direction, and the half-sum of the inclinations, ÿ, is greater than 30º, the shape
coefficient of both will be 2.0; otherwise it will be µ = 1 + ÿ/30º in a width of 2m.
Figure 3.3 Shape coefficient in skirts

4 The possible asymmetric distributions of snow, due to its transport by the effect of the wind, will be taken into
account, halving the shape coefficient in the parts where the action is favourable.
3.5.4 Snow accumulation

1
Additionally, in the slopes limited below by hips and whose shape coefficient, µ, is less than unity, they
discharge part of the snow downstream. Such discharge causes accumulations of snow if there are
discontinuities such as valleys or level changes in that direction.
The total discharge per unit length, pd, can be evaluated as:
pd = (1-µ)*L*sk (3.4)
being:
L average horizontal projection of the line of maximum slope of the skirt.

2 The accumulation of snow on a discontinuity (valley or level change) downstream of the
skirt is simulated by a linear load, pa, of value:
pa = min (µi , 1) · pd (3.5)
which can be assumed to be uniformly distributed over a width not greater than 2.0 m on one side or the other
of the valley or level change.
3 If there is discharge to be distributed (pd > pa), another discontinuity will be considered below subject to the
remaining load, and so on until the entire discharge is distributed or the perimeter of the building is reached.
In any case, the sum of all the loads on discontinuities will not be greater than the total discharge of the skirt.
4 On each discontinuity, the discharges that may come from the discontinuities will be added, where appropriate.
red skirts upstream.
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4 Accidental actions
4.1 Earthquake
1 Seismic actions are regulated in the NSCE, Seismic resistant construction standard: general part and
building.
4.2 Fire
1 The actions due to the thermal aggression of the fire are defined in the DB-SI
2 In transit areas for vehicles destined for fire protection services, an action of 20 kN/m2 will be considered,
arranged on a surface 3 m wide by 8 m long, in any of the positions of a band 5 m wide, and the
maneuvering areas, where the passage of this type of vehicle is foreseen and signalled.
3 For the local verification of the mentioned areas, it will be assumed, independently and not simultaneously
with the previous one, the action of a load of 100 kN, acting on a circular surface of 20 cm in diameter
on the finished pavement, in one any of its points.
4.3 Impact
4.3.1 General
1 The actions on a building caused by an impact depend on the mass, geometry and speed of the impacting
body, as well as the deformation and damping capacity of both the body and the element against which
it impacts.
2 Unless protection measures are adopted, the effectiveness of which must be verified, in order to reduce
the probability of occurrence of an impact or to mitigate its consequences in case of occurrence, the
resistant elements affected by an impact must be sized taking into account the actions due to it, in order
to achieve adequate structural safety.
3 The impact of a body on a building can be represented by a static force equivalent to
worth taking into account the parameters mentioned.
4 This Basic Document considers only actions due to accidental impacts, excluding premeditated ones, such
as the impact of a vehicle or the fall of the counterweight of a lifting device.
4.3.2 Vehicle impact

1 The action of impact of vehicles from the outside of the building, will be considered where and when
established by the municipal ordinance. The impact from the inside must be considered in all areas
whose use involves the movement of vehicles.
2 The calculation values of the equivalent static forces due to the impact of vehicles with a total weight of up
to 30 kN are 50 kN in the direction parallel to the track and 25 kN in the perpendicular direction, not
acting simultaneously.
3 The equivalent force of impact will be considered acting in a horizontal plane and will be applied on a
rectangular surface of 0.25 m height and a width of 1.5 m, or the width of the element if it is smaller,
and at a height 0.6 m above the rolling level, in the case of vertical elements, or the height of the
element, if it is less than 1.8 m in horizontal ones.
4 In areas where the circulation of forklifts is expected, the calculation value of the equivalent static force
due to their impact will be equal to five times the maximum authorized weight of the forklift. It will be
applied on a rectangular surface 0.4 m high and 1.5 m wide, or the width of the element if it is less, and
at a height depending on the shape of the truck; In the absence of specific information, a height of 0.75
m above the level of hard tread will be assumed.
SE-AE 13
5 The characteristics of the forklift considered must be reflected in the project report and in the instructions
for use and maintenance.
6 When other types of vehicles are mentioned in the instructions for use and maintenance of the building,
for example helicopters, the characteristic value and model used for the corresponding action must
be defined in the project.
4.4. Other accidental actions

1 In buildings with uses such as chemical factories, laboratories or warehouses for explosive materials,
the specific accidental actions considered shall be recorded in the project, indicating their characteristic
value and model.
SE-AE 14
Annex A. Terminology
1 Some technical terms used in this Basic Document are defined below.
General terms are defined in the DB-SE document.
Load: Force, due to gravity, that acts on a building and that interests its structure.
Snow load: Load produced by snow.
Slenderness of a building: Relationship between the maximum height above ground level and the
bottom in the direction of the wind Impact: Collision between a moving body and a building.
Return period: Probability of occurrence of a certain event in a defined reference period.
Own weight: Load produced by gravity in the mass of the construction elements.
Use overload: Weight of everything that can weigh on the building due to its use.
Application surface: Surface on which a concentrated force acts.
Ambient temperature: Outside air temperature at a building site.
SE-AE 15
Annex B. Notations and units
B.1 Notations
1 Latin capital letters
A Area; Altitude above sea level; constant

