03-Steel DBSE-A PDF

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Basic Document SE-A

structural safety
Steel
Text modified by RD 1371/2007, of October 19 (BOE 10/23/2007)

and correction of errors (BOE 25/01/2008)
Basic Document SE-A Steel
Index
1 General
1.1 Scope of application and prior considerations 1.2 Particular

conditions for compliance with DB-SE-A
2 Calculation bases
2.1 General 2.2
Verifications 2.3
Ultimate limit states 2.4
Serviceability limit states
3 Durability
4 Materials
4.1 General 4.2 Steel
in sheets and profiles 4.3 Screws, nuts
and washers 4.4 Filler materials 4.5
Calculation resistance
5 Structural analysis
5.1 General 5.2
Structural behavior models 5.3 Global lateral stability
5.4 Initial imperfections 5.5 Plastic analysis
6 ultimate limit states

6.1 General 6.2
Resistance of sections 6.3 Resistance of
bars
7 Serviceability limit states
7.1 Deformations, deflection and collapse 7.2

Vibrations 7.3 Slippage of joints
8 Unions
8.1 Calculation bases 8.2
Verification criteria 8.3 Rigidity 8.4
Resistance 8.5 Resistance of the
joining means. Bolted joints.
8.6 Resistance of the means of union. welded joints

8.7 Rotation capacity 8.8 Some
typical joints 8.9 Hollow section
joints in truss girders
9 Fatigue
9.1 General
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10 Execution
10.1 Materials
10.2 Manufacturing operations in the
workshop 10.3 Welding 10.4 Bolted joints
10.5 Other types of screws 10.6 Protection
treatments 10.7 Execution of welding and
assembly in the workshop (protection
treatment)
10.8 Factory manufacturing control
11 Tolerances
11.1 Manufacturing tolerances
11.2 Execution tolerances
12 Quality control
12.1 General 12.2
Quality control of project documentation 12.3 Quality
control of materials 12.4 Quality control of manufacturing
12.5 Quality control of assembly
13 Inspection and maintenance

13.1 Inspection
Annex A. Terminology
Annex B. Notation and Units

B.1 Notation
B.2 Units
Schedule C. Fatigue. SN curve method

C.1 General C.2
Symbols C.3
Fatigue check C.4 Check
Annex D. Reference Standards
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1 General
1.1 Scope of application and preliminary considerations

1
This DB is intended to verify the structural safety of metallic elements made of steel in buildings.
Therefore, aspects typical of other fields of construction (bridges, silos, chimneys, antennas, tanks,
etc.) are not considered. Nor are aspects related to elements that, due to their specific nature, require
special considerations.
2 This DB refers only to safety under proper conditions of use, including aspects related to durability, in
accordance with DB-SE. Satisfying other requirements (thermal and acoustic insulation, fire resistance)
are beyond its reach. Aspects related to manufacturing, assembly, quality control, upkeep and
maintenance are dealt with exclusively to the extent necessary to indicate the requirements that must
be met in accordance with the hypotheses established in the building project.
1.2 Particular conditions for compliance with DB-SE-A

1 The application of the procedures of this DB will be carried out in accordance with the particular conditions
established therein, with the particular conditions indicated in the DB-SE and with the general conditions
for compliance with the CTE, the conditions of the project, the conditions in the execution of the works
and the conditions of the building that appear in articles 5, 6, 7 and 8 respectively of part I of the CTE.
2 The documentation of the project will be the one that appears in section 2 Documentation of the DB-SE in
further including:
a) the mechanical characteristics considered for steel in sheets and profiles, screws, filler materials,
paints and protection materials in accordance with the specifications contained in section 4 of this
DB;
b) the dimensions to reference axes of the bars and the definition of profiles, of the sections
armed, plates, etc.;
the joints (joining means, dimensions and arrangement of the screws or cords) in accordance
with the provisions of section 8 of this DB.
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2 Calculation bases
2.1 General
1 The specifications, criteria, procedures, principles and rules that ensure adequate structural behavior of a
building in accordance with the requirements of the CTE, are established in the DB SE.
This DB includes the aspects of structural steel elements.
3 For the treatment of specific or detailed aspects, the information contained in this DB may be expanded
with the content of the UNE ENV 1993-1-1:1996, UNE ENV 1090-1:1997, UNE ENV 1090-2 standards:
1999, UNE ENV 1090-3:1997, UNE ENV 1090-4:1998.
2.2 Verifications
2.2.1 Types of verification

1
Two types of verifications are required according to DB SE 3.2, those related to:
a) Stability and resistance (ultimate limit states).
b) Fitness for service (serviceability limit states).
2.2.2 Modeling and analysis

1 The structural analysis will be based on suitable models of the building according to DB SE 3.4
2 The increases produced in the efforts due to the deformations must be considered
(2nd order effects) where they are not negligible.
3 It is not necessary to check the safety against fatigue in normal building structures that
are not subjected to repeated variable loads of a dynamic nature.
The fatigue safety of the elements that support lifting machinery or mobile loads or that are subject to
vibrations produced by dynamic overloads (machines, wind, people in motion) must be checked for
safety.
4 In the structural analysis, the different phases of the construction must be taken into account, including the
effect of the provisional shoring of the slabs if it is foreseen.
The transitory situations corresponding to the construction process must be verified if the behavior mode
of the structure varies in said process, giving rise to limit states of different types to those considered in
persistent situations (for example, due to torsion in elements designed to work in bending) or of
magnitude clearly different from those considered, due to changes in the lengths or sections of the pieces.
Said verification will not be necessary in porticoed structures with rigid nodes or bracing if the mode of
behavior to which the models used respond is maintained throughout the construction process and the
dimensions throughout said phase are those of the final situation of the structure. .
2.3 Ultimate limit states
2.3.1 Conditions to be verified
For the verification of the bearing capacity, the ultimate limit states of stability and resistance are
considered, according to DB SE 4.2.
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2.3.2 Effect of actions
For each dimensioning situation, the calculation values of the effect of the actions will be obtained by means
of the combination rules indicated in DB SE 4.2.
2.3.3 Partial safety factors to determine resistance
1 For the partial coefficients for resistance, the following values will normally be adopted
res:
a) ÿM0 = 1,0 5 partial safety factor related to the plasticization of the material
b) ÿM1 = 1,05 partial safety factor related to instability phenomena
c) ÿM2 = 1,25 partial safety factor relative to the ultimate resistance of the material or section, and to the
resistance of the joining means
d) ÿM3 = 1,1 Partial coefficient for the slip resistance of joints with prestressed bolts in the Serviceability
Limit State.
ÿM3 = 1,25 Partial coefficient for the resistance to slipping of joints with prestressing bolts in Ultimate
Limit State.
ÿM3 = 1,4 Partial coefficient for the resistance to sliding of joints with prestressed bolts and elongated
or oversized holes.
2 The partial factors for the resistance against fatigue are defined in Annex C.
2.4 Serviceability limit states
2.4.1 Conditions to be verified
1 It is considered that there is an adequate behavior, in relation to deformations, vibrations or deterioration, if it is

fulfilled, for the relevant dimensioning situations, that the effect of the actions does not reach the admissible limit
value established for the same of according to DB SE 4.3
2.4.2 Effect of actions
1 For each dimensioning situation, the calculation values of the effect of the actions are obtained
They will be done by means of the combination rules indicated DB SE.
2.4.3 Elastic properties.
1 Average values will be used for the elastic properties of the materials.
2.5 Geometry
2.5.1 Design value
1
The design value of a geometric dimension is normally represented by its nominal value:
ad = anom (2.1)
ad design value of a geometric dimension,
youth nominal value of the same dimension, in the project.
2.5.2 Deviations from a geometric dimension
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1 In cases where possible deviations of a geometric dimension from its nominal value can have a significant
influence on structural safety (as in the analysis of second order effects), the design value of this
dimension will be defined by:
ad = anom ± ÿa (2.2)
ÿa deviation of a geometric dimension from its nominal value, or the cumulative effect of different
geometric deviations that can occur simultaneously and is defined according to the permitted
tolerances.
In the case in which the deviation produced can be determined by measurement, said value will be
used.
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3 Durability
1 Steel corrosion must be prevented through a global strategy that hierarchically considers the building as a
whole (situation, use, etc.), the structure (exposure, ventilation, etc.), the elements (materials, types of
section, etc.) and, especially, the details, avoiding:
a) The existence of non-accessible water evacuation systems for conservation that may affect structural
elements.
b) the formation of corners, in knots and in joints to non-structural elements, which favor the deposit of
waste or dirt.
c) direct contact with other metals (the aluminum of the closing carpentry, curtain walls, etc.).
d) direct contact with plasters.

2 The building project will indicate the appropriate protections for the materials to prevent their corrosion,
according to the internal and external environmental conditions of the building. To this end, the UNE-
ENV 1090-1: 1997 standard may be used, both for the definition of environments, and for the definition
of the specifications to be met by protective paints and varnishes, as well as by the corresponding
systems of protection. application.
3 The protective materials must be stored and used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and
their application will be carried out within the useful life of the product and in the time indicated for its
application, so that the protection is fully completed within said periods. .
4 For the purposes of preparing the surfaces to be protected and using the appropriate tools
given, the UNE-ENV 1090-1: 1997 standard may be used.
5 Surfaces that cannot be blast cleaned should be metal brushed to remove mill scale and then cleaned to
remove dust, oil and grease.
6 All abrasives used in cleaning and preparing the surfaces to be protected must be
compatible with the protection products to be used.
7 Coating methods: metallization, galvanization and painting must be specified and executed in accordance
with the specific regulations in this regard and the manufacturer's instructions. The UNE-ENV 1090-1:
1997 standard may be used.
8 The surfaces that must resist and transmit stresses due to friction, welding and welding surfaces, inaccessible
and externally exposed surfaces, surfaces in contact with concrete, the finishing of steel surfaces
resistant to atmospheric corrosion, the sealing of spaces in contact with the aggressive environment and
the treatment of fixing elements. For all this, the UNE-ENV 1090-1: 1997 standard may be used.
9 In those structures that, as a consequence of the indicated environmental considerations, it is necessary to

review their protection, the project must provide for the inspection and maintenance of the protections,
permanently assuring access and other conditions. physics necessary for it.
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4 Materials
4.1 General
1 Although many of the verification methods indicated in the DB can be applied to materials of any
characteristics, it is considered that the structural elements referred to in this DB are made up of the
steels indicated in this Chapter.
4.2 Steel in sheets and profiles

1 The steels considered in this DB are those established in the UNE EN 10025 standard (Hot-rolled products
of non-alloy steel, for metallic constructions of general use) in each of the component parts, whose
characteristics are summarized in Table 4.1.
2 This DB also contemplates the steels established by the UNE-EN 10210-1:1994 standards on hollow
sections for construction, hot finished, of fine-grade non-alloy steel and in UNE-EN 10219-1:1998 ,
relating to hollow sections of cold-formed structural steel.
Table 4.1 Minimum mechanical characteristics of UNE EN 10025 steels
Nominal thickness t (mm)

Charpy assay
Yield stress Breaking strain
DESIGNATION temperature
fy (N/mm2 ) fu (N/mm2 ) C
t ÿ 16 16 < t ÿ 40 40 < t ÿ 63 3 ÿ t ÿ 100
S235JR 20
S235J0 235 225 215 360 0
S235J2 -20
S275JR 20
S275J0 275 265 255 410 0
S275J2 -20
S355JR 20
S355J0 0
355 345 335 470

S355J2 -20
S355K2 (1) -20
S450J0 450 430 410 550 0
(1) A minimum energy of 40J is required.
3 The following are characteristics common to all steels:

- Modulus of Elasticity: E 210.000 N/mm2
- Rigidity modulus: G 81.000 N/mm2

- Coeficiente de Poisson: n 0.3
- thermal expansion coefficient: ÿ 1.2·10-5 (ºC)-1 7,850 kg/
- densidad: ÿ m3
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4 In case of using steels other than those indicated, to guarantee that they have ductility their
sufficient, it must be verified that:
a) the relationship between the breaking stress and the yield stress shall not be less than 1.20;
b) the elongation at break of a test piece with initial section S0, measured over a length
5.65· S0 will be higher than 15%;
c) the deformation corresponding to the breaking stress must exceed at least 20% of that corresponding to the elastic limit.
5 All the verification procedures specified in this DB are based on the ductile behavior of the material, that is, the calculation
verifications refer to the elastic limit or the breaking stress in laboratory conditions. It is therefore necessary to verify that the
resistance to brittle fracture is, in all cases, greater than the resistance to ductile fracture. This is true in the case of structures
not subjected to impact loads, such as building structures, and when the thicknesses used do not exceed those indicated in
Table 4.2 for the minimum temperatures to which they will be subjected depending on their location. and exposure, according to
the criteria of DB-SE-AE 3.4, made with the steels specified in this section, and manufactured in accordance with the requirements
specified in chapter 10 of this DB, so in this case no verification is required ;
In any other case, it must be demonstrated that the value of the transition temperature, defined as the minimum at which the
ductile breaking strength exceeds the brittle breaking strength, is lower than the minimum of those to which the structure will be
subjected. The transition temperature can be obtained by fracture mechanics procedures. For this, UNE EN 1993-1-10 can be
used.
Table 4.2 Maximum thickness (mm) of sheets
Minimum temperature
0C -10 C -20 C
Grade JR J0 J2 JR J0 J2 JR J0 J2
S235 50 75 105 40 60 90 35 50 75
S275 45 65 95 35 55 75 30 45 65
S355 35 50 75 25 40 60 20 35 50
6 Weldability. All the steels listed in this DB are weldable and the adoption of precautions is only required in the case of special joints
(between very thick sheets, very unequal thicknesses, in difficult execution conditions, etc.), as indicated in Chapter 10 of this
DB.
For steels other than those listed, weldability can be evaluated using the parameter
CEV (carbon equivalent), of expression:
Mn Cr Mo V + + = + Ni Cu +
CEV+ 6C 5
+
15
(4.1)
This value must not be greater than 0.41 for S 235 and S 275 steels or 0.47 for S 355 steels.
4.3 Screws, nuts and washers

1 Table 4.3 summarizes the minimum mechanical characteristics of the steels of the bolts for
qualities standardized in ISO regulations.
Table 4.3 Mechanical characteristics of the steels of the bolts, nuts and washers
Class 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9
Yield stress fy (N/mm2 ) 240 300 480 640 900
Tension of rupture fu (N/mm2 ) 400 500 600 800 1000
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2 In the context of this DB, a screw will be understood as the set screw, nut and washer (simple or
double).
3 In high-resistance bolts used as prestressing, the tightening will be controlled.
4.4 Input materials

1 The mechanical characteristics of the filler materials will be in all cases higher than
to those of the base material.
2 The qualities of the filler materials adjusted to the UNE-EN ISO 14555:1999 standard are
they consider acceptable.
4.5 Calculation resistance

1 Design resistance, fyd, is defined as the quotient of the elastic limit stress and the coefficient of
seguridad del material:
world = my / ÿM (4.2)
being:
my yield stress of the base material (table 4.1). The hardening effect derived from cold forming or
any other operation will not be considered. partial safety factor of the material, according to
ÿM section 2.3.3,
2 In the checks of ultimate resistance of the material or the section, it is adopted as resistance
value calculation
fud = fu / ÿM2
being: ÿM2 safety factor for ultimate resistance.
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5 Structural analysis
5.1 General
1 In general, the verification before each limit state is carried out in two phases: determination of the effects of
the actions, or analysis (stresses and displacements of the structure) and comparison with the
corresponding limitation, or verification (resistances and admissible deflections or vibrations respectively ).
The following procedures are admissible:
a) those based on incremental methods that, in a non-linear regime, adapt the characteristics
elastic sections and elements at the level of acting efforts.
b) those based on capacity calculation methods, which start for the dimensioning of certain elements
(usually those that present brittle forms of failure, such as joints) not from the efforts obtained in the
global analysis but from the maximum efforts that can be transmitted to them from the surrounding
ductile elements (usually bars).
5.2 Models of structural behavior
5.2.1 Assumptions
1
The analysis is carried out in accordance with simplifying hypotheses by means of models, consistent
with each other, appropriate to the limit state to be verified and of different levels of detail, which allow
obtaining stresses and displacements in the parts of the structure and in their joints with each other. and
with the foundations.
2 Normally, elastic and linear models will be used in the verifications against serviceability limit states. Faced
with ultimate limit states, elastic models can always be used, although this DB accepts on certain
occasions the use of any procedure that results in a set of efforts in equilibrium with the actions
considered, as is the case in the global analysis if the critical sections correspond to class 1 (5.2.4), or in
the verification of nodes or sections of classes 1 and 2. In these cases the analysis can be carried out in
an elastic, elastic regime with redistribution of moments, elastoplastic, rigid-plastic or any coherent
combination.
3 In all cases it is necessary to consider the effect of possible geometric non-linearities

and/or mechanical.
5.2.2 Part models

1 The steel parts will be represented by one-dimensional or two-dimensional models according to their relative
dimensions. In the event that the relationship between the two fundamental dimensions of the part is less
than or equal to 2, two-dimensional models must be used.
2 The calculation spans of the one-dimensional parts will be the distances between link centers. In pieces
forming part of frameworks or porticos, these axes coincide with the intersections of the directrix of the
piece with those of the adjacent ones. In pieces embedded in rigid supports with a large dimension in
relation to their edge, the axis can ideally be located inside the support half an edge away from the free
edge.
3 In the overall analysis of the structure, the pieces will be represented considering their gross sections, except
in the cases indicated in 5.2.4, or when the reduction of a section or its effectiveness may significantly
affect the model.
4 The torsional stiffness of the parts can be ignored in the analysis in cases where it is not
essential for balance.
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5.2.3 Unions between elements

1 To represent the link between two or more pieces, models are required that adequately represent the geometry
(the positions of the ends of the joined pieces), and the resistance and rigidity of the union (of the elements
and local regions of the pieces). that materialize the link).
2 Depending on the resistance, the joints can be joints, of total resistance or of
partial resistance
3 Depending on the rigidity, the joints can be articulated, rigid or semi-rigid, depending on whether their rigidity to
rotation is null, total or intermediate.
4 The limits between the different types are established in the unions chapter; the designer will adopt the precise
provisions to classify the joint as articulated -allowing appreciable rotations without the appearance of relevant
moments- or rigid -ensuring through sufficient stiffening the joint rotation of all the end sections of the joint
elements-, or to consider the partial stiffness of the joint in the models used in the analysis.
5 The global analysis methods used and the hypotheses adopted regarding the behavior of the joints must be
consistent. In particular:
a) When a global elastic analysis is carried out and there are joints with semi-rigid behavior, the behavior of
the connection will be considered based on its rigidity. In general, the stiffness, Sj , should be taken as
corresponding to the design moment Mj.Sd in each situation. As a simplification:
- if Mj,Sd ÿ 2/3 Mj,Rd , where Mj,Rd is the design resistance of the connection, the initial joint stiffness
Sj, ini, may be used (figure 5.1.c)
- if Mj,Sd > 2/3 Mj,Rd , the value Sj, ini / ÿ can be used
where: the = 2 for beam-column connections
ÿ = 3 for another type of union

b) when performing a global elastoplastic analysis, the behavior of the joint must be considered according to
its strength and stiffness. In this case, a simplified bilinear diagram such as the one indicated in figure
5.1.d) can be adopted to model the behavior of the connection.
c) when a global rigid-plastic analysis is carried out, in order to model the behavior of the joints, it will suffice
to consider their resistance.
6 The semi-rigid connections between each two bars (figure 5.1.a) can be modeled as a spring that joins the axes
of the bars that meet at the joint (figure 5.1.b), which defines the following main properties: a) resistant
moment , Mj,Rd, which is the maximum value on the M-ÿ moment of rotation curve. b) rigidity to rotation, Sj .
c) d) the real curve M-ÿ is not linear, being able to adopt a bilinear diagram (figure 5.1.d) or trilinear, as long
as the simplified curve is below the most precise one.
the rotation capacity ÿCd is the maximum value of the rotation in the M-ÿ curve (figure 5.1.c).
They can also be modeled referring to the rigidity of one of the bars that form the joint, using static
condensation techniques.
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Figure 5.1 Joint modeling
5.2.4 Section types

1 According to the capacity for deformation and development of plastic resistance of the compressed flat
elements of a section requested by a bending moment, it is classified into one of the following four
classes:
Table 5.1 Classification of cross sections requested by bending moments