WITH
Environment roughness parameter
2 Latin Minuscule
ce exposure coefficient
cpe Outside pressure coefficient
cpi Internal pressure coefficient
d Diameter; thickness; building length
It is Dimension
h building height
hm Average height
k Shape coefficient of hanging snow; ground coefficient
m Time
n Number; coefficient
Distributed load online
Uniformly distributed load on surface
pq Basic value of dynamic wind pressure
qb Characteristic value of snow load on horizontal ground
sk etc Basic value of wind speed
x Distance
With reference height
3 Greek
a slope of a cover
b Angle
Shape coefficient to determine snow load Wind direction angle
mi
r air density
ÿ clogging factor
B.3 Units
1 The International System of Measurement Units, SI, is used.
2 For calculations it is recommended to use the following units:

- Forces and loads: kN, kN/m, kN/m²
- Time: kg;
- Length: m, mm;
- Voltages: N/mm²; kN/m2
- Moments: kN·m.
3 For practical purposes, the following correspondence between the force units of the MKS and SI systems may be
considered: 1 kilopond [1 kp] = 10 Newton [10 N].
SE-AE 17
Annex C. Record of weights and coefficients of internal friction
Table C.1 Apparent unit weight of construction materials
Apparent materials and elements Apparent

materials and elements specific weight specific weight
kN/m3 kN/m3
masonry materials Wood
Sandstone 21,0 a 27,0 Sawn, types C14 to C40 3,5 a 5,0
Basalt 27,0 a 31,0 Glued laminate 3,7 a 4,4
compact limestone, marble 28.0 plywood board 5,0
Diorite, gneiss 30,0 Gray cardboard board 8,0
Granite 27,0 a 30,0 cement bonded 12,0
syenite, diorite, porphyry 28,0 fiber board 8,0 a 10,0
compact terracotta 21,0 a 27,0 light board 4,0
Factories metals
hollow cement block 13,of 16,0 Steel 77,0 a 78,5
gypsum hollow block 10,0 Aluminum 27,0
Solid ceramic brick 18,0 Bronze 83,0 a 85,0
perforated ceramic brick 15,0 Copper 87,0 a 89,0
hollow ceramic brick 12,0 20,0 Tin 74,0
sand-lime brick Cast iron 71,0 a 72,5
Masonry with granite compact wrought iron 76,0
limestone basalt 24,0 Brass 83,0 a 85,0
sandstone mortar 27,0 Lead 112,0 a 114,0
26,0 Zinc 71,0 a 72,0
26,0 plastics and organics
Ashlar sheet rubber 17,0
of sandy 26,0 acrylic sheet 12,0
sandstone or porous limestone 24,0 linoleum on iron 12,0
of compact limestone basalt or 30,0 iron mastic 21,0
granite marble 28,0 expanded polystyrene 0,3
28,0 Others
concretes and mortars Adobe 16,0
lightweight concrete 9,0 a 20,0 Asphalt 24,0
(1)
normal concrete 24,0 > Ceramic tile 18,0
heavy concrete 28,0 stoneware tile 19,0
Cement mortar 19,0 a 23,0 Paper 11,0
plaster mortar 12,0 a 28,0 Board 29,0
cement and lime mortar 18,0 a 20,0 Glass 25,0
lime mortar 12,0 a 18,0
(1)
In reinforced concrete with usual or fresh reinforcement, it increases 1 kN/m3
Table C.2 Weight per surface unit of covering elements
Pesos Pesos
materials and elements kN/m2 materials and elements kN/m2
Insulation (glass or rock wool) for Wooden board, 25 mm thick 0.15
every 10 mm of thickness 0,02 Rasilla board, one sheet one
Greased sheets, 80 mm corner, sheet uncoated one 0,40
0.8 mm thick steel 0,12 sheet plus plaster laying 0,50
Aluminum, 0 8 mm thick 0,04 Flat tiles (without battening) light
Lead, 1.5 mm thick 0,18 (24 kg/piece) common 0,30
Zinc, 1,2 mm espesor 0,10 (3.0 kg/piece) heavy (3.6 0,40
Tar cardboard, per layer 0,05 kg/piece) 0,50
Enlistment 0,05 Curved tiles (without battening)
Reinforced plastic sheet, 1.2 mm 0,02 light (1.6 kg/piece) 0,40
Slate, without enlistonado regular (2.0 kg/piece) heavy 0,50
single overlap 0,20 (2.4 kg/piece) 0,60
double overlap 0,30 Stained glass (including carpentry)
Fiber cement sheets, 6 mm thick 0,18 normal glass, 5 mm thick 0,25
reinforced glass, 6 mm thick 0,35
SE-AE 19
Table C.3 Weight per surface unit of paving elements
Pesos Pesos
materials and elements kN/m2 materials and elements kN/m2
Hydraulic or ceramic tile (including
Linoleum or rubber and mortar loset
bonding material) 0.03 m of total
thickness 0.05 m of total 0,50 20mm overall thickness 0,50
thickness 0.07 m of total 0,80 Park and 20 mm thick platform on battens
thickness 1,10 0,40
Agglomerated cork 20 20 mm thick flooring battens
mm flooring and batten 0,40 received with plaster 0,30
Terrazzo on mortar, 50 mm thick 0,80
Table C.4 Weight per unit area of partitions
Weight Weight
partitions (uncoated) kN/m2 Coatings (per side) kN/m2
Rasilla, 30 mm thick 0,40 Enfoscado or I recall from the cement 0,20
Hollow brick, 45mm thick by 90mm thick 0,60 Lime plaster, stucco 0,15
1,00 Plaster trim and plaster 0,15
Table C.5 Own weight of construction elements
Element Weight
forged kN / m2
Corrugated sheet with concrete layer; overall thickness < 0.12 m 2
Unidirectional slab, spans up to 5 m; overall thickness < 0.28 m 3
Forged uni or bidirectional; total thickness < 0.30 m 4
Bidirectional floor, total thickness < 0.35 m 5
Solid concrete slab, total thickness 0.20 m 5
Enclosures and partitions (for a free height of the order of 3.0 m) including plaster kN / m
Board or simple partition; total thickness < 0.09 m 3
Tabicon or simple sheet of masonry; overall thickness < 0.14 m 5
Exterior masonry sheet and interior partition; overall thickness < 0.25 m
Flooring (including bonding material) 7 kN /
glued sheet or carpet; overall thickness < 0.03 m m2
Wood, ceramic or hydraulic pavement over plaston; total thickness < 0.08 m 0,5
Stone plates, or stepping stones; overall thickness < 0.15 m 1,0
Roof, on slab (weight in horizontal projection) 1,5 kN /
Sheet metal, board or light panel skirting m2
Plate, tile or slate skirting 1,0
Tile skirting on dovecote boards and partitions 2,0
Flat roof, screed, with protected view waterproofing 3,0
Flat, Catalan or inverted roof with gravel finish 1,5
fillings 2,5 kN / m3
Water in cisterns or pools 10
Ground , (1) as in planters, including drainage material 20

(1)
The total weight must take into account the possible thickness deviation from what is indicated on the plans.
SE-AE 20
Table C.6 Specific weight and friction angle of storable and bulk materials(1)
Weight Weight
Material Material
kN/m3 Angle kN/m3 Angle
Sand 14 a 19 30º Chunky charcoal 35º 4 45th
Pumice sand Sand and gravel 7 15 Coal
Loose lime Loose clinker cement a 20 13 35º stacked briquettes 25º stacked briquettes 35th
Cement in bags Chopped, 16 15 28º raw, pulverized mine 8 -
granulated, foamed blast furnace 13 35º

slag Polyester resin Polyethylene, 10 25º
granulated polystyrene Resins Firewood 7 5,4 45º
and glues Loose gypsum 17 40º brown
Fresh water (1 ) 12 30º coal briquettes piled briquettes 7.8 30th
9 35º stacked raw pulverized 12.8
-
12 -
7.8 to 9.8 30º to 40º 4.9 25º
6,4 30th to 40º
-
13 dry black peat
15 25th tightly packed piled up 6a9 -
10 - and loose 3a6 45th
Additional values for agricultural, industrial and other materials can be found in the ENV 1990.
SE-AE 21
Annex D. Action of the wind
D.1 Dynamic pressure

1
The basic value of the dynamic wind pressure can be obtained with the expression:
2
qb = 0.5 · ÿ · vb (D.1)
where ÿ is the air density and vb is the basic value of the wind speed.
2 The basic value of the wind speed corresponds to the characteristic value of the average wind speed over a period of 10
minutes, taken in a flat area unprotected from the wind (environmental roughness II according to table D.2 ) at a height of 10 m
above the ground. The characteristic value of the mentioned wind speed is defined as that value whose annual probability of
being exceeded is 0.02 (return period of 50 years).
3 The density of the air depends, among other factors, on the altitude, the ambient temperature and the fraction of water in suspension.
In general, the value of 1.25 kg/m3 can be adopted . In locations very close to the sea, where dew action is very likely, the
density may be higher.
4 The basic value of the wind speed in each locality can be obtained from the map in figure D.1. That of the dynamic pressure is,
respectively, 0.42 kN/m2 , 0.45 kN/m2 and 0.52 kN/m2 for zones A, B and C of said map.
Figure D.1 Basic value of wind speed, vb

5 For checks of serviceability limit states, the basic speed indicated in previous paragraphs can be modified with the coefficient of
table D.1 according to the considered return period, taking for this variable a time equal to the service period with which project
the building.
SE-AE 23
Table D.1 Correction of the basic speed as a function of the service period
Return period (years) 1 2 5 10 20 50 200
correction coefficient 0,41 0,78 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,08
D.2 Exposure coefficient