Class 1: Plastic They allow the formation of the plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity for
the redistribution of moments.
Class 2: Compact They allow the development of the plastic moment with a limited rotation capacity.
Class 3: Semicompact or In the most compressed fiber, the elastic limit of steel can be reached, but the dent
elastic prevents the development of the plastic moment.
Class 4: Lean Fully or partially compressed elements of slender sections dent before reaching
the elastic limit in the most compressed fiber.
2 To verify structural safety, one of the calculation methods defined in table 5.2 must be used, in
accordance with the class of cross sections.
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Table 5.2 Calculation methods
section class Method for Determining Requests Method for determining the resistance of
sections
plastic plastic or elastic plastic or elastic
compact Elastic plastic or elastic
Semicompacta Elastic Elastic
slender Elastic with possible reduction in stiffness Elastic with reduced resistance
3 To define Classes 1, 2 and 3, the limits of tables 5.3 and 5.4 are used in the compressed elements of
the sections. As each compressed element of a section (flange or web) can belong to different
classes, the least favorable class will be assigned to the section. Elements that exceed the limits for
Class 3 are considered Class 4.
4 The rules of this DB are also applicable to cold-formed profiles and folding sheets. The thickness, t, of
these elements must be chosen taking into account the conditions of transport, installation and use,
as well as the risks of local deformations.
Assuming that the protection against corrosion is ensured, a minimum thickness of 0.75 mm must be
respected (net thickness of the steel, without the protective layer).
5 To avoid undesired undulations, the geometric slenderness of the flat elements that form the cross
section of a cold-formed or folded sheet metal profile must be limited according to the indications in
table 5.5.
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Table 5.3 Slenderness limits for flat elements, supported on two edges, fully or partially compressed
Geometry
Solicitation flat element Slenderness limit: c/t maximum
compression +
Traction - class 1 class 2 class 3
Compression 33e 38 e 42 e
72 e 83 e
single flexion
124 e
396 e 456 e
13 1 a ÿ 13 1 a ÿ
flexocompression
ÿ ÿ -1
ÿÿ0,5 ÿÿ0,5 42 e
0.67 0.33
p +
36e 41.5e
a a
Flexotraction1)
ÿ ÿ -1
ÿÿ0,5 ÿÿ0,5 62e(1ÿ ÿ) ÿ ÿ
Special case:
tube section Compression
d 2 50 ÿ e d d 2 90 ÿ e
single flexion ÿ e2 70
t t t
flexocompression
235
reduction factor e=
yf
1) ÿ ÿ -1 is applicable to cases with unit strains exceeding those corresponding to the elastic limit
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Table 5.4 Slenderness limits for flat elements, supported on one edge and free on the other, fully or partially
compressed.
Geometry
Solicitation flat element Slenderness limit: c/t maximum
compression +
Traction -
class 1 class 2 class 3
Compression 9e 10 e 14 e
9e 10e
a a
Flexocompression;
compressed free
edge
21 e
k p1
9 e 10 e
1.5 a 1.5 a
Flexocompression;
tensioned free edge
21 e
k p2
Dent coefficients k what and as a function of ÿ, where ÿ is the ratio of the tensions in the edges
p1 p2
des (positive compression):
k p1
=0.57-0.21 ÿ+0.07 ÿ2 para 1ÿ ÿ ÿ-3
k p2
=0.578/(0.34+ÿ) para 1ÿ ÿ ÿ0
2
k p2
=1.7-5 ÿ+17.1 ÿ para 0ÿ ÿ ÿ-1
235
reduction factor e=
yf
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Table 5.5 Slenderness limits for flat elements in sections of cold-formed profiles or folded sheet metal
Element with a free edge (A) c/t ÿ 30
Element with an edge stiffened by a lip (D) b/t ÿ 60
Element with an edge stiffened by a bend (B) b/t ÿ 90
Inner element (C) of shaped profiles b/t ÿ 250
Inner element (C) of folded sheets b/t ÿ 500
c width of elements with a free border. width of elements

b
supported on two edges. element thickness.
t
Dimensions b and c do not include the agreement between elements.
5.2.5 Characteristics of class 4 sections

1 In the event that any of the flat elements that make up a cross section is class 4, the reduction, due to the dent, in
rigidity and ultimate resistance, will be taken into account through the introduction of an effective width . This
procedure corresponds to the EER method (Class of Section 4), according to Table 5.2.
2 The effective width beff of a flat compressed element of width bc may be determined from the re
lation:
bef=ÿbc (5.1)
being
bc the width of the compressed zone of the fully or partially compressed flat element
r reduction factor
3 For flat elements whose edges parallel to the direction of the efforts at least one is supported, the reduction factor
may be determined as follows:
- for a flat element supported on both edges:
ÿÿ
1 1 ÿ ÿ 0.055(3 ) + ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ= ÿ
ÿÿ
ÿ
2
1 ÿ (5.2a)
ÿp
l
p
- for a flat element resting on an edge
ÿ ÿ 0.188 ÿ =
p
2
(5.2b)
l
p
being:
p relative slenderness of the compressed element
p relationship of stresses at the edges of the flat element according to table 5.6
4 The relative slenderness of the fully or partially compressed element may be determined according to the re
lation
f
y = (b / t)
ÿ=
p
(5.3)
in cr 235
28,4 k p
f
y
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being
b the width of the fully or partially compressed flat element
t
flat element thickness
Mr buckling coefficient according to table 5.6
scr elastic buckling critical stress
5 According to the linear theory for elastic materials, the critical elastic buckling stress of a flat element requested by normal stresses
will be obtained from the relationship:
ÿcr=kÿ·ÿE (5.4)
being
2 2
2
p E ÿ ÿ ÿ tt ÿÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ= 0.9E
AND ÿ (5.5)
b b
12(1 2 ÿ u ÿ) ÿÿ ÿÿ
6 The buckling coefficients kÿ depend on the ratio between the length and width of the flat element, the support conditions in the
adjacent elements, as well as the type of stress. In determining the effective width beff, the minimum value of the buckling
coefficients shall be used. In case more favorable edge conditions are not ensured, it should be allowed that the edges are simply
supported or free. The values of kÿ according to table 5.6 are based on this hypothesis, so they are conservative.
7 If the ultimate resistance of a bar is reached for a compressive stress sb<fy, for example by buckling or lateral buckling, the
determination of the effective width can be carried out using the value of the compressive stress
f ·ÿ instead of the elastic limit. and b
8 In the models used in the global analysis of the structure, the following simplifications are admissible:
Fications:
a) Consider the characteristics of the gross section, without any reduction, in the models used in the analysis before ultimate
limit states. As an exception, this possibility is not allowed when the actions or their effects depend on the displacements,
and very particularly, when safety is evaluated against damming phenomena (water in very flexible roofs, concrete in
mixed floors, etc. ) or stability;
b) consider the characteristics of the effective section, calculated from the elastic limit stress and not from the maximum
compression stress, in the models used in the analysis before serviceability limit states.
9 The neutral axis of the effective section does not coincide, in general, with that of the gross. The product of the axial force (if any) by
the eccentricity induces an additional bending moment to consider (figure 5.2.a).
SE-A-22
a) compressed sections
b) bent sections
Figure 5.2 Effective sections
SE-A-23
Table 5.6 Effective width of fully or partially compressed flat elements.

Support and request
conditions Voltage ratio compressed Coefficient of denting
Effective section of
width
compression + the flat element
p bc Mr
Traction -
1 b
4
8.2
1>ÿÿ0 b
1.05 + ps
2
0>ÿ>-1 b 7.81-6.29 ÿ +9.78 ÿ
2
-1ÿ ÿ>ÿ3 1ÿ p 5.98(1- ÿ)
2
1ÿ ÿ ÿ0 b
0.57-0.21 ÿ +0.07 ÿ
b 2
0> ÿ ÿ-3 0.57-0.21 ÿ +0.07 ÿ
1ÿ p
0.578
1ÿ ÿ ÿ0 b
ÿ + 0.34
b 2
0> ÿ ÿ-1 1.7-5 ÿ +17.1 ÿ
1ÿ p
p1
ÿ= ratio of the stresses at the edges of the flat element (positive compression).
p2
bc compressed width.
bt traction width.
5.3 Overall lateral stability

1 Every building must have the necessary elements to materialize a clear trajectory of the horizontal forces, from any
direction in plan, up to the foundation.
2 The aforementioned trajectory can be based on the bending capacity of the bars and joints (rigid frames), or on the
axial capacity of specifically arranged triangulated systems (for example: San Andres crossings, triangulations in
K, X, V, etc) usually called bracing.
3 For bracing, horizontal screens (rigid or forged diaphragms) or vertical walls (factory walls or partitions, shaped sheet
metal, panels, concrete walls, etc.) can be used, provided that:
SE-A-24
a) their permanence can be ensured during the service period of the building and they are projected correctly in terms of their
joint work, through an adequate interaction of the main structure with the bracing structure in accordance with the
calculations made, and their connection to the foundation or its precise point of interruption;
b) possible stresses on the structure due to the constraint of the free formation of the enclosures or partitions themselves due
to thermal or rheological effects (constraint imposed by the structure itself) are considered;
c) the resistance of the means of connection to the structure is ensured;
d) this is expressly stated in the project report.
4 All the elements of the scheme resistant to horizontal actions will be projected with adequate resistance to the forces generated, and
with sufficient rigidity to:
a) Satisfy the serviceability limit states established in DB SE.
b) guarantee non-translationality in the cases in which it constitutes one of the hypotheses of analysis.
lysis.
5 When the resistance scheme against horizontal actions is based on triangulated systems or on walls or concrete cores of rigidity that
provide at least 80% of the rigidity against horizontal displacements in one direction, it is said that the structure is braced in said
direction. address. In this case, it is admissible to assume that all horizontal actions are resisted exclusively by the bracing
system and, furthermore, to consider the structure as non-sway. Underneath every floor, at least three non-parallel and non-
concurrent bracing planes are needed, complemented by a rigid floor or roof in its plane, in order to conclude that said floor is
fully braced in all directions.
5.3.1 Translationality
1 In the case of translational, or unbraced, structures, in which the displacements have a substantial influence on the forces, a
calculation method must be used that includes non-linear effects and considers the initial imperfections, or their equivalent
actions, substitute of the geometric deviations of manufacture and assembly, of the residual stresses, of the initial deformations,
local variations of the elastic limit, etc. This method can consist
in
a) Second order global analysis considering initial global imperfections and in the geometry of the pieces. In this case, in the
resistance checks of the pieces, the buckling effects that are already represented in the model will not be considered.
b) Second order global analysis considering only global initial imperfections. In this case, in the resistance checks, the effects of
buckling of the pieces will be considered. An approximation to the results obtained by this method is described in the next
section.
2 One way to evaluate the influence of the displacements on the stress distribution and, therefore, to characterize the translational
condition, applicable to flat frame structures, consists in carrying out a first analysis in a linear elastic regime and obtaining, for
each storey , the efficient co:
INEd d H,d
r = ÿ
(5.6)
H Ed
h
being
HEd Design value of the total horizontal loads (including those due to imperfections) on the floor considered and on all the
upper ones. It coincides with the total shear in the pillars of the plan;
By Design value of the total vertical loads on the floor considered and on all the higher ones. It coincides with the total
axial in the pillars of the plant;
h plant height;
SE-A-25
ÿH,d relative horizontal displacement of the floor (from the roof to the floor slab).
If for any plant the value of the coefficient r is greater than 0.1, the structure must be considered
translational and, then, the global analysis of the structure will have to consider the effects of displacements
in one of the following ways:
a) Second order analysis, with the help of numerical models that include, at least, the effect of stresses on
the rigidity of the structure. When sizing the columns, the buckling lengths corresponding to the non-
translational mode will be used.
b) Elastic and linear analysis but having multiplied all the horizontal actions on the building by the
amplification coefficient:
1
(5.7)
1rÿ
This procedure is only applicable when r<0.33. When sizing the columns, the buckling lengths
corresponding to the non-translational mode will be used. The foundation reactions will be obtained
from the aforementioned model by reducing the horizontal force components by the value of the
amplification coefficient, so that they are equivalent to the horizontal resultant of the non-amplified
calculation actions.
5.4 Initial imperfections

1 In the lateral stability checks, the effect of the geometric deviations of manufacture and assembly, of the
residual stresses, of the local variations of the elastic limit, etc. must be taken into account. This can be
done by considering a geometric configuration that differs from the nominal one in the imperfections listed
in section 5.4.1, or by adding actions whose effect is equivalent to that of the imperfections, as indicated
in section 5.4.2.
5.4.1 Geometric imperfections

1 In frame structures, in each direction analysed, for stability purposes, it is sufficient to consider a linear
collapse in height, with a value of L/200 if in that direction there are only two supports and one height, and
L/400 if there are at least one height. minus four supports and three heights. In intermediate cases, the
value L/300 can be used, where L is the total height of the construction if it is constant, and the average
height if it is slightly variable.
Figure 5.3 Initial collapse of frames
Table 5.8 Local bar imperfections, e0/L
Buckling curve (according to figure 6.3) a0 a b c d
Elastic Global Analysis 1/350 1/300 1/250 1/200 1/150
Plastic global analysis 1/300 1/250 1/200 1/150 1/100
SE-A-26
2 In the calculations related to the stabilizing elements (bracing) of portico structures, the initial inclination
ÿ (according to figure 5.3) must be taken into account for all the pillars that must be stabilized by said
elements.
When stability is ensured by means of, for example, beams or triangulations that link the compressed
elements with certain fixed points, the lateral forces that must be taken into account in the calculations
will be obtained by admitting an initial geometric deviation (arrow) of value w0 in the elements to
stabilize (figure 5.4). In addition, the imperfections of the stabilizing elements will also be taken into
account.
l
at 0 = k 60mm
r ÿ ÿ 500
(5.8)
k r = 1 0,2 1 + ÿ n
r
nr = number of elements to stabilize

w = arrow of the stabilizer element
3 The lateral forces due to NEd and w0 can be substantially increased by execution inaccuracies and the
deformation (arrow) w of the stabilizer system (bracing).
This increase must be taken into account.
Figure 5.4 Initial arrow of the elements to stabilize

4 Each element whose function is to provide lateral support for an element or a compressed cord must be
sized to resist a lateral force equivalent to 1.5% of the maximum compression stress required by the
element or cord to be stabilized.
5 For the imperfection of the bars, two approaches are admissible:
a) omit any imperfection of the members in the global analysis, that is, analyze the structure
considering the straight members (which, in the case of translational frames join displaced
nodes), and subsequently check the members for buckling using the factor method ÿ described
in the article.
b) analyze the structure considering the deformed bars (in addition to the displaced nodes) and
through a second order analysis. In this case, the compound bending sections will be checked
and the check of the buckling resistance of the bar is not required. In this approach, the
Imperfections listed in table 5.8 will be used.
5.4.2 Matching shares

1
As an alternative to considering the initial imperfections, a set of equivalent actions can be introduced,
following the criteria of figure 5.5.
SE-A-27
Figure 5.5 Actions equivalent to initial imperfections
5.5 Plastic analysis

1 When any plastic analysis procedure is used, compliance with the ductility conditions will be ensured.
2 In the case of rigid-plastic analysis of structural elements made up of bars, the above
assumes:
c) ensure the position of the plastic hinges;

d) check that such hinges occur in the sections of the bars and that these are of
class 1;
e) check that the joints adjacent to the sections in which the hinges are produced have full resistance;
f) check the bracing of the bars between the hinges.

6 In the case of analysis of sheets in bending transverse to their plane, the above supposes
a) ensure that the position of the break lines is located on the plate in regions with width to thickness
ratios greater than 10
b) verify that the joints adjacent to the sections in which the hinges are produced have a resistance
higher than that required in the equilibrium model at failure,
SE-A-28
6 ultimate limit states
6.1 General
1 The check against the ultimate limit states involves, in this DB, the analysis and orderly verification of
the resistance of sections, bars and connections.
2 Although in the case of classes 1 and 2 it is a fairly safe option, it is admissible to use in any case
verification criteria based on elastic stress distributions, provided that at no point in the section, (and
in class 4, considering only the effective one), the design stresses, combined according to the Von
Mises plasticization criterion, exceed the design resistance. At a point of a sheet subjected to a plane
state of tension it would be:
2 2
xd ÿ + ÿ ÿ ÿzdÿ ÿ + 3 ÿxdÿ zd
ÿf 2 xzd (6.1)
yd
3 The value of the elastic limit used will be that corresponding to the base material as indicated in section
3 of this DB. The hardening effect derived from cold forming or any other operation will not be
considered.
6.2 Strength of sections
6.2.1 Bases
1 The resistant capacity of the sections established in this section corresponds to their positions far from
bar ends or singularities, either due to sudden changes in shape, or due to the application of point
loads or reactions. In the cited cases, the surrounding of the singularity must be considered with the
criteria established in chapter 8 or analogous to these, considering the geometry of the singularity.
2 The resistant capacity for any kind of stress or stress combination will be obtained from the stress
distribution that optimizes the strength value, which balances the stress or stress combination acting
on the section and that at no point exceeds plasticization criteria.
3 The resistant capacity of the sections depends on their class. For class 1 and 2 sections, the stress
distribution will be chosen according to plastic criteria (in bending the elastic limit is reached in all the
fibers of the section). For class 3 sections, the distribution will follow an elastic criterion (in bending,
the elastic limit is reached only in the extreme fibers of the section) and for class 4 sections, this
same criterion will be established on the effective section (figure 6.1). .
Figure 6.1 Supported stress distribution models: pure bending case
SE-A-29
6.2.2 Section terms

1 As calculation section, A, for classes 1, 2 and 3, the total will be taken and for 4, the net or effective
2 In the calculation of the characteristics of the section, no type of cover will be considered,
even if it is metallic (galvanized treatments).
3 The net area, Aneta , of a section is obtained by discounting the area of the holes and recesses from the nominal.
When the holes are staggered, the area to be discounted will be the largest of:
c) that of holes and recesses that coincide in the straight section; d)

that of all the holes located in any broken line, subtracting the product s2 ·t/(4·p) for each space between holes
(figure 6.2, where t is the thickness of the pierced plate).
In the case of holes in angles, the spacing "p" between holes is measured as indicated in figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2
6.2.3 Resistance of sections to tension

1 As resistance of the sections to traction, Nt,Rd, the plasticity of the gross section can be used without exceeding
the last of the net section:
N pl,Rd
ÿN=A ydÿ f t,Rd (6.2)
N t,Rd
ÿ N = 0,9 ÿAÿf
in Rd net out (6.3)
2 When designed according to capacity criteria, the ultimate resistance of the net section will be greater than the
plastic resistance of the gross section.
3 In the end sections in which the holes and flange recesses required for the connection are made, the tearing of the
web will be checked as indicated in section 8.5.2.
6.2.4 Resistance of sections to shear

1
The design shear stress VEd will be less than the resistance of the sections to shear,
Vc,Rd, which, in the absence of torsion, will be equal to the plastic resistance:
corn _
V A pl,Rd
=ÿ
IN (6.4)
3
where the term relative to the shear area has the following values:
- I or H profiles loaded parallel to the web: AV = A - 2btf + (tw+2r)tf
(As a simplification, Av = htw can be taken )
- U profiles loaded parallel to the web: AV = A - 2btf + (tw+r1)tf
(As a simplification, Av = htw can be taken )
SE-A-30
- I, H or U profiles loaded perpendicular to the web: AV = A -d·tw
- Reinforced sections loaded parallel to the webs: AV = ÿ d t
- Reinforced sections loaded perpendicular to the webs: AV = A - ÿ d t
- Hollow circular sections: AV = 2 A / ÿ

- Solid sections: AV = A
where A is the total section, yd, tf, tw and r1 according to the meanings of the figure in Annex B of this DB.
2 The holes will be discounted only when the ultimate resistance is less than the plastic one:
f out corn _
0,9 A
ÿ ÿ
< A ÿ
(6.5)
V,neta IN
3 3
6.2.5 Resistance of compression sections
1 The resistance of the compression sections, Nc,Rd, will be

a) the plastic resistance of the gross section (equation 6.2) for sections of classes 1 to 3;
b) the resistance of the effective section for sections of class 4:
N ef
=A ydÿ f u,Rd (6.6)
2 The area of the holes will be discounted when the corresponding screws are not available or when the holes are torn
or oversized.
6.2.6 Resistance of sections to bending
1 The resistance of the sections to bending, Mc.Rd, will be:
a) the plastic resistance of the gross section for sections of class 1 and 2:
M = W ÿ f pl,Rd pl yd (6.7)
being
Wpl plastic resistant modulus corresponding to the fiber with the highest tension.
b) the elastic resistance of the gross section for sections of class 3:
M el
=W ydÿ f el,Rd (6.8)
being
Well elastic resistant modulus corresponding to the fiber with greater tension.
c) dent resistance for class 4 sections:
M=Wÿf (6.9)
0,Rd eff yd
being
Wef elastic modulus of the effective section (corresponding to the fiber with the highest tension).
2 The existence of holes will be considered according to your situation:
a) Only the area of the holes located in the compressed zone will be discounted, when the corresponding screws
are not available or when the holes are torn or oversized;
b) if the holes are located in the tension zone, they will be discounted only when the ultimate resistance of the
tension zone is less than the plastic one:
0,9 ÿ A ÿ f < A ÿ f neta,t tudyd (6.10)
SE-A-31
6.2.7 Resistance of sections to torsion

1
The torsional force TEd of any section can be divided into two components, Tt,Ed, the component corresponding to the uniform
Saint Vénant torsion, and Tw,Ed, the component corresponding to the warping torsion.
TEd = Tt,Ed + Tw,Ed
2 In parts with a thin closed hollow section, the warping torsion component can be neglected. Similarly, in pieces formed by a double
T profile (IPE, HEB, etc.) the uniform torsion component can be neglected.
3 The stress states derived from torsion must be considered, and in particular, the tangential stresses due to uniform torsion, ÿt,Ed,
as well as the normal stresses ÿw,Ed and tangential stresses ÿw,ED due to the bimoment and torsional effort of warping torsion.
4 The resistance verification can be carried out with elastic criteria according to the expression
(6.1).
6.2.8 Interaction of forces in sections