1
The exposure coefficient ce for heights above ground, z, not greater than 200 m, can be determined with the expression:
ce = F · (F + 7 k) (D.2)
F = k ln (max (z,Z) / L) (D.3)
where k, L, Z are characteristic parameters of each type of environment, according to table D.2
Table D.2 Coefficients for type of environment
Parameter
Roughness of the environment
k L (m) Z (m)
Edge of the sea or a lake, with a water surface in the direction of the wind of at least 5 km in length
I 0,156 0,003 1,0
II Flat rural land without obstacles or significant trees 0,17 0,01 1,0
Hilly or flat rural area with some isolated obstacles, such as trees or small buildings
III 0,19 0,05 2,0
IV General urban, industrial or forest area 0,22 0,3 5,0
Business center of large cities, with a profusion of tall buildings

IN 0,24 1,0 10,0
D.3 External pressure coefficients 1 The external or
wind pressure coefficients, cp, depend on the relative direction of the wind, the shape of the building, the position of the element
considered and its area of influence.
2 Tables D.3 to D.13 give pressure coefficient values for various simple forms of construction, obtained as the worst of the range of
wind directions defined in each case. In all of them, the variable A refers to the area of influence of the element or point
considered. The sign indicates that the value is identical to that of the upper cell. When two separate values with different signs
“
are provided, it means that the wind

must action
be considered.
in the considered
In all the area
tables
can
it can
varybe
from
linearly
pressure
interpolated
to suction,
for intermediate
and that bothvalues
possibilities
of the
variables. Null values are provided for interpolation.
3 For local checks of façade or roof elements, the area of influence will be that of the element itself. For checks on underlying structural
members, the load allocation area. If the tributary zone of the element is developed in two or more zones than those established
in the tables, as is the case of the analysis of general structural elements, the use of the tabulated coefficients operates on the
safety side, since they do not represent simultaneous values of wind action.
4 For elements with area of influence A, between 1 m2 and 10 m2 can be obtained , the external pressure coefficient is
using the following expression:
cpe,A = cpe,1 +(cpe,10 – cpe,1)· log10A (D.4)

being:
cpe,10 external pressure coefficient for elements with an area of influence A ÿ 10 m2 external pressure coefficient
cpe,1 for elements with an area of influence A ÿ 1 m2
SE-AE 24
5 In the case of constructions with a different shape from those established here, the procedure must be
analogous, considering, if necessary, that the volume is made up of the considered construction and the
party walls.
6 The use of the pressure coefficient tables of the EN 1991-1-4 standard is allowed, both for the canonical
forms not included in this Basic Document and for the global force coefficients of those that are included.
Table D.3 Vertical walls
A
Area (according to figure), -45º < ÿ < 45º
h/d
(m2 ) A B C D
AND
ÿ 10 5 -1,2 -0,8 -0,5 0,8 -0,7

“ “ “ “
1
-0,5
“ “
ÿ 0,25 5 1 0,7 -0,3
5 -1,3 -0,9 -0,5 0,9 -0,7

“ “ “ “
-0,5
“ “ “
ÿ 0,25 5 0,8 -0,3
2 -1,3 -1,0 -0,5 0,9 -0,7

“ “ “
·”
1
-0,5
“ “ “
ÿ 0,25 0,7 -0,3
ÿ1 5 -1,4 -1,1 -0,5 1,0 -0,7

“ “ “ “
1
-0,5
“ “ “
“
ÿ 0,25 -0,3
SE-AE 25
Table D.4 Flat roofs
Area (according to figure), -45º < ÿ < 45º

hp/h A (m2)
F G H
I
ÿ 10 -1,8 -1,2 -0,7
0,2
edges with edges
-0,2
ÿ1 -2,5 -2,0 -1,2
0,2
-0,2
ÿ 10 -1,6 -1,1 -0,7
0,2
0,025
-0,2
ÿ1 -2,2 -1,8 -1,2
0,2
-0,2
ÿ 10 -1,4 -0,9 -0,7
0,2
with parapets 0,05
-0,2
ÿ1 -2,0 -1,6 -1,2
0,2
-0,2
ÿ 10 -1,2 -0,8 -0,7
0,2
0,10
-0,2
ÿ1 -1,8 -1,4 -1,2
0,2 -0,2
Note: Flat roofs will be considered those with a slope of no more than 5º.
SE-AE 26
Table D.5 One-pitch roofs. a) Wind direction
-45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 45º
Roof slope ÿ Zone (according to figure), -45º < ÿ < 45

A (m2 )
F G H
ÿ 10
-1,7 -1,2 -0,6
5th
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0
ÿ1
-2,5 -2,0 -1,2
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0
ÿ 10
-0,9 -0,8 -0,3
15th
0,2 0,2 0,2
ÿ1
-2,0 -1,5 -0,3
0,2 0,2 0,2
ÿ 10
-0,5 -0,5 -0,2
30th
0,7 0,7 0,4
ÿ1
-1,5 -1,5 -0,2
0,7 0,7 0,4
ÿ 10
-0,0 -0,0 -0,0
45th
0,7 0,7 0,6
ÿ1
-0,0 -0,0 -0,0
ÿ 10 0,7 0,7 0,6
60º
ÿ1 0,7 0,7 0,7
ÿ 10 0,7 0,7 0,7
75th
ÿ1 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8
SE-AE 27
b) Wind direction 135º ÿ ÿ ÿ 225º
Roof slope ÿ Area (according to figure), 135º ÿ ÿ ÿ 225º

A (m2 )
F G H
ÿ 10 -2,3 -1,3 -0,8
5th
ÿ1 -2,5 -2,0 -1,2
ÿ 10 -2,5 -1,3 -0,9
15th
ÿ1 -2,8 -2,0 -1,2
ÿ 10 -1,1 -0,8 -0,8
30th
ÿ1 ÿ -2,3 -1,5 -0,8
10 ÿ -0,6 -0,5 -0,7
45th
1 -1,3 -0,5 -0,7
ÿ 10 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5
60º
ÿ1 -1,0 -0,5 -0,5
ÿ 10 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5
75th
ÿ1 -1,0 -0,5 -0,5
SE-AE 28
c) Wind direction 45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 135º
slope of the Area (according to figure), 45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 135º

A (m2 )
cover ÿ Finf Fsup
ÿ 10 -2.1 -2,1 G H I
5th
ÿ1 -2.4 -2,6 -1,8 -0,6 -0,5
ÿ 10 -1.6 -2,4 -2,0 -1,2 -0,5
15th
ÿ1 -2.4 2,9 -1,9 -0,8 -0,7
ÿ 10 -1.3 -2,1 -2,5 -1,2 -1,2
30th
ÿ1 -2.0 -2,9 -1,5 -1,0 -0,8
ÿ 10 -1.3 -1,5 -2,0 -1,3 -1,2
45th
ÿ1 -2.0 -2,4 -1,4 -1,0 -0,9
ÿ 10 -1.2 -1,2 -2,0 -1,3 -1,2
60º
ÿ1 -2.0 -2,0 -1,2 -1,0 -0,7
ÿ 10 -1.2 -1,2 -2,0 -1,3 -1,2
75th
ÿ1 -2.0 -2,0 -1,2 -2,0 -1,0 -1,3 -0,5 -0,5
SE-AE 29
Table D.6 Double-water decks a) Wind direction
-45o ÿ ÿ ÿ 45o
Roof slope ÿ Zone (according to figure)

A (m2 )
G
ÿ 10 F -0,6 H I J
-45º
ÿ1 -0,6 -0,6 -0,8 -0,7 -1
ÿ 10 -0,6 -0,8 -0,8 -0,7 -1,5
-30º
ÿ1 -1,1 -2 -1,5 -0,8 -0,6 -0,8
ÿ 10 -2,5 -1,3 -0,8 -0,6 -1,4
-15º
ÿ1 -2,8 -2 -0,9 -1,2 -0,5 -0,7
-0,5 -1,2
ÿ 10 -2,3 -1,2 -0,8
0,2 0,2
-5th
-0,6 -0,6
ÿ1 -2,5 -2 -1,2
0,2 -0,6 0,2
-1,7 -1,2 -0,6 -0,6
ÿ 10 -0,6
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0 0,2
5th
-2,5 -2 -1,2 -0,6
ÿ1 -0,6
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0 0,2
-0,9 -0,8 -0,3 -0,4 -0,6
ÿ 10
0,2 0,2 0,2 +0,0 -1
15th
-2 -1,5 -0,3 -0,4 +0,0
ÿ1
0,2 0,2 0,2 +0,0 -1,5
-0,5 -0,5 -0,2 -0,4 +0,0
ÿ 10
0,7 0,7 0,4 0 -0,5
30th
-1,5 -1,5 -0,2 -0,4 0
ÿ1
0,7 0,7 0,4 0 -0,5
-0,0 -0,0 -0,0 -0,2 0

ÿ 10
0,7 0,7 0,6 +0,0 -0,3
45th
-0,0 -0,0 -0,0 -0,2 +0,0
ÿ1
0,7 0,7 0,6 +0,0 -0,3
ÿ 10 0,7 0,7 0,7 -0,2 +0,0
60º
ÿ1 0,7 0,7 0,7 -0,2 -0,3
ÿ 10 0,8 0,8 0,8 -0,2 -0,3
75th
ÿ1 0,8 0,8 0,8 -0,2 -0,3 -0,3
SE-AE 30
b) Wind direction 45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 135º
Roof slope ÿ Area (according to figure), -45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 45º