1
Compound bending without shear:
c) In general, the prudent interaction formulas indicated below will be used.

nuation:
N Ed M M zEd
y, Ed
+ + 1 ÿ For class 1 and 2 sections
N M
pl,Rd pl,Rdy Mpl ,Gen
N Ed M M zEd
y, Ed
+ + 1 ÿ For class 3 sections (6.11)
N M M
pl,Rd el, Rdy el,Gen
N Ed MN e + y,Ed ÿ
M N e + zEd ÿ
Ed Ny SEd Ny
+ + 1 ÿ For class 4 sections
N M M 0,Gen
u, Rd 0, R you
being
f
y
=
corn _
c M0
The same formulation can be applied in the case of skewed bending.
d) in the case of I or H rolled sections, the effect of the axial can be neglected if it does not reach the
half the tensile strength of the web.
2 Bending and shear:
e) The section will be checked for shear according to section 6.2.4. Additionally, if the design shear is greater than half the
resistance of the section to shear, the design bending moment will be checked against the resistance obtained according
to:
2
ÿ
ÿÿ A in
ÿ
MWÿ = ÿ ÿ
ÿfÿÿ For sections in I or H

V,Rd pl ÿ
4t ÿ
In
corn ÿ
(6.12)
= ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ yd) f Rest of cases
MW (
V, Rd pl
1
being
2
ÿ
ÿ
INEd ÿ
ÿ=ÿÿ 2 ÿ
ÿ1ÿ
(6.13)
Vÿ
ÿ
pl,Rd
In no case may MV.Rd be > M0.Rd
SE-A-32
f) In the case of I or H rolled sections, the interaction effect can be neglected when only the flanges are
considered in the calculation of the flexural resistance and the web in the calculation of the shear
resistance.
3 Bending, axial and shear:

a) as long as the design shear does not exceed half the design resistance of the section (calculated in the
absence of other forces), the given interaction formulas will be used (see equations 6.11);
b) when the design shear exceeds half of the design resistance of the section (calculated in the absence of
other forces), the resistance of the latter for the set of forces will be determined using a reduced value
of the limit for the shear area elastic (or alternatively the thickness) according to the factor (1-ÿ), where
ÿ is given by equation 6.13.
4 Shear and torsion:
In the verifications in which the shear resistance intervenes, the plastic shear resistance reduced by the
existence of tangential stresses of uniform torsion will be used:
Vc,Rd ÿ Vpl,T,Rd (6.14)
being, in closed hollow sections
ÿ ÿ
t
V =ÿ
ÿÿ
1 t,Ed
ÿ V (6.15)
pl,T,Rd pl,Rd
ÿ
(
f/3 ) ÿÿ
yd
5 Bending and twisting:

In the verifications in which the flexural resistance intervenes, the flexural resistance reduced by the
existence of normal warping torsion stresses will be used:
ÿ
ÿ ÿ
=ÿ
w,Ed
(6.16)
ÿ
M ÿÿ
1 M
c,T,Rd c,Rd
ÿ corn _ ÿÿÿ
expression in which the maximum normal stress ÿw,Ed is determined by the expressions of the non-uniform
torsion theory.
6.3 Resistance of bars
6.3.1 Traction
1 Bars with centered axial force will be calculated in pure tension. For these purposes it is permissible
ignore the flexors:
a) due to the own weight of the bars of lengths less than 6 m;
b) due to the wind in the bars of triangulated beams;
c) due to eccentricity in the bracing bars when their directrix is not in the
joint plane;
2 The reduced slenderness (defined in the following section) of the bars in tension of the main structure will not
exceed the value 3.0, and values of up to 4.0 may be accepted in the bracing bars.
3 The pure tensile strength of the bar, Nt,Rd, will be the plastic strength of the gross section, Npl,Rd, calculated
according to section 6.2.
6.3.2 Compression
1 The resistance of the bars to compression, Nc,Rd, will not exceed the plastic resistance of the gross section,
Npl,Rd, calculated according to section 6.2, and will be less than the ultimate resistance of the bar to
buckling, Nb,Rd, calculated as indicated in the following sections.
SE-A-33
2 In general, it will be necessary to check the resistance to buckling in each possible plane in which the piece can bend. This DB
does not cover the phenomenon of torsion buckling, which can occur in parts, generally open with thin walls, in which the
axis of the deformed bar is not contained in a plane.
3 As flexural buckling capacity, in centered compression, of a section bar consist

you, can be taken
N b,Rd
= ÿÿ A ÿ f corn (6.17)
being
A cross-sectional area in classes 1, 2 and 3, or effective area Aeff in class 4 sections,
corn
design resistance of steel, taking f = f / ÿ with ÿM1 = 1.05 according to 2.3.3 yd and M1
h buckling reduction coefficient, the value of which can be obtained in the following sections based on the reduced
slenderness and the buckling curve appropriate to the case.
6.3.2.1 Straight bars with constant section and constant axial
1 It is called reduced slenderness ÿ , to the square root of the quotient between the plastic resistance of
the calculation section and the critical compression by buckling, of value
Af ÿ
and
ÿ=
N
cr
(6.18)
2
ÿ Pi ÿ
N = ÿÿ
ÿ
NO ÿ
cr ÿ
L
k ÿÿÿ
being
AND
modulus of elasticity;
I
moment of inertia of the area of the section for bending in the considered plane;
Lk buckling length of the piece, equivalent to the distance between inflection points of the buckling formation that has the
largest. For canonical cases it is defined in table 6.1 depending on the length of the piece. For different conditions
for the axial load or the section is defined in later sections.
2 The buckling reduction coefficient ÿ , for values of reduced slenderness ÿk ÿ 0.2, is obtained
not of:
1
1 ÿ
x= (6.19)
2
ÿ _ ÿ
2 ÿ
ÿ+ÿÿÿÿÿ
k
ÿÿÿ
where
2 ÿ
ÿ _ ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ +ÿ ÿ0.5
ÿ ÿ1 0, k 2ÿ ÿ+ =ÿ (
)
ÿÿ
ÿ
k (6.20)
ÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿ
a is the elastic imperfection coefficient, which adopts the values of table 6.3 depending on the buckling curve (see
table 6.2). This represents the sensitivity to the phenomenon depending on the type of section, buckling plane and
type of steel, according to table 6.2.
3 The values of the coefficient ÿ can be obtained directly from figure 6.3 or from table 6.3. as a function of the reduced slenderness
and the coefficient of imperfection, respectively.
SE-A-34
Table 6.1 Buckling length of canonical bars
end conditions articulated wall-mounted

bi-articulated double-recessed in bracket
recessed movable
Longitude Page 1,0 L 0,5 L 0,7 L 1,0 L 2,0 L
Table 6.2 Buckling curve as a function of cross section
Steel type S235 to S355 (1) S450

section type
buckling axis and
With
and
With
Rolled I profiles
h/b > 1,2 t ÿ 40 mm a b to the to the
40 mm < t ÿ 100 mm b c a a
h/b ÿ 1,2 t ÿ 100 mm b c a a
t > 100 mm d d c c
Reinforced profiles in I
t ÿ 40 mm b c b c
t > 40 mm c d c d
Grouping of welded rolled profiles
c c c c
Single or grouped plate tubes
hot rolled a a a0 a0
cold formed c c c c
(2)
Reinforced profiles in box
coarse weld: a/t > 0.5 c c c c

b/t < 30 h/tw < 30
in another case b b b b
SE-A-35
Steel type S235 to S355 (1) S450

section type
buckling axis and
With
and
With
Simple U, T profiles, sheet metal, solid round
c c c c
L profiles
b b b b
(1)
For the meaning of the buckling axis, and the terms h, b, t, tw see annex B (2)
The variable a refers to the throat width of the weld.
1,1
1,0
0,9 a0
a
0,8 b
c
0,7
0,6
coefficient
Buckling
ÿ
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0
reduced slenderness
Figure 6.3 Buckling curves
SE-A-36
Table 6.3 Values of the buckling coefficient (ÿ)
Buckling curve b
reduced slenderness a0 a c d
Imperfection
0,13 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76
coefficient (ÿ) ÿ 0.20
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1,00 1.00 1,00 1,00 1,00
0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 0,99 0.98 0,96 0,95 0,92
1.50 1 .60 1.80 (1) 2.00 (1) 0,97 0.95 0,93 0,90 0,85
2.20 (1) 2.40 (2) 2.70 3.00 0,95 0.92 0,88 0,84 0,78
0,93 0.89 0,84 0,79 0,71
0,90 0.85 0,78 0,72 0,64
0,85 0.80 0,72 0,66 0,58
0,80 0.73 0,66 0,60 0,52
0,73 0.67 0,60 0,54 0,47
0,65 0.60 0,54 0,48 0,42
0,57 0.53 0,48 0,43 0,38
0,51 0.47 0,43 0,39 0,34
0,45 0.42 0,38 0,35 0,31
0,40 0.37 0,34 0,31 0,28
0,35 0.32 0,31 0,28 0,25
0,28 0.27 0,25 0,23 0,21
0,23 0, 22 0,21 0,20 0,18
0,19 0.19 0,18 0,17 0,15
0,16 0.16 0,15 0,14 0,13
0,13 0.13 0,12 0,12 0,11
(2)
0,11 0.10 0,10 0,10 0,09
(1)
intolerable thinness in the main elements (2) intolerable thinness
even in bracing elements
6.3.2.2 Variable axial forces

1 The bars of constant section requested by axial forces that vary linearly or parabolically along the axis
can be calculated as subjected to a constant axial force of a value equal to the maximum acting
axial force and with the buckling length equal to:
1 +aÿ N /N min max

L L =k
b
in which the parameters a and b have the values:

a) linear variation, maximum in the center: doubly
articulated: a = 2.18 b = 3.18 doubly
embedded a = 0.93 b = 7.72 b) variation
parabolic, maximum in the center: doubly articulated: a = 1.09 b = 2.09 doubly embedded
a = 0.35 b = 5.40 c) bracket with maximum
embedment: linear variation: a = 2.18 b = 3.18 parabolic variation a = 1.09
linear
b = variation,
2.09 e)
maximum at one end: doubly = 0.88
articulated:
b = 1.88 a
doubly embedded: a = 0.93 b = 7 .72 a = 1.65 b = 5.42 a = 0.51 b = 3.09
articulated at the minimum and recessed at the maximum:

articulated at the maximum and recessed at the minimum
6.3.2.3 Variable section bars

1 Double-articulated compression bars with a slightly variable section whose moment of inertia varies between a
minimum Imin and a maximum Imax will be checked with a weighted average moment of inertia Ik , of value:
I = c Imax (6.21)
and the middle Amed area along the bar. The value of c is obtained from Table 6.4 by entering with the parameter:
SE-A-37
l min
n= (6.22)
l
max
and with the fraction of maximum inertia light "a" specified in the figure itself included in the table.
The calculated mechanical slenderness is:
A with l
ÿ = Lk (6.23)
k
Table 6.4 Coefficient C in pieces with variable section

n
section variation Coefficient c being n=I /I
min max
a
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
0,0 0,121 0,220 0,316 0,412 0,509 0,606 0,703 0,801 0,900 1,000
0,1 0,140 0,247 0,348 0,447 0,542 0,636 0,729 0,820 0,911 1,000
Imax Imin
N N 0,2 0,166 0,284 0,391 0,490 0,585 0,675 0,761 0,844 0,923 1,000
0,3 0,203 0,333 0,446 0,547 0,639 0,722 0,800 0,871 0,938 1,000
aL 0,4 0,257 0,403 0,521 0,620 0,705 0,779 0,844 0,902 0,953 1,000
0,5 0,340 0,502 0,620 0,771 0,784 0,843 0,892 0,933 0,969 1,000
L
0,6 0,477 0,641 0,745 0,815 0,867 0,906 0,936 0,961 0,982 1,000
0,7 0,697 0,814 0,875 0,913 0,938 0,957 0,971 0,983 0,992 1,000
0,8 0,922 0,951 0,966 0,976 0,983 0,988 0,992 0,995 0,998 1,000
ÿ0,9 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
0,0 0,259 0,389 0,493 0,583 0,665 0,740 0,810 0,877 0,940 1,000
0,1 0,308 0,448 0,555 0,643 0,719 0,786 0,846 0,902 0,953 1,000
0,2 0,371 0,520 0,625 0,707 0,775 0,832 0,881 0,925 0,965 1,000
N Imin Imax Imin N 0,3 0,453 0,605 0,703 0,775 0,930 0,867 0,914 0,947 0,975 1,000
0,4 0,558 0,702 0,784 0,841 0,883 0,915 0,942 0,965 0,984 1,000
0,5 0,686 0,801 0,861 0,900 0,927 0,948 0,965 0,979 0,990 1,000
aL
0,6 0,819 0,890 0,925 0,946 0,962 0,973 0,982 0,989 0,995 1,000
L 0,7 0,925 0,954 0,968 0,978 0,984 0,989 0,992 0,996 0,998 1,000
0,8 0,982 0,988 0,992 0,994 0,996 0,997 0,998 0,999 0,999 1,000
ÿ0,9 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Imax Parable
N N
-
0,273 0,402 0,506 0,595 0,676 0,749 0,817 0,882 0,942 1,000
Parable
N Imin Imin N
L
0,536 0,652 0,728 0,786 0,834 0,875 0,911 0,943 0,973 1,000
Imax 0,9 0,221 0,626 0,846 0,924 0,958 0,976 0,986 0,993 0,997 1,000
N N
0,8 0,060 0,220 0,421 0,605 0,743 0,837 0,902 0,946 0,977 1,000
0,7 0,027 0,105 0,221 0,395 0,502 0,635 0,753 0,852 0,933 1,000
0,6 0,016 0,061 0,134 0,231 0,345 0,472 0,606 0,741 0,873 1,000
aL
L 0,5 0,010 0,040 0,090 0,160 0,250 0,360 0,490 0,640 0,810 1,000
6.3.2.4 Triangulated elements

1 In spatial lattices formed by hollow profiles bolted at their ends, it will be taken as
mo buckling length the distance between node centers for any member.
2 In triangulated flat beams, the buckling length will be taken as:
a) for chords, buckling in the plane of the beam, the distance between centers of nodes;
b) for chords, out-of-plane buckling, the theoretical length of the bar measured between fixed points due to the existence
of bracing; if there are no fixed points, it will be treated as a variable compression piece.
c) for uprights and diagonals, buckling in the plane of the beam, the free length between bars;
d) for uprights and diagonals, out-of-plane buckling, the length between node centers.
SE-A-38
3 In triangulated flat beams made up of hollow profiles with continuous and diagonal chords and uprights
continuously welded around the entire perimeter, the buckling lengths defined in the previous section
may be taken, applying the factor 0.9 to the chords, and 0.75 to the uprights and diagonals.
6.3.2.5 Building pillars
1 The buckling length Lk of a column section of length L rigidly attached to the other members of an intra-
translational frame or of a translational frame whose analysis has used a second-order method that
does not consider the imperfections of the columns themselves , or the method of increasing
horizontal actions described in 5.3.1, can be obtained from the quotient: ( (
k 1 +0.145 0.265
ÿ 1 2ÿ1ÿ2+ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
Lÿ== 1ÿ (6.24)
L 2 0.364 0.2471ÿ2ÿ + ÿ ÿ )ÿ) ÿ ÿ 1 2
ÿ
2 The buckling length of a column section rigidly attached to the other members of a translational frame
whose analysis did not take into account second-order effects can be obtained from the quotient:
L 1 ÿ0.2
ÿ 1 20.12
1 2ÿ ÿ ÿ + ÿ ÿ ÿ
kÿ== ÿ 1 (6.25)
L + ÿ 0.6 ÿ ÿ )ÿ) + ÿ
( (ÿ1ÿ0.8 1 2 12
The ÿ ratios can be obtained in Figure 6.4.
1,0 1,0
5
0,90
3
2,5
0,8 0,8
0,80
2
0,75 1,75
0,6 0,6
0,70
h2 h2 1,5
0,65
0,4 0,4
0,60 1,25
0,57
0,2 0,2
0,55 1,1
0,0 0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
h1 h1
Intraslacional 6.3.2.5-1 Translational 6.3.2.5-2
Figure 6.4 Ratios of buckling length to bar length
3 The distribution coefficients ÿ1 and ÿ2 above are obtained from:

K cK + 1
n=1
LOL
c + + + 1 11 12
(6.26)
K cK + 2
n=2
LOL
c + + + 2 21 22
being
Kc stiffness coefficient EI/L of the column section analyzed;

To stiffness coefficient EI/L of the next column section at node i, null if it does not exist;
Stick effective stiffness coefficient of the beam at joint i, and position j.
SE-A-39
If the successive sections have a different Ncri N/ ratio , , the approximation of ÿ obtained, and so
of the same Ncri , they are on the safety side. all
K1
Q11 K12
Distribution coefficient ÿ1
Pillar to check: Kc
K21 K22
Distribution coefficient ÿ2
K2
Figure 6.5 Distribution coefficients
4 The effective stiffness coefficients of the beams can be determined according to table 6.5,
provided they remain elastic under design moments.
Table 6.5 Effective stiffness coefficient for a beam in elastic behavior
Conditions of restraint to rotation in the beam Effective stiffness coefficient K of the beam
at the opposite end to the one considered. no relevant compression with compression(1)
recessed 1.0 NO/L 1.0 EI/L (1-0.4 N/Ncri)

articulated 0.75 EI/L 0.75 EI/L (1 - 1.0 N/Ncri)
equal turn and equal sign 1.5 EI/L 1.5 EI/L (1-0.2 N/Ncri)
turn equal and and opposite sign 0.5 EI/L 0.5 EI/L (1-1.0 N/Ncri)
twist ÿa at the node considered and twist ÿb at the -

other (1 + 0.5 ÿb / ÿa) NO/L
(1)
Ncri refers to the critical compression value of the considered beam. The general case (-) is not contemplated
When, due to the dimensioning situation considered, the design moment in any of the beams
exceeds Welfyd, it must be assumed that the beam is hinged at the corresponding point or points.
6.3.2.6 Composite section bars

1 This is the name given to pieces made up of two or more profiles, linked by clips or by a triangular
lattice, with a regular layout and symmetrical layout.
2 The number of sections into which the section bar made up of the link elements is divided will be equal
to or greater than 4, there always being a link element at the beginning and end of the bar.
SE-A-40
3 The material inertia axis is the one that passes through the center of gravity of the sections of all the simple profiles that make
up the part, and the free inertia axis is the one that does not meet this condition.
4 In the plane perpendicular to the axis of material inertia, buckling is checked as if it were a
a single bar.
5 In the plane perpendicular to an axis of free inertia, an initial imperfection of value L/500 will be adopted, on the unfavorable
side, which will be enlarged by the factor 1/(1-r), where r is the calculation compression ratio to critical compression. To
determine this, the equivalent inertia can be obtained by means of a deformation analysis against uniform lateral action in
a model that individually includes the secondary elements, clips or triangulations of the piece.
Once the stresses of each chord have been obtained, based on those of the complete piece and the aforementioned
eccentricity, each section of chord between secondary elements will be checked, assuming for it an initial imperfection
equal to that defined in table 5.8, expanded from the relationship between the chord load and its local criticism, assuming
articulations at the ends of the section.
6 In the particular case of loops, the expression may be taken as critical compression
2
ÿ EA
N = (6.27)
letters
2222
L /il /i + ktt
being:
A The total section of the chords of the bar,
Lk The buckling length of the complete part as if it were of connected section,

i
radius of gyration of the complete part, as if it were connected,
lt length of section between bartacks,
it radius of gyration of the cord.
7 For the calculation of lattice elements or clips, the global shear of the piece will be added the
proceeding from the magnified imperfection, which may be taken of value
N Ed 1
INEd = ÿ
(6.28)
150 1r
ÿ
The connecting pieces will be rigidly attached to the chords, either by means of screws (at least two in the case of clips),
or by welding, and in the case of compressed ones, they will be checked against instability due to buckling.
6.3.3 Flexion
6.3.3.1 General
1 A beam subjected to bending moments within its plane can buckle laterally if the separation between lateral supports exceeds
a certain value. In these cases, it will be necessary to carry out a verification of the safety against lateral buckling.
2 In determining the resistance against lateral buckling of a beam, it will also take into account
account the interaction with the dent of the compressed sheets
3 The lateral buckling check will not be necessary when the compression flange is braced continuously or punctually at distances
less than 40 times the minimum radius of gyration.
However, in these cases adequate rigidity and resistance of the lateral supports must be ensured.
SE-A-41
6.3.3.2 Lateral buckling
1
If there is a possibility of a beam buckling laterally, it must be verified that MEd ÿ Mb,Rd; where MEd is the design value
of the bending moment and Mb,Rd is the design value of the resistance against lateral buckling. Mb,Rd can be determined
according to the relationship:
f
y
M
b,Rd = x LT W
yÿ (6.31)
M1
being
Wy resistant modulus of the section, according to its type, that is:
Wy: Wpl,y for sections of classes 1 and 2
Wy: Wel,y for class 3 sections
Wy: Wef,y for class 4 sections
xLT reduction factor for lateral buckling
The reduction factor ÿLT can be determined from the expression
ÿ = LT 1 ÿ (6.32)
2
2
ÿ LT
+ÿÿÿ LT LT
where
2 ÿ
ÿ _ ÿ
(
ÿ ÿLTÿ = 0.5ÿ1ÿ++ÿÿ LT LT 0,2 ÿÿ LT
(6.33)
ÿÿ ) ÿ
ÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿ
being
ÿLT relative slenderness versus lateral buckling
everything imperfection factor, obtained from table 6.6
Table 6.6 Imperfection factor ÿLT
Element Boundaries buckling curve ÿLT
h/b ÿ 2 0,21
Rolled profile with double T section a
h/b > 2 b 0,34
Reinforced element with double h/b ÿ 2 c 0,49