A (m2 )
G
ÿ 10 F H -1,2 -1,0 -2,0 -1,3 -1,2

-1,0 I
-45º
ÿ1 -1,4 -2,0 -1,3 -1,2 -0,8 -2,0 -1,2 -0,9
ÿ 10 -2,0 -0,7 -2,0 -1,2 -1,3 -0,7 -2,0
-1,2 -1,2
-30º
ÿ1 -1,5 -1,3 -0,6 -2,0 -1,2 -1,4 -0,8
-2,0 -0,9
ÿ 10 -2,1 -1,2 -1,4 -0,9 -2,0 -1,2 -1,2
-0,8 -1,2
-15º
ÿ1 -1,9 -2,0 -1,0 -1,2 -0,8 -2,0 -1,0 -0,8
ÿ 10 -2,5 -1,2
-5th
ÿ1 -1,8 -0,6
ÿ 10 -2,5 -1,2
5th
ÿ1 -1,6 -0,6
ÿ 10 -2,2 -0,6
15th
ÿ1 -1,3 -0,5
ÿ 10 -2,0 -0,5
30th
ÿ1 -1,1 -0,5
ÿ 10 -1,5 -0,5
45th
ÿ1 -1,1 -0,5
ÿ 10 -1,5 -0,5
60º
ÿ1 -1,1 -0,5
ÿ 10 -1,5 -0,5
75th
ÿ1 -1,1 -1,5 -0,5 -0,5
Use:
- Do not mix positive and negative values on a single face.
SE-AE 31
Table D.7 Hip roofs
Roof slope ÿ Zone (according to figure)

A (m2 )
F G H I J K L M
N
-1,7 -1,2 -0,6
ÿ 10 -0,3 -0,6 -0,6 -1,2 -0,6 -0,4
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0
5th
-2,5 -2,0 -1,2
ÿ1 -0,3 -0,6 -0,6 -2,0 -1,2 -0,4
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0
-0,9 -0,8 -0,3
ÿ 10 -0,5 -1,0 -1,2 -1,4 -0,6 -0,3
+0,2 +0,2 +0,2
15th
-2,0 -1,5 -0,3
ÿ1 -0,5 -1,5 -2,0 -2,0 -1,2 -0,3
+0,2 +0,2 +0,2
-0,5 -0,5 -0,2
ÿ 10 -0,4 -0,7 -0,5 -1,4 -0,8 -0,2
+0,5 +0,7 +0,4
30th
-1,5 -1,5 -0,2
ÿ1 -0,4 -1,2 -0,5 -2,0 -1,2 -0,2
+0,5 +0,7 +0,4
-0,0 -0,0 -0,0
ÿ 10 -0,3 -0,6 -0,3 -1,3 -0,8 -0,2
+0,7 +0,7 +0,6
45th
-0,0 -0,0 -0,0
ÿ1 -0,3 -0,6 -0,3 -2,0 -1,2 -0,2
+0,7 +0,7 +0,6
ÿ 10 +0,7 +0,7 +0,7 -0,3 -0,6 -0,3 -1,2 -0,4 -0,2
60º
ÿ1 +0,7 +0,7 +0,7 -0,3 -0,6 -0,3 -2,0 -0,4 -0,2
ÿ 10 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 -0,3 -0,6 -0,3 -1,2 -0,4 -0,2

75th
ÿ1 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 -0,3 -0,6 -0,3 -2,0 -0,4 -0,2
Use:
- The slope of the roof to windward is dominant for the pressure coefficients.
SE-AE 32
Table D.8 Sawtooth Covers

a) Wind direction -45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 45º
b) Wind direction -45º ÿ ÿ ÿ 45º
Grades:
- The pressure coefficients for each skirt can be taken from the table relative to a pitch roof, mo
modifying them according to the indications of figures a) and b) above.
- In the case of figure b) two situations should be considered. In the first, the wind exerts pressure on the roof of
the first windward skirt, and in the second, the same roof is subjected to wind suction.
SE-AE 33
Table D.9 Multiple roofs Wind

direction -45º ÿÿÿÿÿ 45º
Grades:
- The pressure coefficients for each pair of skirts can be taken from the table relative to two-sided decks.
waters, modifying them according to the indications of figures a) and b) above.
- In the case of figure a), the pressure coefficients cpe corresponding to the extreme modules can be taken from
the table relating to single-pitch roofs.
SE-AE 34
Table D.10 One-sided canopies
Outside pressure coefficients
cÿ,10
clogging Zone (according to figure)

Pending effect of the
factor
the cover ÿ wind towards
ÿ
A B C
Below 0ÿÿÿ1 0,5 1,8 1,1
0º Above 0 -0,6 -1,3 -1,4
Above 1
-1,5 -1,8 -2,2
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 0,8 2,1 1,3

5th Above -1,1 -1,7 -1,8
Above 1
-1,6 -2,2 -2,5
Below 0ÿÿÿ1 1,2 2,4 1,6

10th Above 0 -1,5 -2,0 -2,1
Above 1
-2,1 -2,6 -2,7
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 1,4 2,7 1,8

15th Above -1,8 -2,4 -2,5
Above 1
-1,6 -2,9 -3,0
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 1,7 2,9 2,1

20th Above -2,2 -2,8 -2,9
Above 1
-1,6 -2,9 -3,0
Below 0ÿÿÿ1 2,0 3,1 2,3

25th Above 0 -2,6 -3,2 -3,2
Above 1
-1,5 -2,5 -2,8
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 2,2 3,2 2,4