T section
h/b > 2 d 0,76
Elements with other sections

- d 0,76
The relative slenderness against lateral buckling will be determined according to the relationship
Wfy
y
ÿ = LT (6.34)
M
cr
where
Mcr elastic critical moment of lateral buckling. The elastic critical moment of lateral buckling shall be determined according to the
theory of elasticity, for example according to 6.3.3.3.
2 In the case of rolled profiles or equivalent reinforced profiles when ÿLT ÿ 0.4 it will be possible to
use a value of ÿLT=1.
SE-A-42
3 The lateral supports of the compressed wing must be dimensioned with the capacity to resist the efforts to which they will be
subjected. The stresses originated by the deflection forces of the compressed support of a straight beam of constant depth
may be determined in accordance with 5.4.1.5.
6.3.3.3 Elastic critical moment of lateral buckling

1
In most practical cases a simplified calculation of the critical elastic lateral buckling moment is admissible, despite differences
in support conditions, load introduction and bending moment distribution.
2 In cases where the supports at the ends of a bar prevent its deformation due to torsion, and if the load acts on the axis of the bar,
the elastic critical moment of lateral buckling can be determined according to the equation:
2 2
MCR = MLTv + M LTw (6.35)
being:
MLTv component of MCR that represents the resistance by uniform torsion of the bar (S. Ve
on)
MLTw component of MCR that represents the non-uniform torsion resistance of the bar.
3 The component MLTv of the elastic critical moment of lateral buckling could be determined from
from the equation:
Pi
M LTv
C1= GI TNO
z (6.36)
L C
being:
C1 factor that depends on the support conditions and the law of bending moments that are requested and the beam
Lc lateral buckling length (distance between lateral supports that prevent lateral buckling)
G transverse modulus of elasticity
AND modulus of elasticity
IT uniform torque constant
FROM
moment of inertia of the section about the z axis
For beams with slender sections (section 5.2.3) MLTv=0 will be adopted.
4 The component MLTw of the elastic critical moment of lateral buckling is determined by the elastic critical buckling load of the
compressed support of the profile. This support is formed by the compression flange and the third part of the compression zone
of the web, adjacent to the compression flange.
The MLTw component can be determined from the equation;
2
p2 E
M LTw
W el,y= 2
Ci1
f,z (6.37)
L C
being
Wel,y resistant elastic modulus of the section, according to the axis of strong inertia, corresponding to the most compressed
fiber
if,z radius of gyration, with respect to the axis of least inertia of the section, of the support formed by the compression
flange and the third part of the compression zone of the web, adjacent to the compression flange
The mechanical characteristics of the section of the aforementioned compressed support will be determined for the effective
section.
5 Factor C1 takes into account the support conditions and the law of bending moments that apply to the beam. The values indicated
in table 6.7 are valid for sections of beams at whose ends
SE-A-43
the torsional twist is fully constrained and along which the bending moment varies linearly
Table 6.7 Value of the factor C1 corresponding to the values of the factor kÿ (kw=1)
Support conditions and type of request bending moments diagram C1
1,14
1,32
1,56
1,88
2,28
2,7
2,93
2,75
6.3.3.4 Dent of the web by shear
1 It is not necessary to check the resistance to buckling of the web in the bars in which the
pla:
d < 70 ÿ e t (6.36)
nor in those in which, having stiffeners at their ends (and intermediate, where appropriate), the following is fulfilled:
d < 30 ÿ ÿ ÿ kt (6.37)
t
being
d, t web dimensions (height and thickness);
SE-A-44
f ref
e= con fref = 235 N/mm2 .
f
and
kÿ is equal:
5,34
- kÿ = 4 +
2
If there are stiffeners separated by a distance a<d
ÿ ÿ aÿ ÿ ÿ
dÿ
- kÿ = 5.34 4 If there are stiffeners separated by a distance a ÿ d

+
2
ÿ a ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
d ÿÿ
- kÿ =5.34 If there are stiffeners only in the end sections

2 The inertia Is of the section formed by the stiffener plus a web width on each side of the stiffener equal to 15
twÿ, in relation to its neutral fiber, parallel to the plane of the web, must be:
33d
t 1,5 ÿ a
l
ÿ and < 2 (6.38)
s
2 d
a
a
3
l
s 0,75 d t ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
and ÿ 2 (6.39)
d
3 The resistance of the web to buckling by shear is obtained from:
dt ÿ
ÿÿb
V = (6.40)
b, Rd
c M1
being
_
f
ÿ=b
y ÿ ÿIn 0.8
3
f ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ 1 0.625 ÿ ÿÿ ÿ_0.8 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ _
y
ÿ=b ÿÿ
0.9 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ and 0.8 < ÿ < 1.2
ÿ
In In
3 ÿ
f _
ÿ=b and ÿ
1.2 ÿ ÿ In
3 _
In
where
d/t
ÿ =In
37,4 k e t
4 Each intermediate stiffener will be dimensioned as a support requested by the effort of comp
pressure:
NEd = VEd ÿ Vb,Rd

(6.41)
being
By shear force design value
Vb,Rd design value of shear buckling resistance
SE-A-45
If there are external loads that can act directly on the stiffener, these will be added to the value of NEd. The resistant section
will include the stiffener plus a web width on each side of the stiffener, equal to 10 twÿ. The verification of the structural safety
of the stiffener shall be carried out in accordance with the methods of section 6.3.2, using the buckling curve c with a buckling
length of 0.8 d.
6.3.3.5 Concentrated loads

1 It is not necessary to check the resistance of the web of a part against the application of a concentrated load (or a reaction at a
support) acting on the flanges if dimensioned stiffeners are provided as indicated in the previous section, to resist a compression
equal to the applied concentrated force (or reaction).
2 It is not necessary to stiffen the web of a part subjected to concentrated loads acting on
the wings if it is true that:
F
Ed
ÿ 1 (6.42)
F
b,Rd
being
FEd design value of the concentrated load, ;
Fb,Rd design resistance of the web against concentrated loads.
3 The design resistance of the web against concentrated loads is given by:
ft L is him
ÿ ÿ
F
b,Rd
= (6.43)
c M1
being
Lef = ÿ ÿ l F and
(6.44)
0.5
x=Fÿ 1 ÿ (6.45)
F
l yes ÿt ÿf
ÿ=
F (6.46)
F cr
3
t
(6.47)
ÿ
Fcr0,9 k E =ÿ
F
ÿ
The values of l and kF depend on the case considered, among those represented in the figure
and
6.6:
- Case a): load (or reaction) applied to a flange and balanced by shears in the web.
2
ÿ dÿ
2 Fÿ ÿ=ÿ+ ÿk6
a
l
y = ss + 2 ÿ t ÿ(1+ m1 + m2 ) ÿ a
- Case b): load (or reaction) transferred from one wing to the other through the web. In case there is
cutting, is considered the concentrated force of greater value of the two.
2
ÿÿ
=+
k F3,5 2ÿÿÿd ÿ
a
l
y = ss + 2 ÿ t ÿ(1+ m1 + m2 ) ÿ a
SE-A-46
- Case c): load (or reaction) applied to a flange near an unstiffened end section and balanced by a shear in the other section.
ÿ s+ cÿ s
= F+ ÿ k26 ÿ ÿÿ6
d ÿ
(
l = Min l ,l ,l y1 y2 y3
and )
coming each coefficient given by the expressions:

fb yf f ÿ
m 1 =
ft is w
ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ 0,02 ÿ ÿ d ÿ ÿÿ
ÿf ÿÿ t si 0.5 ÿ >
=
m2
ÿ F (it is possible to approximate ÿF with that obtained using m2=0 to approximate l ) and
0 if ÿ ÿ 0.5
F
l = l + t f m1 m2 y1 eff +
2
m ÿlÿ ÿ
1
=
l l t + eff f + eff ÿ ÿ m2
y2 2
ÿ+ÿÿ
t
f
+
l=s+2ÿt+ f
y3 s (1 m1 m2 )
2kEt ÿ ÿ
F l = eff ÿ+s cs
2fdy ÿ ÿ
where
sS length of the rigid delivery of the load (see figure 6.7);

tw web thickness;
tf wing thickness;
live yield stress of the web;
my life yield stress of the wing;

AND
modulus of elasticity;
d song of the soul
Figure 6.6 Modes of transfer of concentrated charges or reactions
4 If the concentrated load acts on the axis of a section subjected to axial and bending stresses producing a stress ÿx,Ed at
the point of the flange located under the load, it shall be verified that:
F ÿx ,Ed
Ed
+ ÿ0,8 ÿ 1,4
F
(6.48)
ÿ f ÿ yf ÿ
b,Rd
ÿÿ
c M0 ÿÿÿ
SE-A-47
Figure 6.7 Width of rigid delivery of a load on a wing
6.3.4 Interaction of forces in parts
6.3.4.1 Deflected and tensioned elements

1 In the pieces requested by a combination of a bending moment and an axial tensile force, in addition to the resistance to
flexotraction of their sections, as indicated in 6.2.8, their resistance against lateral buckling considering axial force and bending
moment as a vector effect.
The combined stress in the extreme compression fiber is determined by:
M N
Ed t,Ed
ÿ
with, Ed
= ÿÿ
0,8 (6.49)
IN with A
being
Wcom resistant moment of the section referred to the extreme compressed fiber;
Nt,Ed design value of the tensile axis;
MEd design value of the bending moment;
A gross sectional area.
The check is carried out using an effective bending Mef,Sd
=
Mef,Ed Wcom ÿcom,Ed
ÿ
(6.50)
and the design resistance to lateral buckling indicated in section 6.3.3.2.
6.3.4.2 Compressed and flexed elements

1 Unless a more precise study is carried out using the general procedure described in 5.4, part stability checks will be carried out by
applying the formulas indicated below, distinguishing between those that are or are not sensitive to torsion (for example open
or closed sections respectively).
The verification will be carried out with the following formulas:
For every piece:
N c M and N + y,Ed ÿ ÿ
cM and N z,Ed
ÿ
+
ÿ
Ed m,y N and Ed m,z N.z Ed

* + ÿy
k +ÿÿz k With
ÿ
1ÿ (6.51)
Afxÿ ÿ
Wfx ÿ
W f z yd ÿ
yd y LT y yd
In addition, only in pieces not susceptible to torsion buckling
N c M and N + y,Ed
ÿ ÿ
cM and N z,Ed
ÿ
+
ÿ
Ed m,y N and Ed m,z N.z Ed

* + ÿ ÿ yy k ÿ
+ ÿk With
ÿ 1 (6.52)
Afxÿ ÿ
W f the ÿ
W f z yd ÿ
yd With corn
In addition, only in parts susceptible to torsion buckling
N M e N + y,Ed ÿ
Ed cM and z,Ed ÿ
+
ÿ
N Ed
Ed N, y m,z N,z
* + k
yLT
ÿ
+ ÿkz ÿ 1 (6.53)
Afxÿ ÿ
Wfx ÿ
W f z yd
ÿ
yd With LT y yd
where
SE-A-48
NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed are the values of the axial force and the calculation moments of greatest absolute value of the part,
f = f / ÿ , yd y M1
the values of A* ; wy; wz; ÿy ; ÿz ; eN,y; eN,z are given in Table 6.8;
xy y xz are the buckling coefficients in each direction;
is the
susceptible to torsion lateral buckling coefficient, according to 6.3.3; it will be taken equal to 1.00 in non- ÿLT pieces
buckling.
eN,y y eN,z displacements of the center of gravity of the effective cross section with respect to the position of the center
of gravity of the gross cross section, in parts with sections of class 4.
The coefficients ky, kz, kyLT are indicated in table 6.9.
The equivalent uniform bending moment factors cm,y, cm,z, cmLT are obtained from Table 6.10 as a function of the shape
of the bending moment diagram between braced points as indicated in the table.
In the frame bars of unbraced structures with buckling lengths greater than that of the bars themselves, the following must be
taken:
cm = 0,9 (6.53)
Table 6.8 Verification terms, according to the worst section class in piece Wy
Class A* Wz ay az eN,y eN, z
1 A Wpl, y Wpl,z 0,6 0,6 0 0
2 A Wpl, y Wpl,z 0,6 0,6 0 0
3 A Wel,y Wel,z 0,8 1 0 0
According to piece According to piece

4 Aff Wow, the Weff, z 0,8 1
and tensions and tensions
SE-A-49
Table 6.9 Interaction coefficients according to the worst class of section in the piece
Cla
Kind of
this kz cold
with
section
the lesser of
I, N Ed 0.1 ÿ min N
Ed
H,
With
1 2 0.6
with (
C.Rd
+ÿÿÿÿNÿ 1
ÿ
With
) N
open (c ÿ
0.25 h C,Rd
) with
N Ed mLT
1and
2 1 + ÿ( ÿ 0.2 y ) ÿ
N
ÿ and
C.Rd
hollow
NEd 0,6 + ÿz
skinny with(+C.Rd
1 0.2 ÿÿÿNÿ
With
)
da
0.05 ÿ min N
With
Ed
N Ed N Ed
ÿ
and
4
3
All 1 0.6
ÿ ÿ y+ ÿ 1 0.6
ÿÿN + ÿÿ with (c mLT
ÿ
0.25
N
h C,Rd
) with
N
With
ÿ and C.Rd
C.Rd
being
ÿy y ÿz values of the reduced slendernesses for the axes y – y and z – z, not greater than 1.00.
*
f
and
N
=ÿ
A
C. Rd
c M1
SE-A-50
Table 6.10 Equivalent moment coefficients
bending moment factor bending axis Points braced in direction
cm,y and–and
z-z
cm, z z-z and–and
cm,LT and – and and–and
Bending Diagram Factor de momento uniforme equivalente cm,y = cm,i
( i =y ) cm,z = cm,i ( i =z ) cm,LT =

cm,i ( i =LT )
extreme moments
cm,i = 0,6 + 0,4 ÿ ÿ ÿ 0,4
Moment due to coplanar lateral loads
cm,i = 0,9
cm,i = 0,95
Moments due to lateral loads and end moments
cm.i = 0.1ÿ 0.8 ÿ ÿ ÿ 0.4 si 0 ÿ1ÿ ÿ ÿ
cm.i = 0.2 + 0.8 ÿ ÿ ÿ 0.4 si 0ÿÿÿ1
= 0.95 + 0, ÿÿ05with ÿ1ÿ

c me h ÿh ÿ 1
SE-A-51
7 Serviceability limit states
1 The serviceability limit states are intended to verify compliance with the basic requirement
SE-2: fitness to serve,
a) limiting the damage to normal non-structural construction elements, by limiting the accumulated
deformation from the moment of its installation (active arrow);
b) maintaining the geometric appearance of the structure, limiting the deviations due to total deformation
with respect to the geometry with which the user recognizes the structure. Said deviation can be
limited by limiting the movements, or by establishing initial measures that counteract its effects, such
as countershafts.
2 The limit states to consider and the limit values of each one, deflections, collapses and vibrations, are those
established in SE 4.3, according to the type of building, and that of the elements involved in the deformation.
3 It may be necessary to establish more demanding limits in the case of specific uses, such as the limitation of
vibrations in special rooms, such as some in hospitals. It may also be necessary for particular construction
needs, such as those derived from the support of crane rails, or curtain wall anchors. In these cases, the
methods established in this DB will be used to ensure respect for the limits that may be required by the
intended use or the construction system adopted, as established by its manufacturer.
7.1 Deformations, deflection and collapse

1 In the calculation of the deformations, the rigidity of the joints and of the slender sections, the second order
effects, the possible existence of local plastifications and the construction process will be taken into account.
2 Deformations that induce ultimate limit states are not considered in this section, such as situations of water
accumulation due to loss of slope, or the accumulation of fresh concrete during construction, or carrying out
unforeseen fillings to correct errors or maintain the level of finishes.
3 In the verification, the favorable effect of measures tending to reduce the value of the active deflection may be
considered (acting on the work plan so that the execution of fragile finishing elements is delayed, collecting
the finishing materials prior to their use, etc.) or maximum deflection (counterarrows), provided that these are
reflected in the project plans of the affected elements, and are adequately controlled during construction.
7.2 Vibrations
7.2.1 General
1 Structures in which variable actions can induce vibrations should be designed in such a way as to avoid possible
resonance phenomena that could cause fatigue failure or negatively affect ultimate strength.
2 In the event that a structure is subjected to rapid alternating periodic actions, its behavior against vibrations must
be analysed. In this context, the effects on the serviceability of the structure in terms of:
-
the comfort of the users of the building;
-
the behavior of non-structural elements;
- operation of equipment and facilities.
3 In building floors, it is possible to distinguish between vibrations of a continuous and transitory nature.
Continuous vibrations are those induced by the operation of machines with moving parts or by the rhythmic
movements of people when practicing sports, dancing, etc.
SE-A-53
4 The requirements relating to behavior against continuous vibrations are reflected in the document DB SE.
In the case of works intended for uses for which the DB SE does not define any specific requirement,
or if a more detailed analysis is required, the upper limit of continuous vibrations in terms of maximum
acceleration may be adopted as acceptance criteria. permissible as a function of the oscillation
frequency (figure 7.1)
5 The normal movement of people can induce vibrations in a floor in the event that it has a reduced mass
and is supported by beams with large spans and low stiffness. In this type of slabs, dimensioned to
resist static loads, the behavior against transient vibrations should be verified. In the absence of other,
more restrictive requirements that are not based on human perception (see 7.2.1 (2), verification may
be carried out in accordance with the provisions of section 7.2.2.
7.2.2 Transient vibrations in slabs
7.2.2.1 Human perception

1 The forged can be classified into different categories, according to the human reactions caused
given by vibrations:
-
imperceptible to users
- noticeable, but not annoying
- annoying
- very annoying or harmful to health
2 The acceptance criteria (according to this section) of a slab in relation to its behavior against transient
vibrations is based on human perception, taking into account the maximum acceleration and oscillation
frequency of the slab, as well as its damping. to.
3 Figure 7.1 represents the limits of acceptance of transitory vibrations in slabs of buildings intended for,
respectively, housing, administration, education and commerce. The limits are represented in terms of
the maximum allowable acceleration, as a function of the natural frequency of the first vibration mode
of the slab and of the damping.
continuous vibrations
transient vibrations
100
damping
15
z=12%
10
(percentage
acceleration
Maximum
a0
g)
of
5
z=6%
1,5
z=3%
1
0,5
0,1
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30
frequency f1
Figure 7.1. Limits of acceptance, based on the human perception of the vibrations of the building slabs.
SE-A-54
4 The natural frequency of the first vibration mode of the slab, its maximum acceleration as well as its damping can be estimated
according to sections 7.2.2.2., 7.2.2.3 and 7.2.2.4, respectively.
7.2.2.2 Oscillation frequency
1 The oscillation frequency of a slab may be evaluated by any dynamic method capable of adequately representing the elastic and
inertial characteristics of the structure.
2 In the absence of a more detailed analysis, the oscillation frequency of a floor can be estimated from the natural frequency of a
hypothetical beam whose characteristics are based on the following hypotheses:
- The beam is considered mixed, regardless of the construction mode of the slab (with or without connection between metal beams
and slab)
-
The effective width of the slab is equal to the spacing s of the metal beams.
- In the case of a lightened slab (for example, a mixed floor where the pieces provide lightening), it is considered to have a thickness
equivalent to that of a solid slab of identical weight.
3 The natural frequency of the first mode of vibration f1 of a bisupported beam can be determined
according to the relationship:
Pi NO
ab 4
=
f
1 (7.1)
2 m·L
being
AND modulus of elasticity of steel
One
moment of inertia of the composite section defined in 7.2.2.2. (2)
m mass per unit length of the oscillating beam, including self-weight of the steel and slab beams, permanent loads and a part of
the surcharge (quasi-permanent value)
L bi-supported beam span
Continuous beams can be treated, in a first approximation, as bi-supported beams since the spans adjacent to the span analyzed
oscillate in the opposite direction.
4 In floors with two levels of beams (girders on which the perpendicular purlins rest, which in turn form the supports of the slab), the
natural frequency of the system is smaller than that of an equivalent floor but with only one beam level, since the rigidity of the
system as a whole is greater. In the absence of a more detailed analysis, the natural frequency of a floor with two levels of
beams can be estimated from the relationship:
1 1 1
2
= 2
+
2 (7.2)
f f f
1,sis 1,cor 1,jac
being
f1,sis natural frequency of the first mode of vibration of the system (forged)
f1,cor own frequency of the first mode of vibration of the belt considering non-deformable
the perpendicular girders on which it rests.
f1,jac girder eigenfrequency
7.2.2.3 Maximum acceleration
1 The maximum initial acceleration of the vibration of a slab, due to an impulse I, can be determined from the relationship:
SE-A-55
2 f I ÿ1
a 0.9
0
= (7.3)
M
being
a0 initial maximum acceleration [m/s2 ]

f1
natural frequency of the first vibration mode of the slab [s-1]
I
impulse [Ns]
M vibrating mass [kg]
2 In the event that the impulse is due to the displacement of a person, a value of
I=67 Ns
3 For a bi-supported beam, the effective vibrating mass can be determined from the relationship:
M=0,67·m·bL (7.4)
being
m mass per unit area of the oscillating floor, including dead weight, permanent loads and a part of the surcharge
(quasi-permanent value)
b effective width of the slab (b=s)
s spacing of steel beams
L bi-supported beam span
4 In slabs with two levels of beams (girders and purlins), the surface of the slab b·L to be inserted into
the relationship (7.4) can be determined as follows:
2 2
ÿ fÿ ÿ ÿfÿ ÿ
bL = 1,sis ÿ f ÿ bL 1,sis ÿ ÿ b L jac