30th Above -3,0 -3,8 -3,6
Above 1
-1,5 -2,2 -2,7
Grades:
- The degree of obstruction of the wind flow below a canopy is characterized by the obstruction factor, ÿ, defined as the ratio between the obstructed area and the area
of the total section under the canopy. Both areas are considered in a plane perpendicular to the wind direction.
SE-AE 35
- The pressure coefficients take into account the effects of the wind acting on both surfaces, the upper and the
lower. A negative value of the coefficient indicates that the action of the wind tends to raise the sea quesin,
and a positive value the opposite. As a general rule, for the purposes of sizing canopies, both situations should
be considered.
- The pressure coefficients represent the maximum localized pressure over an area of at least 10 m2 .
The pressure coefficients may be used in the dimensioning of the cover elements and their fixings.
- For the purpose of sizing the structure, the resultant of the action of the wind will be assumed to act at
a distance of d/4, measured from the windward edge.
- Downwind of the point of maximum blockage, the values of the external pressure coefficients corresponding to
an obstruction factor ÿ=0 will be used.
SE-AE 36
Table D.11 Gabled Canopies
Pressure coefficients cÿ,10
Cover slope clogging Zone (according to figure)

effect of the
factor
wind towards A B C D
ta a ÿ
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 0,8 1,6 0,6 1,7
-20º Above 1 -0,9 -1,3 -1,6 -0,6
Above -1,5 -2,4 -2,4 -0,6
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 0,6 1,5 0,7 1,4
-15º Above 10ÿ -0,8 -1,3 -1,6 -0,6
Above ÿÿ1 -1,6 -2,7 -2,6 -0,6
Below 010ÿÿÿ 0,6 1,4 0,8 1,1
-10º Above 10 -0,8 -1,3 -1,5 -0,6
Above -1,6 -2,7 -2,6 -0,6
Below 0,5 1,5 0,8 0,8
-5th Above -0,7 -1,3 -1,6 -0,6
Above 1
-1,5 -2,4 -2,4 -0,6
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 0,6 1,8 1,3 0,4
5th Above 1 -0,6 -1,4 -1,4 -1,1
Above -1,3 -2,0 -1,8 -1,5
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 0,7 1,8 1,4 0,4
10th Above 10ÿ -0,7 -1,5 -1,4 -1,4
Above ÿÿ1 -1,3 -2,0 -1,8 -1,8
Below 010ÿÿÿ 0,9 1,9 1,4 0,4
15th Above 10 -0,9 -1,7 -1,4 -1,8
Above -1,3 -2,2 -1,6 -2,1
Below 1,1 1,9 1,5 0,4
20th Above -1,2 -1,8 -1,4 -2,0
Above 1
-1,4 -2,2 -1,6 -2,1
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 1,2 1,9 1,6 0,5
25th Above 1 -1,4 -1,9 -1,4 -2,0
Above -1,4 -2,0 -1,5 -2,0
Below 0ÿÿÿ10 1,3 1,9 1,6 0,7
30th Above 1 -1,4 -1,9 -1,4 -2,0
Above -1,4 -1,8 -1,4 -2,0
SE-AE 37
Grades:
- The degree of obstruction of the wind flow below a canopy is characterized by the obstruction factor, ÿ, defined as
the ratio between the obstructed area and the area of the total section under the canopy. Both areas are
considered in a plane perpendicular to the wind direction.
- The pressure coefficients take into account the effects of the wind acting on both surfaces, the upper and the
lower. A negative value of the coefficient indicates that the action of the wind tends to raise the canopy, and a
positive value the opposite. As a general rule, for the purposes of sizing canopies, both situations should be
considered.
- The pressure coefficients, cÿ,10, represent the maximum localized pressure over an area of at least 10 m2 . The
pressure coefficients, cÿ,10, may be used in the dimensioning of the covering elements and their fixings.
- For the purpose of sizing the structure, the resultant of the action of the wind on each one of the skirts will be
admitted acting in its center. In addition, the situation in which the wind acts only on one of the two skirts will also
be considered.
- For obstruction factors with 0<ÿ<1, the lift and force coefficients can be determined
by linear interpolation.
- To the leeward of the point of maximum obstruction, the values of the lift coefficients corresponding to an
obstruction factor ÿ=0 will be used.
SE-AE 38
Table D.12 Cylindrical covers
Grades:
- For 0 < g/d < 0.5, the external pressure coefficient, cpe,10, corresponding to surface A, will be obtained
by linear interpolation.
- For 0.2 ÿ f/d ÿ 0.3 and g/d ÿ 0.5, the most unfavorable of the two possible values of the coefficient will be adopted
external pressure, cpe,10, corresponding to zone A.
SE-AE 39
Table D.13 Spherical covers
Grades:
- cpe,10 is constant along each of the arcs of the circle of intersection between the sphere and the planes
perpendicular to the direction of the wind.
- The values of cpe,10 along the circumference arcs parallel to the wind direction can be
determine by linear interpolation between the values in A, B, C.
- For 0<g/d<1, the external pressure coefficient in A will be obtained by linear interpolation between the values indicated in the figure.
- For 0<g/d<0.5, the external pressure coefficients in B and C will be obtained by linear interpolation in
between the values indicated in the figure.
SE-AE 40
Annex E. Climatic data