1,cor heart heart + jac (7.5)
f
ÿÿÿ 1,jac ÿÿÿ
being:
bcor width of the belt tributary slab (bcor= S)

S spacing of the belts
Lcor belt light
bjac
width of the tributary slab of the girder (bjac=Lcor) span
ljac of the girder
7.2.2.4 Damping
1
The damping percentage ÿ available in a slab depends on a large number of parameters such as the characteristics
of the construction, the thickness and weight of the slab, the presence of elements such as fire protection,
installations, false ceilings, etc. floor coverings, furniture, partitions, etc. For this reason, the quantification of the
available damping is extremely difficult.
2 In the absence of a more detailed analysis, the percentage of damping available in a slab po
It will be estimated according to the following criteria:
-
Forged alone (structure) ÿ =3%
- Finished slab (with installations, false, ceiling, cladding, furniture) ÿ =6%
- Forged finished with partitions z =12%
7.2.2.5 Verification
1 Verification, from the point of view of human perception, of the behavior against transitory vibrations of slabs in residential,
office, school or commercial buildings
SE-A-56
It will be carried out using figure 7.1. The natural frequency of the first vibration mode of the slab will be determined
in accordance with section 7.2.2.2. The maximum acceleration of the vibrations will be estimated in accordance
with sections 7.2.2.3 and will be represented as a percentage of the acceleration g=9.81 m/s2 .
2 The analyzed slab can be represented in the diagram of figure 7.1 by a point, defined by the natural frequency of its
first mode of vibration, as well as the maximum initial acceleration of the vibration, normalized with g. In the event
that this point is below the appropriate acceptance limit, which depends on the percentage of damping available,
the floor can be considered suitable for service from the point of view of transient vibrations.
3 For verification purposes, a distinction can be made between the following two cases:
-
Determination, through interpolation, of the damping percentage required so that the maximum vibration
acceleration does not exceed the acceptance limit.
- If the available damping percentage is known, determination of the maximum allowable acceleration without exceeding the acceptance limit.
This must be greater than the maximum acceleration of the vibration of the slab.
7.3 Sliding joints
1 The appearance of slipping between the parts that make up a bolted joint is a limit state of service that must not be
reached in structures covered by this DB. To this end, it will be ensured that the tangential stress does not exceed
the slip resistant capacity established in section 7.3.2.
2 The resistance conditions that these joints must meet in relation to ultimate limit states are established in section 8.2.1,
with the values of the design resistance to shear.
7.3.1 Prestress
1
The controlled tightening of the bolts will provide the bolt with a calculation prestressing force Fp.Cd that will be
taken as:
F = 0,7 f ybAs (7.6)

p.Cd
being
f = f / ÿ yb
sub M3 the design resistance of the steel of the screw, with ÿM3 = 1.1;
AS is the resistant area of the screw, defined as that corresponding to the mean diameter between the inside and
the flanks of the thread according to DIN 13. Table 7.3 gives some values.
Table 7.3 Resistant area of the screw

Diameter (mm) Resistant 16 20 22 24 27 30
area (mm2 ) 157 245 303 353 459 561
7.3.2 Design slip resistance
1 The design resistance to sliding of a prestressed bolt will be taken as:

kn µ
F s.Rd = s F
p.Cd (7.7)
c M3
being
ÿM3 = 1,1 (in hybrid joints made up of high-resistance bolts and welding working together, the value
1.25 will be adopted);
Fp.Cd bolt prestressing force (see section 7.3.1);
n number of friction surfaces;
SE-A-57
kS coefficient that takes the following values:

kS = 1.00 for holes with normal measurements;
kS = 0.85 for oversized or short torn holes;
kS = 0.70 for long torn holes; friction
m coefficient, which will take the following values (corresponding to categories A to D of table 7 of
UNE-ENV 1090-1:1997).
= 0.50 for surfaces treated with shot or sandblasting, and µ
for surfaces treated with shot or sandblasting and subsequent treatment with
aluminium;
= 0.40 for surfaces treated with shot or sandblasting and painted with an alkaline zinc silica µ;
= 0.30 for surfaces cleaned with a metal brush or with a flame, with removal of oxidized pairs;
m = 0.20 for untreated surfaces.

2 When tensile and shear forces act simultaneously on the screw, the expression of the design resistance to
sliding is:
k n Fm 0,8F )
p.Cd
ÿ
= s ( t.Ed.be
F s.Rd (7.8)
c M3
being
Ft.Ed.ser axial force of calculation in service by screw, to which, if applicable, the tensions will be added
due to the leverage effect (figure 8.1).
3 The slip resistance will not be reduced when the tensions in the bolts come from a moment and are
balanced by an equal contact force in the compressed zone.
SE-A-58
8 Unions
8.1 Calculation bases

1 The joints will be projected coherently with the structure as a whole, which implies a
behavior according to the hypotheses assumed in the global analysis.
8.2 Check criteria

1 The joints will be checked for resistance. In addition, the rotation capacity of the joints in which the formation of
plastic hinges is expected in the global analysis will be checked.
2 In every connection it must be verified that the design values of the effects of the actions, Ed for any of the design
situations (or combinations of relevant actions), do not exceed the corresponding design resistance, Rd,
obtained according to section 8.4, this is:
Ed ÿ Rd (8.1)
It must be dimensioned with the capacity to resist the following minimums:

a) in the case of rigid joints and splices, half the ultimate resistance of each of the
pieces to join;
b) in the case of articulated joints, the third part of the axis or the last shear (depending on the case)
of the piece to be joined.
3 The distribution of the efforts on the connection between the elements that compose it can be done
by elastic or plastic methods. In any case:
a) the stresses on the elements of the joint will balance those applied to the joint itself;
b) the distribution of efforts will be coherent with that of stiffness;
c) if distribution criteria in plastic regime are used, reasonable failure mechanisms will be assumed, for
example those based on the rotation as a rigid solid of one of the parts of the connection;
d) If plastic distribution criteria are used, the deformation capacity of the elements will be verified.
4 The existing eccentricity in a joint must be taken into account. In the case of screwed angle joints with at least
two screws in one of the wings, the gage lines of the screws may be considered as axes of gravity, considering
only the part of the section of the angles whose axis of gravity coincides with they.
5 Additional tractions due to the “leverage effect” (see figure 8.1.a)) should be considered if the nature of the
connection causes them to appear. In the evaluation of the tensions due to the leverage effect, Q, the relative
stiffness of the joint plates and its geometry will be considered. The leverage effect can be avoided by
increasing the rigidity of the elements (front plate) of the connection (figure 8.1.b)). It is conventionally accepted
that there is no leverage effect if the elongation length of the screw or bolt Lb (equal to the distance between
the halves of the head and the nut, -or in the case of foundation anchors, the point 8 diameters from the
insertion surface in the shoe- ) exceeds the following value:
23
6,9 d m
Lb
ÿ (8.2)
3efl t
being (see figure 8.1.b):

lef the effective length in flexion of the flange of the T, corresponding to the screw considered.
d screw or bolt diameter
SE-A-59
t
T flange thickness
m distance from the screw to the line of formation of the plastic hinge (or hinge).
In figure 8.1.c. Said limit condition is represented for bolts in connections with front plate, of similar
thickness of flange and front plate, and for foundation anchor bolts. The verification methods established
in 8.8.3, and following. they implicitly take into account the leverage effect.
6 In welded joints, only the stresses involved in the transmission of stresses will be considered and not the
residual ones, such as those normal stresses parallel to the weld seam.
7 In the joints of shaped profiles and folded sheets, the use of elements not contemplated in this DB is
admissible (self-tapping screws, spot welds, fixing by means of mixed structure connectors, etc.)
provided that:
a) have sufficient experimental support, guaranteed by the corresponding seal;
b) the prescriptions of use are respected (distances to the edge, density of points, etc.);
c) ensure a ductile form of failure (for example, that the capacity of the screw exceeds that of the plate
to tear).
SE-A-60
Fd
Fd
0,8 r
It is
m
d
Q Fd/2+Q
Fd/2 P = Fd/2
Fd/2+Q Q
Fd
Fd
a) b)
5
Screws
anchors
d/t=0,25
d/t=0,50
d/t=0,25
m/
t
d/t=1 d/
2 t=0,50
d/t=2
d/t=1
1
d/t=2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
l eff/t
Figure 8.1 Leverage (boundary condition)
8.3 Stiffness
1 The rigidity of a connection can be established by tests or from previous proven experience, although in
general it will be calculated from the flexibility of its basic components, determined by previous tests.
2 Once the initial stiffness has been obtained, it will be compared with the established limits (section 8.3.2)
for each of the categories defined in section 8.3.1. In any case, all joints may be treated as semi-rigid.
SE-A-61
8.3.1 Classification of joints by rigidity.

1 Nominally articulated.
They are those in which there are no significant moments that may affect the members of the structure. They will be
capable of transmitting the forces and supporting the rotations obtained in the calculation.
2 Rigid.
They are those whose deformation (relative movements between the ends of the pieces they join) does not have a
significant influence on the distribution of stresses in the structure or on its global deformation. They must be capable
of transmitting the forces and moments obtained in the calculation.
3 semi-rigid.
They are those that do not correspond to any of the previous categories. They will establish the expected interaction
(based, for example on the design moment-rotation characteristics) between the members of the connection and will
be able to transmit the forces and moments obtained in the design.
8.3.2 Limits established for some types of union.
1 For beam-column connections:
a) Rigid connection. If the initial stiffness of the connection, Sj,ini, satisfies:

k bb
NO
S ÿ j,this (8.3)
L
b
being
kb = 8 for frames of braced structures against horizontal actions (See 5.3.5);
kb = 25 for other frames, provided that Kb/Kc ÿ 0.1 is verified on each floor;
Kb
average value of the EIb/Lb ratio of all the beams on the plan where the connection is located;
Kc
average value of the EIc/Lc ratio of all the pillars of the plant;
One
moment of inertia of each beam;
Ic
moment of inertia of each pillar in the bending direction considered;
Lb
span (between column centers) of each beam;
Lc
plant height.
b) Nominally articulated joints. If the initial stiffness of the connection, Sj,ini, satisfies:
0,5EI b
S ÿ j,this (8.4)
L
b
c) Semi-rigid joints. The initial stiffness of the joint is in the intermediate zone between the limits established for rigid
joints and hinges.
d) In the absence of more precise analysis, the following will be considered:
i) articulated (eccentrically), the welded joints of the web of a metal beam

double T lica without joining the wings to the pillar,
ii) articulated (continuous beam on possibly eccentric support), the beam joints
reinforced concrete planes in continuity on metal pillar,
iii) rigid, the welded joints of double T beams to supports in which the continuity of the flanges through the
column is materialized by means of stiffeners with dimensions similar to those of the flanges.
SE-A-62
iv) rigid, the joints of interior pillars made with I or H laminated profiles in braced structure
frames, in which the beams that run on both sides of the node, also made with I or H profiles
and with spans not very different from each other and slenderness geometry greater than
24, are joined to the flanges of the column by full resistance welding, even when it is not
necessary to have stiffeners in the column.
2 Pillar bases. They may be considered rigid in the following cases:
a) For structures braced against horizontal actions, if any of the three
following conditions:
ÿ ÿ 0.5 0
7(2 ÿ ÿ 0 ÿ 1)EI
j,ini
ÿÿ0 3.93 y S 0.5 <
c
(8.5)
L
c
48EI
ÿ > 3.93 0 ÿ j,this c
and S
L
c
being
ÿ0 the relative slenderness of the assumed biarticulated abutment.
b) In any other case, if:

30EI c
S ÿ j,this (8.6)
L c
8.4 Resistance
8.4.1 Calculation principles.

1 The ultimate resistance of a connection will be determined from the resistances of the elements that
make up that union.
8.4.2 Classification of resistance joints.

1 Nominally articulated.
They are those capable of transmitting the efforts obtained in the global analysis of the structure and
their design resistance to flexion is not greater than a quarter of the plastic resistant moment of design
of the piece with the least resistance attached and provided there is a capacity for rotation. Suffi cient
to allow all the necessary plastic hinges to form in the structure in the analysis model adopted under
the loads considered.
2 Fully resistant (or full resistance).
Its resistance is greater than or equal to that of the elements it connects. If in a connection with
complete resistance the ratio between its resistant moment, Mj.Rd, and the plastic resistant moment,
Mpl.Rd, of the smallest of the bars it connects, is greater than 1.20, it is not necessary to consider the
joint rotation capacity.
3 Partially resistant.
Its resistance is lower than that of the joined elements, although it must be capable of transmitting the
forces and moments determined in the global analysis of the structure. The rigidity of these joints must
be sufficient to avoid exceeding the rotation capacity of the plastic hinges that must be formed in the
structure under the loads considered. If plastic hinges are required in partially-strength joints, they
must have sufficient rotation capacity to allow formation of all the necessary plastic hinges in the
structure.
SE-A-63
8.5 Resistance of the means of union. Bolted joints.
8.5.1 Construction provisions
1 The location of the bolts in the joint should contribute to reducing the possibility of corrosion and local buckling of the
sheets, as well as contemplating assembly needs and future inspections.
2 The maximum and minimum limits for the distances between the axis of holes or from these to the edges of the pieces are
(figure 8.2):
a) minimum distances:
i) in the direction of the force being transmitted:

-
e1 ÿ 1.2 do from the axis of the hole to the edge of the part;
-
p1 ÿ 2.2 do between holes centers;
ii) in the direction perpendicular to the force being transmitted:

-
e2 ÿ 1.5 d0 from the axis of the hole to the edge of the part;
- p2 ÿ 3.0 do between holes centers;
where d0 is the diameter of the hole.
b) maximum distances:
i) to the edge of the piece:
ÿ ÿ 40mm 4t + ÿ
-
Para e1 y e2
ÿ ÿ 12t ó 150mm
ii) between bolts:

-
in compression elements it will be p ÿ 14 typ ÿ 200 mm; where t is the thickness in mm of the smallest
of the pieces that are joined;
-
in tensile elements:
outer rows pe ÿ 14 ty pe ÿ 200 mm;
inner rows pi ÿ 28 t and pi ÿ 400 mm.
3 In the case of torn holes, the following limits apply:
a) the distance between the tear axis and any edge shall not be less than 1.5 d0;
b) the distance between the center of the extreme radius to the adjacent edge shall not be less than 1.5 d0.
4 In the case of staggered holes in tension joints, p2 may be reduced to not less than
1.2 d0 provided that the distance between holes L is greater than 2.4 d0.
5 In the case of efforts in an oblique direction in relation to the edges and alignments of the tors
nillos prudent values interpolated between those defined for each direction will be used.
6 All the distances indicated in this section must be modified if they are insufficient to obtain adequate resistance to crushing,
tearing or punching (see section 8.5.2).
SE-A-64
Figure 8.2 Construction provisions
8.5.2 Strength of unstressed bolted connections
1 It will be obtained from the distribution of efforts between bolts and the resistance of each one
of these according to their effort, whether in shear, traction, or combined tension.
2 The design shear resistance per bolt will have the lower of the shear resistance of the bolt sections or the crushing
resistance of the connection plate, without the total resistance of the connection exceeding the tear resistance of
the web:
a) Shear resistance in the cross section of the bolt:
0,5f ubA ÿ
F v. Rd =ÿ
n (8.7)
c M2
being
n number of cutting planes;
fub ultimate resistance of screw steel;

A shank area of the screw Ad or the resistant area of the screw As, depending on the shear planes in
the stem or the threaded part of the screw respectively.
b) Resistance to crushing of the sheet that is joined:
=
2,5 fad tin
F
t.Rd
c M2
(8.8)
being
d screw shank diameter;
t less thickness of the sheets that are joined;
SE-A-65
was ultimate strength of the steel of the sheets being joined;
a is the lesser of:
p f
by ub
; ÿ
1; ; 1,0 (8.9)
1 3d 1 3d 4 f
O O in
where
e1 distance from the axis of the hole to the edge of the sheet in the direction of the force being
transmitted;
p1 hole center spacing in the direction of the force being transmitted;
do hole diameter;
c) Resistance to tearing of the soul:
Corresponds to the lowest breaking strength of the material block that ends any of the lines between holes
extended to the closest edges. The tensile or shear strength of the net sheet metal areas corresponding to
each type of tear will be counted. In the case of beam ends with a shear connection (figure 8.3), the lowest
value of:
fAy
F v. Rd =
3 c M0
fA (8.10)
= net
F
v. Rd
3 c M2
fAy
ef
F v. Rd =
3c
M0
being
A gross area of the shear section: A = t (Lv+L1+L3);

Aneta net sectional area: Anet = t (Lv+L1+L3-n do,1); Aef =t
Aef effective sectional area: (Lv+L1+L2).
where
f in
(
L = a ÿ kd 2 2 o,2 )
(8.11)
f
and
t
sheet thickness;
Lv center distance of end holes in the direction of stress;
L1 distance from the last hole, in the direction of the stress, to the edge of the sheet. L1ÿ5d, where
d is the nominal diameter of the connection bolts;
L3 distance from the axis of the first hole, in the direction of the stress, to the edge of the sheet;
n
number of holes along the line subjected to shear;
do,2 dimension of the holes in the direction perpendicular to the shear stress;
do,1 dimension of the holes in the direction parallel to the shear force;
a2 distance from edge to furthest row of holes;
k value coefficient:
k = 0.5 if there is one row of holes;

k = 2.5 if there are two rows of holes.
SE-A-66
L1
Do,1
Lv
D0,2
L3
a2
Figure 8.3 Soul Tear
3 Tensile strength. The design tensile strength Ft.Rd, per bolt will be the lesser of:
a) The tensile strength of the screw:
0,9 fub
As
F t.Rd = (8.12)
c M2
being
AS tensile resistant area of the screw.
In countersunk head screws, 70% of that expressed in (8.12) will be accepted as maximum resistance.
b) The design punching resistance of the head of the bolt or nut, Fp.Rd, given
by:
0,6 Pid tmf p u

F
p.Rd = (8.13)
c M2
being
city thickness of the plate that is under the bolt or nut;

dm
smallest value of the mean distance between vertices and faces of the bolt or nut head.
4 Combined application. When a bolt is simultaneously subjected to tension and shear, in addition to meeting the conditions for shear
and tension separately, the following interaction condition must be verified:
F v.Ed F t.Ed
+ 1ÿ (8.14)
F v.Rd 1.4F t.Rd
being
Fv.Ed design stress perpendicular to the axis of the screw;
Ft.Ed calculation axial force per screw to which, if applicable, the tensions due to the
leverage effect;
Fv.Rd design resistance against stem shearing;
Ft.Rd tensile design resistance.
8.5.3 Connections with prestressed bolts
1 Although the slippage of the connection with prestressed bolts is generally considered a serviceability limit state, in those specific
situations in which it must be guaranteed that there will be no slippage in a connection before failure, and so it is prescribed for
it, such as for For example, in hybrid joints, when it is intended to have simultaneously the resistance of the weld and the bolts,
an ultimate limit state of sliding will be considered.
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2 Shear resistance. The design resistance to sliding of a prestressed bolt will be:
knsµ F
F s.Rd = (8.15)
p.Cd
c M2
with the same criteria established in 7.2.3 for service conditions, but taking the following as the partial
safety factor:
ÿM2= 1.25 in connections with holes with nominal measurements
= 1.40 in joints with oversize holes in the direction parallel to the stress. ÿM2
3 Tensile strength. The traction calculation effort, to which the tractions due to the leverage effect will be added,
must be less than or equal to the prestressing force, Fp.Cd.
4 Combined application. In the event that tensile and shear forces act simultaneously on the bolt, the design
resistance to sliding corresponding to the ultimate limit state will be taken from the following expression:
k sn Fm ÿ
0,8F t.Ed
)
F = (p.Cd (8.16)
s.Rd
c M2
being
Ft.Ed axial force of calculation of the screw, to which, if applicable, the tractions due to the
leverage effect.
The design resistance to sliding of the connection will not be reduced when the tensions, due to coming
from a moment in the connection, are balanced by an equal contact force in the compressed area.
8.5.4 Pins
1 These are joints that require freedom of rotation and are formed by a pin that passes through perforated
sheets arranged in the elements to be joined.
2 In the case where freedom of rotation is not required and the length of the pin is less than three times its
diameter, it can be tested as if it were a bolted joint with a single bolt.
3 The joint plates will be arranged in such a way that eccentricities are avoided and minimal distortions are
produced in the lines of force. Its geometric characteristics must comply with the limitations established in
one of the versions described in figure 8.4., where fyd=fy/ÿM0 is the design resistance of the sheet steel
used.
preset thickness preset geometry
1,6 d0
c 0,3 d0
FEd FEd
d0 2,5 d0 d0 1,3 d0
a
FEd
FEd
t
t
F Ed 2d F Ed d FEd ÿ 2,5 t 0
cornÿ a 2tf corn
0
ÿ + ; c 2tf + 3
0 ÿ t 0,7 ;d
f yd
3
Figure 8.4 Geometric conditions for doweled joint plates
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4 The following will be verified:
a) the shear resistance of the pin:

2
pf f ub
F ÿ
V,Ed FV, Rd = 0.6 4 (8.17)
c M2
being
fub ultimate strength of the steel of the pin.
Phi pin diameter.
b) the bending resistance of the pin

3
f
= pf yb
(8.18)
MEdM 0,8 Rdÿ 32
cM2
c) the resistance to the combined shear and bending stress in the dowel:
2 2
ÿ M ÿÿÿ+ÿÿÿ F ÿ
Ed V,Ed
ÿ 1ÿ (8.19)
ÿÿM F
Rd ÿ V, Rd ÿÿÿ
MEd and FV.Ed are the moment and the design shear force of the considered section:
d) the crushing resistance of the sheet
1,5 t df
and
F
b,Ed
ÿ b,Rd
F = (8.20)
c M2
being
Facebook, Ed the effort transmitted by the plate considered to the pin:

The stresses in the pin and in each one of the plates will be calculated from the stress distributions indicated in figure 8.5.
0,5 FEd 0,5 FEd
d0 d
that
FEd
FEd b 4c 2a + +
M Ed = ( )
8
Figure 8.5 Bending moment at the pin
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8.6 Resistance of the means of union. welded joints
8.6.1 Construction provisions and classification
1 The prescriptions that follow will be applicable when the elements to be joined have at least 4 mm
thick and made of weldable structural steel.
2 Fillet weld. It is used to join elements whose fusion faces form an angle (ÿ) between 60º and 120º. They can be T or lap
joints (figure 8.6). In the case of T-joints:
-
if ÿ > 120º ÿ It will not be considered that efforts can be transmitted;
-
if ÿ < 60º ÿ It will be considered as a butt weld with partial penetration.
tee union lap joint
Figure 8.6 Fillet weld
The following will be observed:
a) The chords must, if possible, extend around the corners, with the same throat thickness and length twice that
thickness. This must be indicated on the plans;
b) the effective length of a fillet weld bead will be the total length of the bead as long as the nominal throat thickness
is maintained (see figure 8.9), but beads whose length is less than 40 mm or six times the width will not be
considered. of throat;
c) fillet weld beads can be continuous or discontinuous (intermittent). The latter are only used to join simple
section elements together to form pieces of more complex sections, they should not be used in corrosive
environments and they must always comply with the limitations established in figure 8.7. It must be interpreted
in this that:
i) the execution of the beads of length L0 at the ends of the piece is a mandatory detail;
ii) the limitation of value 0.25 b, where b is the spacing between stiffeners, is used exclusively in cases of
joining stiffeners to sheets or other elements subjected to compression or shear;
d) A single fillet weld shall not be used to transmit tensile forces perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
3 Butt weld. A butt weld is full penetration if the fusion between the base material and the filler material occurs throughout
the entire thickness of the joint; It is defined as partial penetration, when the penetration is less than said thickness. In
both cases, the type of joint may be butt or T-butt (figure 8.8).
4 Configurations that induce lamellar tearing should be avoided as far as possible. For it:
a) try to avoid joints in which the main direction of the tensile stresses is transversal to the rolling direction of the
sheets to be joined (forces in the thickness direction);
b) where it is not possible to avoid this type of joint, measures shall be taken to minimize the possibility of lamellar
tearing in the plates (for example, in face plate joints (8.8.4), bolts reduce the risk of this type of break).
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L1 L0
t b1
L1 L0
attraction L 16 t, 16 t ÿ
1 1 , 200mm. L0 ÿ 0.75 b1, 0.75 b
L 2 L0
b) Compresión L1 ÿ 12 t, 12t1, 0,25b, 200mm. L0 ÿ 0.75 b1, 0.75 b
Figure 8.7 Discontinuous fillet weld
full penetration a) T-butt joint
chamfer J
chamfer J
double double
b) Union to top
excess thickness ÿ t/10
V chamfer simple u X U doble
partial penetration
Figure 8.8 Butt weld and forms of preparation
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8.6.2 Design resistance of fillet welds.

1 The resistance of a fillet weld bead is sufficient if the resultant of all the forces transmitted by the bead per unit length FW,Ed,
does not exceed the value of its design resistance FW,Rd regardless of the orientation of the weld. cord.
2 The resistance check per unit length of an angle chord is carried out according to
according to the expression:
FÿF=af (8.21)
W,Ed W,Rd vW,d
being
fin/ 3
= design tangential stress resisted by the weld in any direction
fvW ,d
bWc m2
was tensile strength of the plate with the lowest resistance of the joint;
ÿW correlation coefficient given in table 8.1, depending on the type of steel.
Table 8.1 Correlation coefficient ÿw

Steel fu (N/mm2 ) bw
S 235 360 0,80
S 275 430 0,85
S 355 510 0,90
a throat thickness of the bead at an angle, which will be the height, measured perpendicular to the outer face, of the
triangle that has the largest, among those that can be inscribed between the surfaces of the pieces that have
reached fusion and the outer surface of welding (figure 8.9.a and b). The following limitations will be observed:
– the throat thickness of a fillet weld shall not be less than 3 mm;
– In the case of welding with deep penetration, the thickness of the throat given in figure 8.9.c) may be taken,
provided that it is demonstrated by tests that the required penetration can be stably achieved;
– In the event that automatic submerged arc welding is carried out, an increase of 20% in the thickness of the
throat may be considered, without the need for tests, up to a maximum of 2 mm.
a
a
a
a
a
(c) deep penetration

a) b)
welding
Figure 8.9 Fillet weld. throat thickness

The nominal length will be taken as the cord length. In lap joints of lengths greater than 150 A, the design resistance will
be reduced using the coefficient:
L
ÿLW = 1,2 ÿ 0,2 1,0 ÿ 150a (8.22)
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where
L total length of the overlap in the direction of stress.
This reduction takes into account the effect of non-uniform stress distribution along a chord of a certain
length, but it is not applicable when the said stress distribution in the chord corresponds to that of the base
material, which occurs, for example, in the case of welds in flange-web joints of reinforced beams.
3 As an alternative to the previous point, the forces transmitted per unit length can be broken down into their
components, assuming that there is a uniform distribution of stresses over the throat section (figure 8.10).
Fillet welding will be sufficient if, with the design stresses, the following is fulfilled:
f in
( 22ÿ+ )
ÿ +2 ÿÿ ÿ ÿ3//
BC
W m2
(8.23)
f
in
ÿÿÿ
c M2
Figure 8.10 Stresses in the throat section

being
ÿW correlation coefficient given in table 8.1;

was
ultimate tensile strength of the weakest part of the connection;
ÿÿ normal stress perpendicular to the plane of the throat;
s// normal stress parallel to the axis of the chord. It does not act in the verification plan nor is it taken
into account in the verifications to be carried out;
ÿÿ tangential stress (in the plane of the throat) perpendicular to the axis of the chord;
t // tangential stress (in the plane of the throat) parallel to the chord axis.
8.6.3 Design strength of butt welds.

1
If the weld is full penetration, no check is necessary. The design resistance will be equal to that of the
weakest of the joined pieces.
2 No single partial penetration butt weld bead shall be used to transmit stress
tensile rods perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
3 In butt joints with partial penetration, the design resistance shall be determined as that of the
fillet weld beads, taking into account the following:
a) the throat thickness will be the depth of penetration that can be achieved in a stable manner, which
must be determined by prior experimental evidence;
b) in the event that there is a preparation of U, V, J or straight edges, the nominal edge of the preparation
minus 2.0 mm will be taken as the throat thickness, unless higher values can be justified experimentally.
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4 If the weld is in a T, it will be verified as a butt weld with total penetration if (figure
8.11):
+ a noun,1 noun,2 ÿ ta
t
his name
ÿ5 (8.24)
c 3mm ÿ
name
Otherwise, it will be verified as a fillet or fillet weld with penetration if the corresponding conditions are met.
5 In L or U profiles joined on a single face, the eccentricity must be taken into account, or alternatively, consider the
concentric area with the strength of the connection as the section of the profile.
6 Hybrid unions. In shear joints with different types of bolts or formed by weld beads and bolts, each of these groups will be
sized to transmit the total load. However, high-strength bolts designed to work without slippage in the ultimate limit
state may be considered working in conjunction with welding. In this case, the final tightening of the screws will be
done once the welds have been completed.
trunk
youth, 1 youth, 2
Figure 8.11 Butt weld at tee
8.7 Rotation capacity

1 When a global plastic analysis is carried out, the joints in which the existence of a plastic hinge is required and are of
partial resistance, and those totally resistant that require it (those that verify 2MPl,Rd M < 1, ), must have sufficient
turning capacity. Rd
2 In general, except for the cases included in this DB, the turning capacity will be determined by
you rehearse
3 It cannot be assumed that there is sufficient turning capacity for a global plastic analysis in a bolted connection in which
the value of the resistance to bending moment is governed by the resistance of the bolts to shear.
4 It can be assumed that there is sufficient turning capacity for a plastic analysis in a beam-to-column connection, both
bolted and welded, in which the resistance to bending moment is conditioned by the resistance of the zone applied to
shear (joint shear).
5 Welded beam-column joints.
a) It may be assumed that a welded beam-column connection has sufficient rotation capacity for a plastic analysis in
the following cases:
i) if it is a full strength joint;
ii) if the column is stiffened in continuity with the beam flanges in the trac zones
tion and compression of the knot.
iii) if the column is stiffened in the zone of the node requested in tension and not in the zone of compression.
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b) If the connection is not stiffened and is dimensioned following the specific rules stated in this DB, it can be assumed that it
has a plastic twist capacity ÿcd of value:
ÿcd = 0.015 radians (8.25)
c) If the column web is stiffened in the compression zone but not in the tension zone, provided that the resistance to bending
moment is not governed by the shear resistance of the column web, the twist capacity ÿcd can be assumed :
h ÿcd = 0.025 h b c (8.26)
being
hc and hb respectively, the height of the normal section of the column and the beam.
6 Bolted beam-column connections.
A bolted beam-column connection with face plate can be assumed to have sufficient rotation capacity for a plastic analysis, if
the following two conditions are satisfied:
a) the value of the resistance at the moment is governed by one of the following components of
the Union:
i) the column flange in bending;
ii) the front plate to flexion;
b) the thickness t of the flange of the column or of the front plate that governs the resistance, meets the condition
following:
f
ub
t ÿ 0,36d (8.27)
fy
being
d nominal diameter of the screws;
fub bolt breaking stress;
my yield strength of the relevant basic component of the connection.
7 For other cases the turning capacity will be determined using appropriate calculation models,
as long as they are sufficiently contrasted.
8.8 Some typical joints

Verification methods adjusted to the criteria established in the previous sections are presented below, for some of the usual
joints.
8.8.1 Support bases

The verification of the union of a metallic element to another of concrete, such as the bases of supports, requires verifying the
existence of sufficient resistance against the forces transmitted in the region of contact, considering both the resistance of the
concrete of said region , such as that of the metallic elements that materialize the contact.
1 The supports will distribute the compression forces, transmitted by the compressed areas of the pillar, over a sufficient concrete
surface by means of transition elements, such as the bases, so that its design resistance is not exceeded. The base will settle
directly on the concrete, or better still, on a leveling mortar without shrinkage interposed between both materials. In cases
where the absence of traction at start-up can be ensured, a plate can be arranged at the end of the support that serves as
direct support for it to the base. In such a case, in the region in which both plates overlap, the value may be adopted as the
equivalent thickness:
SE-A-75
22t t + 1 2
t
eq
= , (8.28)
provided that the difference between both thicknesses does not exceed one third of the greater thickness.
2 Anchor bolts will be provided, if necessary, to resist the tensions produced in the tensioned areas of the pillar, if they exist, due to
pulling forces or moments.
3 To ensure the resistance of tangent stresses, such as shear or torsion moments, and in the event that specific elements are not
available for this, such as stops or shear connectors, the resistant capacity in the contact section between the support and
concrete by:
a) the friction between the base plate and the concrete;
b) the shear resistance of the anchor bolts;
4 The verification of the resistance of the concrete surface against contact stresses, and that of the surrounding regions in the mass
of this for the internal forces necessary to balance those of contact will be carried out according to the instruction applicable
to the structural elements. reinforced concrete walls.
5 The effective area -and the corresponding stresses- of contact is defined by the compressed surface defined below, the sections
of steel corresponding to the anchor bolts intended to work in tension or shear, and those of the elements of cutting, if they
exist.
The region of contact in compression, or effective support area of the base, depending on its thickness, will be formed by the
base region limited by straight line segments parallel to the faces of the profiles that form the starting section of the support. ,
at a maximum distance c from said faces, a distance that is defined below. The region that allows establishing, together with
the tensions in the anchor bolts, if they exist, a configuration of efforts in equilibrium with those of the axial and calculation
moment of the support at the start is considered. The traction of the bolts will not exceed the deductible resistance values
according to section 8.5, considering the shear forces that must be resisted. Each compressed region can be interpreted in
section as an inverted T in which the sheets that form the profile stiffen the plate that forms the base (figure 8.12.a).
The maximum distance c quoted above will be:
f
yd
cÿt (8.29)
3 f jd
and the compressive strength of the concrete of each effective rectangle into which the compressed contact region can be
broken down will be:
F = f b l jd ef ef c,Rd (8.30)
being
t base thickness,
f and d design resistance of the base steel, with ÿM=1.1. fjd bearing
resistance of the seat surface, of a value defined in the concrete instruction. In the case of supports on solids, which ensure
confinement to the concrete, said resistance can reach the value:
f = ÿ kf ÿ 3.3 f jd jj ck cd , (8.31)
ÿj the union coefficient. ÿ=2/3 can be taken as long as the characteristic resistance of the leveling mortar is not less than
0.2 times the characteristic resistance of the concrete, and that its thickness is not greater than 0.2 times the minor
width of the base.
fcd design value of the compressive strength of concrete on a cylindrical specimen, of

according to the instruction applicable to reinforced concrete.
kj concentration factor, dependent on the equivalent bearing area of concrete, of value
SE-A-76
a b1 1
k = ÿ 5 , (8.32)
j ab
a, b base plate dimensions
a1, b1: dimensions of the equivalent bearing area, (figure 8.12.b) whose values will be the smallest of those obtained
from table 8.2.
effective area and ineffective surface
c
ÿc
c
lef bef
tw bef lef
c
ÿc
c
cc
ÿc c
tf
bef bef
a) Effective area of the base in compression
concrete footing
b
b1
br
With a
a1
b) Equivalent bearing area
Figure 8.12 Support bases
Table 8.2 Dimensions of the equivalent bearing area
a1 b1
a1 = a + 2 ar b1 = b + 2 br
a1 = 5 a b1 = 5 b
a1 = a + h b1 = b + h
= 5 b1 but a1 ÿ aa 1 b1 = 5 a1 pen b1 ÿ b
lef, bef: effective length and width of each compressed region of the base, which will be determined as indicated in
figure 8.12
6 Shear Resistance:
In the case of shear elements, the design resistance will correspond to that provided by them. If they do not exist, the
following will be considered:
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a) The design resistance due to friction between the base plate and the concrete or level mortar
lation, it will be:
Ff,Rd = Cf,dNc,Sd (8.33)
being
Cf,d coefficient of friction between the base plate and the concrete, which may take the following values:
– for cement-sand mortar cf,d = 0,20;
– for special mortars and in the case of direct contact with the concrete,
cf,d = 0,30.
Nc,Sd compressive design force transmitted by the column.
b) The shear resistance of an anchor bolt Fvb,Rd will be the lesser of the values given by:
i) the strength of the bolt;
ii) the value:
f As ÿ
b ub
F
vb,Rd = (8.34)
c M2
being
M2 c = 1,25
ÿb = 0,44-0,0003 fyb
fyb yield strength of the steel of the bolt in N/mm2 , (the expression 0.0003 in ÿb has dimensions of mm2 /N).
fub bolt steel ultimate strength
As tensile resistant area of the bolt.
c) In the case of not having special elements to transmit the shear, the design resistance to shear will be:
Fv,Rd = Ff,Rd + nFvb,Rd (8.35)
being
n number of base plate bolts.

7 Resistance of contact elements:
The efforts attributed to the bolts - traction and shear - and to the compressed surface defined in 8.8.1.5, in equilibrium
established by elastic or plastic procedures with the stresses of the connection, must be resisted by said bolts, and by the
metal base. according to the following criteria:
a) The bolts will be checked according to section 8.5 considering as the value of Fv,Rd the
obtained for Fvb,Rd in expression 8.34 of the previous section.
b) The bolts will be anchored by means of a pin, washer plate, etc., and the anchorage will be checked
as established in the instruction applicable to reinforced concrete.
c) The metal plate that forms the base -the equivalent plate in its case- will be checked for breakage by bending, subjected
to pressures of the fjd value -or less if this has been established in the equilibrium configuration- and constrained in
its movement through the sheets that make up the starting section of the pillar.
d) The resistance to bending moment Mp,Rd per unit length in a line of failure
of the base will be determined according to the expression
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2 tf
yd
M
p,Rd
= (8.36)
4
e) To approximate the positions of the resultant forces normal to the surface of

contact criteria can be used in Figure 8.13.
Down Down
With With
you know zcd you know zcd
With
With
a) Dominant compression b) Dominant traction
Down Down
With With
you know from cd

you know zcd
With With
d) Dominant flexion
c) Dominant flexion
Figure 8.13 Resistance to axial forces and moments. lever arms
8 The initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini of the connection can be determined according to 8.3 from that of the basic components
defined below, by means of the expression
S j, = (8.37)
this
1
ÿ S i
where Si is the stiffness of each following basic component:
a) Concrete in compression and plate in bending due to compression: the effective areas under any of the compressed
flanges of the column will be considered separately:
2
E zc l b ef ef
S c
= (8.38)
1,275
b) Base in bending by traction:

2 3
0,85 E zlt ef p
S= p (8.39)
3m
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c) Anchors in tension: considering separately that of each row of anchors (those with different lever arms):
2
2E z A s
S a= (8.40)
L a
being
E, E the moduli of elasticity of steel and initial modulus of concrete, respectively,

With
the lever arm of the joint (or in rows of anchors the effective of the row),
lef, bef the effective dimensions of the concrete region under a compression flange,
city the thickness of the base,

m distance from the screw to the line of formation of the plastic hinge (or hinge)
As tensile resistant area of the anchor,
The anchor elongation length, equal to 8 times its nominal diameter plus the thickness of the filler mortar, the plate
and the washer, and half the height of the nut.
In the event that there are leverage forces (see 8.2.5), only 80% of the rigidity of the tensile anchors will be used.
9 The secant rotational stiffness of the connection for a moment Mj,Ed less than the resisting moment
Mj,Rd of the connection will be the following: If Mj,Ed ÿ 2/3 Mj,Rd
will be taken equal to the initial stiffness, Sj,ini.
Si Mj,Ed > 2/3 Mj,Rd,

S
j, this
S= j (8.41)
(
1,5M / M j,Ed j,Rd )2,7
8.8.2 Splices with screws in parts subjected to axial

1 Transmission by contact in compressed elements will only be accepted if the surfaces in question have been prepared to be
sufficiently flat and any possibility of displacement is avoided in any sizing situation. In this case, the splice will ensure the
continuity of rigidity and will be dimensioned to resist traction where there are relevant moments due to eccentricities, initial
imperfections and second order deformations or others.
causes.
2 The tension splices can be made with joint covers or by overlapping (figure 8.14). In the dispositions indicated in figure 8.14 b)
and d) a moment will appear due to the eccentricity that will be taken into account in the dimensioning of the connection,
therefore it will only be used in the case of bars that transmit reduced forces or in joints tied.
3 It is accepted that the load is distributed equally among the bolts located in a row in the direction of traction. However, when the
distance L between the axes of the extreme bolts of a connection in the direction of the load is greater than 15 d, where d
is the diameter of the rod, the design resistance Fv.Rd of each bolt , obtained according to section 8.5, will be reduced by
multiplying it by the coefficient:
L 15d 1 ÿ
Lf
ÿ=ÿ (8.42)
200 d
being
1,0 ÿ ÿLf ÿ 0,75
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Figure 8.14 Splices with screws

4 If bolts are to pass through full thickness intermediate shells:
d tp > 3
(8.43)
where d is the diameter of the shank, the shear strength of the bolt will be reduced, using the factor:
9d
ÿ p= 1ÿ (8.44)
8d 3t + p
In double shear joints with linings on both sides of the axis of the joint , the greater of the thicknesses of said linings will be
taken as the value of tp .
5 In overlapping joints with a single screw, there will be washers under the nut and under the head,
limiting the crushing resistance Fb.Rd to the value:
1,5f dint ÿ
F
b,Rd
(8.45)
c M2
being
t
less thickness of the plates that are joined;
was breaking strength of the steel of the sheets that are joined.
8.8.3 Bolted and tensile T joints.

This section deals with joints in which the piece or sheet in tension is finished off frontally with a sheet or stiffener bolted to the
other element of the joint. T-shapes (also called bushings) are only considered for the section parallel to the tensions and
perpendicular to the thickness of the sheet that makes up the tensioned piece (fig. 8.15). In rigid or semi-rigid connections of this
type between beam –with front plate– and column flange, the column front plate is the flange, and the tensioned one is the web,
which gives rise to the designations of flange and web for the respective plates.
1 The breaking load will be the lowest of those obtained:
a) Due to traction breakage of the core.
b) Due to tensile breakage of the screws.
Fd,max = ÿFt,Rd (8.46)
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Where the sum refers to all the bolts in the connection and Ft.Rd is the calculated tensile strength of a bolt.
This assumes a rigid form of failure and implies the use of suitable stiffeners or a very thick flange.
c) Due to traction breakage of the screws and simultaneous formation of hinges (hinges or break lines) in the flange-web junction
area, which means a less rigid breakage mechanism.
day.
2 b M s F + t,Rd p
= ÿ
F
d,max (8.47)
m s+
being
Mp plastic moment per unit length in the hinge formed:
2f tfy
_
M
p
= (8.48)
4 c M0
(fy is the elastic limit of the steel of the front plate or wing) m distance
from the axis of the screw to the ball joint or hinge (fig 8.15):
At welded ends:
wt ÿ
In
m = ÿ
0,8 a 2 (8.49)
2
On rolled ends:
wt w ÿ
m = ÿ
0,8 r (8.50)
2
b front plate length. It will not be greater than an effective value, bef, which can be determined using the theory
of break lines as long as it is sufficiently verified experimentally. See (8.64), (8.65), (8.66) and (8.67) for lateral
connections to columns;
s takes the following values:
s ÿ 1,25 m ÿ e (8.51)
s = e in the case of the front plate or union of two wings, taking into account in this
,
last case the smaller of the values of e.
The rest of the parameters are defined in figure 8.15.
d) By forming two plastic hinges on each wing of the T, one of them at the junction of the web (see figure 8.15) and another on
the line of screws, which is the most flexible mechanism for failure.
4bM
p
=
F
d,max (8.52)
m
The flange-soul weld must also be checked in the event that the front plate is
welded (welded T socket).
SE-A-82
Fd Fd
tw
Ft,Rd a
Ft,Rd
r
tf
in me c
Q Q
plastic joints (hinges or hinges)
b (in some cases represents

p
the effective length in flexion
lef)
It is In It is
Figure 8.15 Tensile T-joint
8.8.4 Splices in bent or compound bending parts
1 With flashing:
a) Splice with soul joint covers.
They shall be designed to resist a moment greater than the design moment of the beam at the
position corresponding to the middle section of the splice. The distribution of stresses between
bolts in the ultimate limit state can be carried out plastically or elastically (in proportion to the
distance from the center of rotation). Elastic distribution will be used in the case of prestressed
connections in which displacement must be prevented in the ultimate limit state and if the design
resistance to shear, Fv.Rd, of the bolt is less than the design resistance to crushing, Fb.Rd , of
the sheets that it joins.
b) Splice with flange and web cover joints.
It is considered to be a rigid joint. A distribution of the axial proportional to the sectional area of
each joint cover can be accepted, as the shear is resisted by the web joint covers, and the
bending moment is distributed between the flange and web joint covers, in proportion to their
inertias about the bending axis. The flange bolts shall be checked to support the forces
corresponding to the bending moment attributed to the flanges, together with their axial part. The
bolts of the joint covers of the soul, will be checked for the efforts of these following what is
indicated in point a) above.
SE-A-83
Md
CEO
c c
with web cover
Md
CEO
c
c
with wing and soul joint covers. (can be fitted with inner
wing flashing)
Figure 8.16 Splices with Flashing

2 With front plate.
The failure of the joint occurs, as in the case of the T-joints in the previous section, and depending on
the rigidity of the sheet, due to tensile breakage of the screws without or with the simultaneous
formation of hinges in the sheet, or by forming two hinges in the sheet. The shear resistance of the
connection can be calculated as if the bending moment did not exist. The calculation can be carried
out following what is indicated later on for the joints between beam and column with bolted front plate.
In the case of elements joined with equal bolts without prestressing, which are sufficiently rigid or have
enough stiffeners to be considered non-deformable, the calculation can be carried out as follows:
The position of the neutral line is obtained elastically (figure 8.17.a), resulting in the equation:
c b
= (8.53)
c
1
d
being
c, c1 y b dimensions of the equivalent section, represented in figure 8.17;

d width of the equivalent sectional area of the bolts, given by:
An ÿ
d = (8.54)
ÿ p
where
A area of a screw;
n number of screws.
SE-A-84
ÿp sum of the vertical separations between bolts;
The design moment that the connection can transmit will be the one that occurs when the furthest bolt reaches its design
tensile strength, Ft.Rd, and its value is:
F ÿ 3dcÿ 3 ÿ
t,Rd bc1
M = +
(8.55)
in
Acÿ 3 3
ÿ ÿÿÿ
a)
d
c
p
h
With
c1
b p
b
b) But
ÿeAe
A
c
h
With
c1
b p b
Figure 8.17 Splices with face plate; equivalent section

If instead of the entire connection behaving rigidly, only the inner part does so, with the outer zone having a flexible failure
mechanism, the calculation moment can be determined by adding to the moment obtained in the manner previously
indicated for the inner part, the moment obtained for the external bolts with a flexible mechanism.
In this case, the neutral line that corresponds to an elastic distribution inside (figure 8.17.b) can be determined iteratively
by means of the expression
2
c b ÿ
ÿ ÿ eA ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿAÿ ÿ
=+d eÿÿ
ÿeeÿÿÿ
(8.56)
c
1
cd1 cd1
ÿÿÿ
in which ÿeAe represents the equivalent area of the outer row of bolts according to the failure mode of least resistance (see
failure modes in 8.8.3,1.b,c,d):
F
d,max
n =It isn
It is
(8.57)
F
t,Rd
ÿ
with the meanings of 8.8.3.1 and ne being the number of bolts in the outer row.
SE-A-85
8.8.5 Beam-to-beam or bracket joints with bolted angle double socket

1
If the support column or beam does not prevent the rotation of the connection, the reaction located between the face of the bushing
and the support (whether beam or column) will be considered.
2 The check of the joint between the beam and the bushing will be carried out with the lowest possible depletion loads considering those
corresponding to the shear bolts and the crushing loads of the web of the beam and the bushings.
3 It is not necessary to check the connection of the bushings to the support if the same screws are used as in the connection between
the bushing and the beam.
4 If the support does not rotate, either due to the rigidity of the column or because the support element has beams on both sides (figure
8.18.d), the supported beam rotates due to the plastic deformation of the bushings. In this case, the beam maintains a moment that
can be calculated considering the angle as a T with a flexible exhaustion mechanism.
5 The distribution of internal forces between bolts, in the ultimate limit state, can be considered
proportional to the distance from the center of rotation.
medium medium
a) b)
support beam
support beam
d)
c)
Figure 8.18 Double gland joints
8.8.6 Bolted beam-column connections with end plate

1 Checking the flexural resistance of a beam-column connection of the ones represented in figure 8.19.a) (checking that is also applicable
to each of the two parts that form similar connections with beams on both sides of the column ) requires:
SE-A-86
bp
rc
In
ap
outer row ex
mx
traction
of screws tfb
zone
p
interior shear
p M
screws zone
p
compression zone
city
tfc
a) without stiffeners and b) with stiffeners and extended

extended end plate end plate
c) with stiffeners and butt end d) without stiffeners, e) with one or two diagonal f) without stiffeners,
plate (also possible without with backing plate stiffeners, alone or with one with web
stiffeners) or two stiffeners in line with the reinforcement
flanges plate in the column
weld around the perimeter
bef,t
lsÿbef,c+bef,t
bef,c
bs
(the amount necessary for the sheet

to reach the foot of the curve accordingly)
tsÿtwc twc
throat thickness:
aÿt
rc s / 2 in all cases
aÿt longitudinal butt weld (to
s
butt weld with fillet weld increase tensile strength)
f) web reinforcement plate: detail
Figure 8.19. Beam-column connections with bolted front plate
SE-A-87
MM
Edÿ Rd
(8.58)
IN ÿ V
wp,Ed wp,Rd
being
MRd design resistant moment of the beam-column connection;

MEd calculation moment applied.
Vwp,Rd joint shear resistance of column web

Vwp,Ed knot shear applied to the web of the column
2 The moment resistance capacity depends on the resistance of the joint components, which are grouped into three
critical zones: tension, compression and shear. The calculation resistant moment will be the sum of the
calculation values of the effective resistance of each row of tensioned bolts, times their distance from the center
of the compression zone.
3 In the event that the effective resistance of the compression zone is less than the sum of the effective resistances
of the rows of tensioned bolts, in determining the resistant capacity the effective resistance of the bolts will be
considered reduced in the proportion necessary to not exceed it.
4 The shear stress of the node in the web of the column is obtained considering said region of the web in isolation,
and balancing through it both shears and differences in normal stresses of the pieces that attack the node, in
their values corresponding to the box that encloses the knot, defined by the axes of the souls of such pieces. In
the case of equal depth and joint solution in both beams (fig. 8.20) the resulting expression is:
M ÿ
M V ÿ
V
b1,Ed b2, Ed c1,Ed c2,Ed
V
wp,Ed
= ÿ
(8.59)
With 2
with the meanings and positive signs defined in the aforementioned figure.
z is the global lever arm corresponding to the joint.
zc
Nc2,Ed
zc
Nj,c2,Ed
Mc2,Ed
Mj,c2,Ed
Vc2, Ed Vwp, Ed
Vj,c2,Ed
Mj, b2, Ed Mb2,Ed Mb1, Ed With

Mj,b1,Ed
Nj, b2, Ed Nb2,Ed Nb1,Ed

Vwp, Ed z/zc
Nj, b1, Ed
Vj, b2, Ed Vj,b1,Ed Vb2,Ed Vb1,Ed
Vj,c1,Ed Vc1,Ed
Mj,c1,Ed Mc1,Ed
Nj,c1,Ed
Nc1, Ed
a) stresses referred to b) stresses referred to c) knot shear

the center of the joint the faces of the joint
a) b)
Figure 8.20 Joint (welded or bolted) and joint shear
5 The shear capacity of the unstiffened web of the column, Vwp.Rd is:
0,9 f A
V = the vc (8.60)
wp. Rd
3c
M0
SE-A-88
being
Avc shear area of the pillar. If a sheet attached to the web is added, it can be increased up to bstwc, although there will be no more
increases from this thickness, nor when placing another sheet on the other side of the web.
In addition, the dent resistance must be checked according to 6.3.3.3.
6 When the joint shear is important –joints with a beam on only one side, or connections with appreciable difference in the moments of both
beams-, the interaction of the web shear with the rest of the tensile or compression forces of the beams will be considered. column
web node, through a reduction factor ÿ in the resistance considered, obtained for each side of the connection with:
0.5 1ÿ<=ÿ1<21 ;
ÿ+ÿÿÿÿ 1 2(1 )(1 ÿ = 1 )
ÿ < 2 <ÿ ;
ÿ=ÿ1
(8.61)
= ;
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ (ÿ1)( ÿ +
1
2 1 )
;
ÿ=ÿ2
with
M j,
ÿ
M M j,
ÿ
M
b1, Ed j, b2, Ed b2, Ed j, b1, Ed
b= 1
ÿ 2, b 2= ÿ 2 (8.62)
M M
j, b1, Ed j, b2, Ed
and being
1 1
ÿ=1 ÿ=2
;
(8.63)
2 2
ÿ bt ÿ ÿ ÿ bt ÿ ÿ
+ ef,wc
1,3
wc 1 + ef,wc
5,2
wc 1
A A
ÿ vc ÿÿ ÿ vc ÿÿ
being
bef, wc the effective width for tension or compression of the node, as appropriate, of the web of the column, defined later for
each case,
twc the thickness of the web of the column.
7 Resistance of the zone requested to traction.
a) The components of the tension zone are the beam flange (in tension), the column flange (stiffened or not, with or without back
plate) and the front plate (bent) and the column web (in tension). ) (with or without stiffeners or reinforcing plate);
b) This section only considers the case that there are two bolts per internal horizontal row, that the extended front plate is not stiffened
and that there is a row of bolts in it;
c) The resistance of the flexed components of the traction zone, of unitary resistance defined in (8.48), will be obtained
considering that they behave as T-shaped bushings (section 8.8.3, figure 8.15) with a length equal to the sum of the effective
lengths, lef, for each row of bolts, defined as the lesser of the following values:
l 2 m ÿ ÿ ef
(8.64)
lif4m 1,25e ÿ +
It will also be verified that:

-
For internal screws:
lef ÿ p (8.65)
-
For external screws, the condition will be:
lef ÿ 0,5p + 2m + 0,625e (8.66)
SE-A-89
d) In the case of an extended front plate without a stiffener in the outer area, the flange of the beam will be considered as
the web of the T for the calculation of the effective lengths, also checking with:
lif= 0.5bp (8.67)
being
width of the front plate (figure 8.19).
bp The behaviour, for calculation purposes, of the front plate is assimilated to that of a set of equivalent T-stubs with
the effective lengths and criteria set forth in this section.
e) In the case of bolts on the column flange adjacent to a stiffener or those bolts on the face plate that are below the tension
flange of the beam, the effective lengths may be increased depending on the geometry, provided that use
experimentally sanctioned values.
8 If the normal stress, ÿn, in the column flange, due to its axial force and bending moment, exceeds the
180 N/mm2 at the location of the zone requested in tension, the value of the plastic moment, Mp, will be reduced using the
factor:
2f 180 yÿ 2f
ÿ ÿ360
n
kr = 1ÿ (fy and ÿn in N/mm2 ) (8.68)
ÿ
and
9 The design resistance of the traction zone will be determined from the resistance of the rows of bolts that are in tension and
must be in balance with the calculation resistance of the compression zone.
10 It will be assumed that the effective design resistance of each row of bolts acts in the axis of the row.
Its value will be obtained by establishing the balance between the resistances obtained for the column flange and the front
plate, which can be achieved by redistributing between rows with similar behavior (without passing a flange or stiffener)
and, if necessary, performing a reduction of these values.
11 The resistance of the unstiffened column web in transverse tension is:

f wc
t b ef
y
F t.Rd =
(8.69)
c M0
being
bef effective width of the web that must be taken equal to the total effective length lef of the flange of the column in
bending corresponding to the arrangement of the bolts in the zone of the connection requested in tension;
twc column web thickness (figure 8.19).
The web can be reinforced by means of a reinforcing plate or stiffeners (figure 8.19). In this last case, the design resistance
of the web will be, at least, equal to that of the beam flange, provided that the stiffeners meet the following conditions:
a) the thickness of the stiffeners must not be less than that of the beam flanges and their length ls must completely cover
the length of the column web corresponding to the effective lengths of the tension and compression zones of the
connection ;
b) the steel class of the stiffeners must not be less than that of the beam;
c) the welds joining the flanges must resist the transversal forces that they transmit;
d) the web joint weld must resist the forces transmitted from the flange
from the beam to the web of the column.
12 Resistance of the zone requested to compression. The design resistance to crushing of the web
without stiffening of the column, is given by:
SE-A-90
ÿ ÿ
sn
ft ÿ
y wc.ef 1.25 0.5 ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿb
M0
f ÿ ef ÿ
ÿ y
F c.Rd =
c (8.70)
M
f wc
t b ef
y
con : F ÿ c.Rd
c M0
being
ÿn maximum compression stress in the column web due to its axial force and bending moment;
bef effective width of the column web in compression:
Rolled profile: b = t + 2if 2 a +fb2t + 5 t + r The variables (are

fc indicated
c in Figure 8.19. In this case, tfb refers to the
)
p p
flange of the beam that transmits the compression, and ap is the throat thickness of the weld between said flange
and the face plate.
Reinforced profile: it is the same as the previous one, making

r = c 2 ac , where ac is the effective thickness of
throat of the weld between the wing and the soul of the profile.
twc.ef column web thickness. Also in this case it is possible to reinforce the web in the same conditions and with the same
results exposed in 8.19. The evaluation of the reinforcement of the web of the column by means of sheet thickness
ts, under the conditions indicated in figure 8.19, but without such thickness being less than that of the beam wings,
is as follows:
- Maximum effective thickness of the reinforced web twc.ef when subjected to tension:
Without reinforcing plate: twc.ef = twc
With a reinforcing plate: twc.ef = 1.5 twc
With a reinforcing plate on each side: twc.ef = 2.0 twc
Provided that the longitudinal welds are butt welds and comply with the throat thickness indicated in figure 8.19.
If the longitudinal welds are at an angle, with the throat thickness indicated in the aforementioned figure, the
effective value of the throat is limited to 1.4 twc for the two cases exposed, with one or two plates (one on each
side of the soul).
- Maximum effective thickness of the reinforced web twc.ef when subjected to crushing:
Without reinforcing plate: twc.ef = twc
With a reinforcing plate: twc.ef = 1.5 twc
With a reinforcing plate on each side: twc.ef = 2.0 twc
In this case, longitudinal fillet welds that comply with the throat thickness indicated in figure 8.21 are sufficient.
In addition, the resistance to buckling must be verified for an intraslational buckling mode (with fixed flanges), and the buckling
mode with lateral displacement of the flanges must be avoided by means of suitable construction provisions.
13 If the web of the column is stiffened, its resistance will be, at least, equal to that of the flange of the beam, always
pre that the stiffeners comply with the conditions established in 8.19.
14 The initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini of the unstiffened connection can be determined according to 8.3 from that of the basic
components that are defined below, by means of the well-known expression (8.37)
S =
j, this
1
ÿ S i
where Si is the stiffness of each following basic component:
SE-A-91
a) Stiffness of the column web against shear (nodal):
EzA
0,38=
vc
S wv (8.71)
b
b) Stiffness of the web of the column against knot tension:

2
E z b t ef,t,wc
wc
S=
wt 0,7 (8.72)
d c
c) Stiffness of the column web against joint compression:

2
E z b t ef,c,wc
wc
S=
wc 0,7 (8.73)
d c
d) Stiffness of the column flange in bending:

23
E zlt ef,fc fc
S=
f 0,9 3 (8.74)
mc
e) Stiffness of the front plate in bending:
E zlt 2ef,
3
pp
S=
f
0,9 3 mp (8.75)
f) Stiffness of bolts in elongation:

2
EzA s
S=
b 1,6 (8.76)
L b
being:
With
joint lever arm
Avc column shear area
b relative difference of beam moments, according to expression (8.62).

bef,t.wc, bef,c,wc effective widths of the web of the column in tension and compression respectively
dc Depth h of the column minus two times the sum of flange thickness tfc and radius according to the
web rc, (distance between points of agreement)
twc, tfc column web and flange thicknesses
city thickness of the front sheet,

lef,fc, lef,p effective lengths in bending of the column flange and of the plate respectively against the tension of the bolts
to the web of thedistance from

T-stub of thethe screw
model (the(orweb
row)
ofto the
the formation
column linebending
for the of the plastic hinge (or
of its flange, thehinge)
flangemc, mpbeam
of the next
for bending of the extended part of the end plate, the web of the beam for bending of the inner part of
the end plate)
As Screw tensile resistant area
Lb Bolt elongation length equal to the distance between the center of the head and the center of the nut.
15 If there is a stiffener for any of the basic components a), b), or c) above, it may
The corresponding stiffness Swv, Swt, or Swc can be assumed to be infinite.
16 The secant rotational stiffness of the connection for a moment Mj,Ed less than the resisting moment
Mj,Rd of the connection will be the following: a) If Mj,Ed
ÿ 2/3 Mj,Rd will be taken equal to the initial stiffness, Sj,ini.
SE-A-92
Si Mj,Ed > 2/3 Mj,Rd,

S
j, this
S j= (8.77)
(1,5M /J.MEd j,Rd )2,7
8.8.7 Welded Joints.