1
The characteristic value of the maximum air temperature depends on the climate of the place and the altitude.
In the absence of more precise empirical data, it can be taken, regardless of altitude, equal to the upper limit of the interval
reflected on the map in Figure E.1.
Figure E.1 Isotherms of annual maximum air temperature (Tmax in oC)
2 The characteristic value of the minimum outside air temperature can be taken from table E.2, depending on the altitude of the
location, and the winter climate zone, according to the map in figure E.3.
Table E.1 Minimum outdoor air temperature (oC)
Winter climate zone, (according to figure E.2) 4

Altitude (m)
1 2 3 5 6 7
0 -7 -11 -11 -6 -5 -6 6
200 -10 -13 -12 -8 -8 -8 5
400 -12 -15 -14 -10 -11 -9 3
600 -15 -16 -15 -12 -14 -11 2
800 -18 -18 -17 -14 -17 -13 0
1.000 -20 -20 -19 -16 -20 -14 -2
1.200 -23 -21 -20 -18 -23 -16 -3
1.400 -26 -23 -22 -20 -26 -17 -5
1.600 -28 -25 -23 -22 -29 -19 -7
1.800 -31 -26 -25 -24 -32 -21 -8
2.000 -33 -28 -27 -26 -35 -22 -10
SE-AE 41
Figure E.2 Winter climate zones
3 As a value of snow load on horizontal terrain, sk, can be taken from table E.2 as a function of the altitude
of the location or municipality, and of the climatic zone of the map in figure E.2
Table E.2 Snow load on horizontal terrain (kN/m2 )
Winter climate zone, (according to figure E.2) 4

Altitude (m)
1 2 3 5 6
7
0 0,3 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
200 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,2
400 0,6 0,6 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,2 0,2
500 0,7 0,7 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,2
600 0,9 0,9 0,3 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,2
700 1,0 1,0 0,4 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,2
800 1,2 1,1 0,5 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,2
900 1,4 1,3 0,6 1,0 0,8 0,9 0,2
1.000 1,7 1,5 0,7 1,2 0,9 1,2 0,2
1.200 2,3 2,0 1,1 1,9 1,3 2,0 0,2
1.400 3,2 2,6 1,7 3,0 1,8 3,3 0,2
1.600 4,3 3,5 2,6 4,6 2,5 5,5 0,2
1.800 -
4,6 4,0
- -
9,3 0,2
2.200 -
8,0
- - - -
-
SE-AE 42

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SE-AE Basic Document

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

1.1 Scope of application

3.1 Use overload 3.2

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

1.1 Scope of application

4 Unless otherwise indicated, all values have the sense of characteristic.

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

2.3 Land actions

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

3.1 Usage Overload

3.1.1 Overload Values 1 In

Table 3.1. Characteristic values of usage overloads

Homes and room areas in hospitals and hotels

C1 Areas with tables and chairs Areas with 3 4

C2 fixed seats Areas without obstacles that 4 4

Areas for gym or physical activities

Crowded areas (concert halls, stadiums, etc.)

D Commercial areas Supermarkets, hypermarkets or large areas

F Passable roofs accessible only privately 1 2

Roofs with an inclination of less than 20º 1(4) (6) 2

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

3.1.2 Reduction of overloads 1 For the

vertical elements horizontal elements

Number of floors of the same use Tax area (m2 )

1 from 2 3 from 4 5 or more 16 25 50 100

1,0 0,9 0,8 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7

3.2 Actions on railings and dividing elements 1 The structure of the

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

3.3.2 Wind action

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

3.3.3 Exposure coefficient The exposure

Table 3.4. Values of the exposure coefficient ce

Height of the considered point (m)

Business center of large cities, with a profusion of tall buildings

3.3.4 Wind coefficient of apartment buildings 1 In

Table 3.5. Wind coefficient in apartment buildings

Slenderness in the plane parallel to the wind

< 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 ÿ 5,00

Wind coefficient of pressure, cp 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8

Wind suction coefficient, cs -0,3 -0,4 -0,4 -0,5 -0,6 -0,7

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

3.3.5 Wind coefficient of warehouses and open-plan constructions 1 In

Table 3.6 Interior pressure coefficients Area of holes in suction

Fig. 3.1 Pressures exerted by the wind in an open-plan construction

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

3.4 Thermal actions

3.4.2 Calculation of thermal action

Table 3.7 Temperature increase due to solar radiation

3.5.1 Determination of snow load 1 On flat roofs of

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building

µ roof shape coefficient according to 3.5.3 sk the characteristic

3.5.2 Snow load on horizontal ground

Table 3.8 Snow overload in provincial capitals and autonomous cities

3.5.3 Shape coefficient

Basic Document SE-AE Actions in the building