1 The following types are considered, in which the position of the joint is indicated, often eccentric with respect to the
support part:
a) Soul welding (figure 8.21.a). Care must be taken that the element (support, race, etc.) to which the beam is
attached allows sufficient rotation at its end. The shear resistance of the welded region of the web of the
beam must be checked.
Rd
Rd
Rd
d d
a) web weld b) stiffened bushing
Do not weld
horizontally
Rd
a=0.7t
Rd
support beam
c) bushing without stiffener d) double welded bushing
Figure 8.21 Welded joints

b) Beam support on angle bushing. The resistance of the web of the beam against the reaction must be checked
and, therefore, the need to include stiffeners. It will be considered that the reaction, Rd, is located as indicated
in figure 8.21.b, for stiffened bushings and that it acts on the end of the beam (see figure 8.21.c) when they
are not.
The flange of the angular to shear bushing will be checked (in this case the weld bead will be considered
valid if it has a throat width of 0.7 times the thickness of the angle flange) if it is not stiffened, and the stiffener
as well as welds otherwise.
c) Articulation with double welded socket. It must be ensured that the main beam or support to which the articulated
beam is attached allows sufficient rotation, as well as the flexibility of the bushing, which requires not having
horizontal weld seams.
To check the welds, the reaction located on the face of the bushings welded to the main beam will be
considered (figure 8.21.d).
SE-A-93
8.8.8 Welded beam-column connections
1 The verification of the flexural resistance will consist of verifying, as in the screwed ones:
M Ed
M ÿ Rd
(8.78)
Vÿ V
wp,Ed wp,Rd
2 The shear resistance of the joint will be determined in the manner defined for the bolted ones in 8.8.6, and likewise the resistances of
the tension and compression zones will be reduced where appropriate by interaction with the design joint shear in the web of the
pillar.
3 The design resistant moment, MRd, will depend on the resistance of the components of the zones applied to traction, compression
and shear. This resistant moment will be calculated by multiplying the lowest of the resistances obtained for the areas subjected
to traction and compression, by the distance between their centers of resistance.
4 Resistance of the zone requested to traction.
a) The design tensile strength that the flange of the column can admit at most without rigidity.
zar, for rolled profiles, is:
f t b yb
fb ef,fb
F =
(8.79)
t,Rd
c M0
expression in which the effective width of the beam flange bef,fb is
2ft
yc fc
b
ef,fb
= t
wc
2r 7t
2r +
7c ++ fc
+ f t yb fb
(8.80)
con : b ef, fb t ÿ wc
c
being
the subscripts b and c added to the elastic limit or any other parameter refer to the beam and column respectively (see
figure 8.22).
For welded profiles, the previous expressions are valid without further ado, being ac the throat thickness of r=
c 2 ac ,
the flange-web joint weld of the welded profile that forms the column.
If Ft.Rd is less than 70% of the full beam flange resistance (fybtfbbfb/ÿM0), the connection must be stiffened.
The joint weld between the column flange and the beam must be sized to ensure the full strength of the beam flange.
b) The design resistance to transverse tension of the unstiffened column web is:
f t b yc wc
ef
F = (8.81)
t,Rd
c M0
being
bef is the effective width, given by:
Rolled profiles: bif= t +fb2 2 a + 5 t + r (

b fc c)
Welded profiles: same as the previous one doing r=

c 2 ac
The web can be reinforced by means of a web plate or stiffeners.
5 Resistance of the zone requested to compression. The design resistance to crushing is the same as that indicated in the case of the
bolted ones, section 8.8.6, taking into account that the effective widths bef are in this case those indicated in the previous point for
the web of the column without tensile stiffening , or reinforced.
SE-A-94
6 The initial and secant rotational stiffness of the connection will be determined as in the case of bolted
connections, section 8.8.6, considering exclusively as basic components of the connection the regions
of the column web in shear, tension and compression, with stiffnesses Swv , Swt, and Swc respectively.
bef,fb
ab
traction tfb
zone
shear
zone
twc
compression zone
tfc
bfc
twc rc
a) without stiffening b) with stiffeners aligned with the flanges
bef,t
ls
bef,c
c) with web reinforcement d) with one or more stiffeners in line with

the flanges, or on a diagonal.
Figure 8.22 Welded beam-column connections
8.9 Hollow section connections in truss girders
8.9.1 Scope and field of application

1
This section refers to the nodes of flat lattice structures (triangulated beams) made up of hollow
profiles (rectangular, circular or square) or hollow profiles combined with open profiles.
2 The continuity of the chords is assumed and, therefore, the joints referred to in this section
do are from the web bars (diagonals and studs) to the chords.
3 The resistances of the nodes are expressed as a function of the design resistances to axial forces of the
web pieces.
4 These rules are applicable to both hot-rolled hollow sections in accordance with UNE-EN 10210:1994
and cold-formed sections in accordance with UNE-EN 10219:1998.
5 The partial safety factor ÿMj for the resistance of the joints will be ÿMj = 1.0
SE-A-95
6 In this section, the “flat joint” of the lattice structure is understood to be any connection between structural elements
located in the same plane and that transmit essentially axial forces.
7 The symbols used in the tables in this section are defined in section 8.9.7.
8 The application rules given in this section can only be used when the following conditions are met:
a) the sections of the compressed bars are class 1 or 2 before pure bending stresses;
b) the angles between the chords and the web bars and between the latter are greater than 30°; the elastic limit
c) of the material of the hollow profiles will not exceed 355 N/mm2 . For products with an upper elastic limit
not exceeding 460 N/mm2, the resistances established in this section can be used, reduced by the factor
0.9;
d) the nominal thickness of the walls of the hollow sections is not less than 2,5 mm and not more than 25 mm
unless special measures have been taken to ensure that the properties of the material through their
thickness will be adequate.
9 The bars that come together at a node must have ends prepared in such a way that there is no change in the shape
of their cross sections.
10 In joints "with separation" this must not be less than (t1 + t2), in order to ensure a clearance
enough to make satisfactory welds.
11 In “overlapped” joints , this must be sufficient to ensure that a satisfactory transfer of the beam shear from one bar
to the other occurs at the junction of the web bars. The overlap will never be less than 25%.
12 When bracing bars that have different thicknesses or different materials overlap, the bar with the lowest value of
product t·fy must cover the one with the highest value.
13 When bracing bars of different widths or diameters overlap, the smallest shall overlap
about the eldest.
8.9.2 Analysis
1 In the analysis of a truss girder it can be assumed that the bars are connected by nodes
articulated when:
a) The geometric characteristics of the nodes are within the specified field of validity
in section 8.9.4, table 8.3 and table 8.5.
b) The relationship between the length of the bar and its depth or height in the plane of the beam is not less than
not what:
- 12 for the laces.
- 24 for soul bars.
2 Eccentricities that remain within the following limits may be neglected:
-0.55 do ÿ and ÿ 0.25 do (8.82)
-0.55 ho ÿ e ÿ 0.25 ho (8.83)

being
It is
is the eccentricity (figure 8.23);
do is the diameter of the bead;
to is the chord height in the plane of the truss.
SE-A-96
e=0
h0, o d0
e>0
e<0
Figure 8.23 Eccentricity of joints
8.9.3 Welds
1 The entire perimeter of the section shall be welded with a butt weld, fillet weld, or a combination of both.
However, in partially overlapped joints, it is only necessary to weld the hidden part of the joint when
the axial values are such that the components perpendicular to the chord do not differ by more than
20%.
2 The design strength of the weld per unit length on the perimeter of the joint shall not be less than the
design tensile strength of the cross section of the bar per unit length of the perimeter. Exceptions are
those cases in which smaller welds can be technically justified considering both the resistance of the
joint and its deformation capacity and/or its turning capacity.
8.9.4 Welded joints between circular hollow sections

1 The design resistances of the joints can be determined by applying the formulas given in table 8.2, which
correspond to the modes of failure by plasticization of the face of the chord, or punching by shear of
the beam of the wall of the chord, provided that the Node geometry remains within the following
validity field:
a) 0.2 ÿ di/do ÿ 1.0
b) Class 1 or 2 and (10 ÿ di/ ti ÿ 50)
c) Class 1 or 2 and (10 ÿ do/ to ÿ 50) in general, but (10 ÿ do/ to ÿ 40) for joints in X
d) ÿov ÿ 25% (overlap ratio, see Annex B)
It is) g ÿ t1 + t2 (separation, see Annex B)
2 For the joints that are outside the field of validity given above, a more detailed analysis must be carried
out, considering the failure modes by subsidence or buckling of the lateral wall (or the web) of the
chord, by shear failure of the chord, due to failure due to reduction of the effective width in the union
of the web piece, or due to local buckling, an analysis that must consider the secondary moments in
the joints caused by their bending stiffness.
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Table 8.2 Calculation resistances of welded joints between circular hollow sections
knot type calculation resistance
T or Y knots lamination of the cord
t1
N1
d1
i 1 t0 f t yo
2
N =
o
+ )bc()
2 0.2
k
1
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿcÿ
1,Rd (2.8 14.2 p

its i1
Mj
d0
X knots lamination of the cord
t1
N1
d1
i1 t0 2 f t yo ÿ ÿ
o 5.2 1
N = k()pÿ
1,Rd ÿ
its i1
(1- 0.81 ) ÿ Mj
ÿc ÿÿÿ
d0
K and N joints with separation or overlap (overlapping) lamination of the cord
t1 t2
N1 N2 2
g f t yo o ÿ ÿ1ÿÿ
d1 d2 N =
1. Rd 10.2 d+/d ) kk 1 opg ( ) ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ (1.8
i1 i2 t0 its i1
Mj
its i1
()()
N
2nd Rd
= N 1,Rd
its i2
d0
Joints in T, Y, X and Punching by shear effort
K, N, KT knots with separation f

1 its + ÿ
( i) ÿ1( ÿ) cÿ
ÿ
yo 1
N
i,.Rd = tO
d Pi i
2 ; and =1 or 2
when di ÿ do - 2 to 3 2 sen
i1 Mj ÿÿÿ
functions
k 1,0= ÿ
for n 0 (traction)
p
p
k 1-
p
=
0,3 n (1 n ) p
ÿ
p p
>
for n 0 (compression) but k p
ÿ 1,0
1.2
ÿ 0.024 c
0.2
k=ÿg
ÿ1+ÿÿ
ÿ ÿ exp (0,5 g/t -1,33)

O 1ÿÿ+
c = d0 / 2t0 ; ÿMj = 1,0 (ver 8.9.1 5)
ÿ = d1 / d0 at nodes T, Y, X; ÿ = (d1 + d2) / 2d0 at knots K and N; ÿ = (d1 + d2 + d3) / 3d0 in KT knots
(see figure 8.24)
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overlap knots knots with separation
c=25
4
ÿ=22.5
c=20
ÿ=17.5
3
c=15
kg ÿ=12.5
c=10
2 ÿ=7.5
0
ÿ12 ÿ8 ÿ4 0 4 8 12
g/t0
Figure 8.24 Values of the coefficient kg
8.9.5 Welded joints between web bars and chords of square or rectangular section
8.9.5.1 Square or circular section web bars and square section chords
1 As long as the geometry of the joints remains within the field of validity specified in table 8.3, the design
strengths of the joints can be determined by applying the formulas given in table 8.4.
2 For the nodes that are outside the field of validity specified in table 8.3, the
section 8.9.5.2.
8.9.5.2 Rectangular sections

1 The design strengths of joints between rectangular hollow sections and of joints between square hollow
sections outside the field of validity of table 8.3 must be based on the following criteria:
a) failure due to plasticization of the surface or cross section of the chord;

b) initiation of a crack that leads to the breaking of the bars (punching due to shear stress).
many);
c) cracking in welds or web bars (reduction in effective width);
d) local sagging or buckling of the chord side walls under the web bar applied
gives the compression;
e) local buckling in the compression zones of the bars;

f) chord shear failure;
Figure 8.25 illustrates the failure modes.
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Table 8.3 Field of application of table 8.4 for welded joints between square or circular section web bars and square section
chords
Node parameters (i=1 or 2, j = overlapping web bar)
b d b+b
2
i
o
i 1
O
knot type Separation
b d t
i
t
i b 2b
i i O 1
O O
b b t b t
O O O i i overlap
y tj
Compression Traction b
j
bi
T, Y or X joints b 10 35 ÿ ÿ t
O
0.25 ÿ 0.85 ÿ b
O O
AND
b
i 1,25 ÿ g
K -knot t f 0.5(1- ) ÿ ÿ
i
y1
bi b O
with separation and0.35 ÿ b b2 +0,6
1 ÿ
b b
O O 1.3 but ÿ
i 35 ÿ y b 15 35 ÿ ÿ t 2b1
Split N-joint b
O
t
i
bi O g
ÿ 35
i
b 0,1 0,01 ÿ + 1.5(1- ) ÿ b

b t t b O
O O i
gt tÿ + 1 2
b
i
K-knot with 0,75 ÿ
b b ÿov ÿ 25%
overlap b i i
AND bO j
ÿ 0,25 ÿ 1,1 ÿ 40
t f
Overlapped b O i y1 t
O
t
i
ÿ 1,0 ÿov ÿ 100%
N-knot t
j
Circular section di b di
i
AND
The same limitations as those mentioned above but
web bar 0.4 0.8 ÿ ÿ b 1,5 ÿ ÿ 50
O
t
i
f
y1
t
i
substituting bi for di and bj for dj
Outside these parameter limits, the joint strength can be calculated as if the chord had a rectangular section.
SE-A-100
Table 8.4 Design resistances of welded joints between braces with a circular or square hollow section
and a chord with a square section
knot type Design resistance i = 1 or 2, j = overlapping bar
X, Y and T nodes Lamination of the face of the chord ÿ ÿ 0.85
t1 h1
N1
b1
2 f t yo o 2b ÿ 1
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿcÿ
i1 N = +
0,5
1,Rd 4 (1- ) b ÿkÿ n
(1- ) its ÿ ÿiÿ1( ) ÿ its ( i)1 Mj

t0
b0
K and N knots with separation Lamination of the face of the chord ÿ ÿ 1.0
h1 t1 t2 h2
g
N1 N2
b1 b2
i1 i2 2 8.9 f t yo o ÿ+
bbÿ 1( )2 ÿ
0,5
ÿ
1 ÿ
N = k
i, Rd ÿ cÿ n ÿ
its i1 2b
O ÿ ÿ
ÿc Mj ÿÿÿ
t0
b0
K and N joints with overlap* effective width reduction 25% ÿ ÿov ÿ 50%
= f t yi i
ÿ ÿ ov cÿ 1
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
N (2 h 4 t ) b b ÿ
+ + if
i, Rd ÿÿ i i
e, ov
50 Mj
t2 h2
h1 t1 effective width reduction 50% ÿ ÿov ÿ 80%
N2
N1 b2
ÿ ÿ ÿ1ÿ f
b1 ÿ1 i2 N = b b ) yi i ÿ ÿ ÿ iÿ ÿ ÿ
+ + if t (2 h 4 t
i, Rd i
e, ov
Mj
t0 effective width reduction ÿov ÿ 80%

b0
ÿ ÿ ÿ1 ÿ f
N = b b ) yi i ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ+ + i i t (2 h 4 t
i, Rd i
e, ov
Mj
Circular section web bars Multiply the aforementioned resistances by ÿ/4 and replace b1 and h1
with d1 and replace b2 and h2 with d2
functions
kn = 1.0 for n ÿ 0 (traction) kn = 1.3 – (0.4 n/ÿ) for n ÿ 0 (compression) but kn ÿ 1.0
10 f t yo o 10 f t yi
i
b = b but beff ÿ bi b = b
i but be, ov ÿ bi
ef i e, ov
b/t b /1t 1 f t y1
O O
f t yi i 1
* Just check the overlapping bar. The effectiveness of the lapping bar (i.e., the design strength of the joint divided by the plastic strength of
the bar) shall be considered equal to that of the lapping bar.
c = b0 / 2t0 ; ÿMj = 1,0 (ver 8.9.1 5)
ÿ = b1 / b0 at nodes T, Y, X; ÿ = (b1 + b2 + h1 + h2) / 4b0 at knots K and N;
ÿ = (b1 + b2 + b3 + h1 + h2+ h3) / 6b0 en nudos KT
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failure due to plasticization of the chord wall shear punching
web bar failure due to effective width reduction
local buckling of chord side walls local chord buckling at the joint position
local buckling in compression web bars chord failure due to shear

Figure 8.25 Failure modes. rectangular sections
8.9.6 Welded joints between hollow section web bars and double T or H section chord
1 In spacing type joints, the design strengths of the chords taking into account the shear stress transmitted
between the bracing bars to the chords must be determined neglecting the associated secondary
moments, as follows:
Si V /V ÿ 0.5 : N = f A / ÿ sd
M0pl,Rd
0,Rd y0 0 (8.84)
2
Si 0.5 < V /V ÿ 1.0 : N =0,Rd
f A ÿy0AV
0 v/Vsdÿ pl,Rd [
1 sd pl,Rd ( ) ] /M0
c (8.85)
2 Provided that the geometry of the joints is within the field of validity indicated in table 8.5, the design
resistances of the joints must be determined by applying the formulas given in table 8.6. which
correspond to the modes of failure due to plastification of the chord wall or failure of the web bar due
to reduction of the effective width.
3 For the nodes that are outside the validity field given in table 8.5, a more detailed analysis will have to be
carried out considering the rest of the possible failure modes. This analysis should have
SE-A-102
Also take into account the secondary moments at the joints caused by their flexural stiffness.
Table 8.5 Field of application of table 8.6 for welded joints between hollow section web bars and double T or H section chords
Knot parameters (i =1 or 2, j = overlapping riostra)

knot b h d
1 1 1
type h b d b , ,
i j In O
t 1
t 1
t 1
b b t t
i
i In O
Compression Traction
d AND
In
ÿ 1,2
t f
h In yo
X knot i 0,5 2,0 ÿ ÿ b i
and
dw ÿ 400 mm
h AND h
1 1
ÿ 1,1 35 ÿ
T-knot
t f t
1 y1 1
Y knot
b AND b
b AND 1
O 1
K joint with 0,75 ÿ ÿ 1,1 ÿ 35

h t f t f t
i = 1 y1
separation 1,0 d AND
O they
1
In
b
i
ÿ 15
d AND d
t f 1
In they ÿ 1,1
1
35 ÿ
Split N-joint t f t
1 y1 1
and
dw ÿ 400 mm
K-knot with
overlap h
i
b
j
0,5 ÿ ÿ 2,0 b 0,75 ÿ
Overlapped i
b
i
N-knot
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Table 8.6 Design resistances of welded joints between hollow section web bars and double T or H
section chords
calculation resistance
knot type
i = 1 or 2, j = overlapped brace
X, Y and T nodes Plasticization of the core of the cord
f yo
t bww ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿcÿ
1
N =
1,Rd
its (i 1) Mj
effective width reduction
ÿ ÿ
1
N 1,Rd = 2 f t b y1 1
ef ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
c Mj ÿÿÿ
Strand core stability The effective width check is

K and N knots with separation
not necessary if:
f t b yo w
=
w ÿ
1 ÿ
N g/t1 ÿ 20 – 28 ÿ ÿ
i, Rd
(i 1)
ÿ
its c Mj
ÿ
ÿ ÿÿÿ ÿ 1.0 – 0.03 ÿ and 0.75 ÿ
Net. of effective width
d1/d2 ÿ 1.33 for circular hollow
section 0.75 ÿ b1/b2 ÿ 1.33
ÿ ÿ
1
N 1,Rd = 2 f t b y1 i if ÿ for rectangular hollow section

ÿ
ÿ
c Mj ÿÿÿ
Cord shear
fAiv 1 ÿ
N =
1,Rd
3 sen (
ÿ 1ÿ )ÿ ÿ ÿMjc ÿÿÿ
(1)
K and N joints with overlap Effective width reduction 25% ÿ ÿov ÿ 50%
l ov ÿ
ÿ ÿÿÿÿ 1 ÿ
N = f t yi
i, Rd i (2 h 4 tÿ )+ b+ ibef i
e, ov ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ 50 c Mj ÿÿÿ
Effective width reduction 50% ÿ ÿov ÿ 80%
ÿÿÿÿ1
N
i, Rd
= 4 t b b ) ÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿ+ +ÿi ef e, ov f t (2 h
yi i i
Mj
effective width reduction ÿov ÿ 80%

l ov ÿ
ÿ ÿÿÿÿ 1,1 ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿ 1ÿ ÿ(2
ft h
N = f t yi (2 h 4 t ) b + + b = ÿÿÿ
ÿ
eff
i, Rd i i i
e,ov ÿ N
i, Rd i
ÿ + + ii i e, ov 4 tbb ) yi
ÿÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ 50 c Mj
Mj
functions
Av = Ao + (2-ÿ) bo tf + (tw + 2r) tf
rectangular hollow section

rectangular hollow section
0.5
h
b
In = i
+ +5 (t
f r) b In2 t 10 (t r) ÿ 1 + f +
ÿÿ ÿÿ
its () i1 ÿÿ
1
a= ÿÿ
circular hollow section 4g

1+
Of 3tf
b
In = + +8 f(t r) b In2 t 10 (t r) ÿ 1 + f +
ÿÿÿÿ
its () i1
circular hollow section
ÿ=0
f 10 f t yi i
yo f t y1
b t ef
=
In
2r7 + + t but bef ÿ bi b = b
i but be, ov ÿ bi
i e, ov
f b/t 1
1
yi 1
(1) Only the overlapping bar should be checked. The effectiveness of the lapped bar (ie the design strength of the joint divided by the plastic strength of
the bar) shall be considered equal to that of the lapping.
SE-A-104
8.9.7 Symbols used in tables
Ai area of the cross section of the bar i.

Av shear stress area of the chord section.
No axial force in bar i.
Ni, Rd design resistance of the joint for an axial force in the bar i.
a throat thickness of a fillet weld.
with a
outer width of the square or rectangular hollow section of the bar i (i = 0, 1 or 2).
bef effective width of the link or connection of a web bar with a chord.
be.ov effective width of the link or connection of the overlapping web bar with the overlapping one.
bw effective width of the chord web.
Of diameter of the circular hollow section of the bar i.
dw height of the web of an I or H section chord.

It is eccentricity of a knot.
fyi design value of the elastic limit of the bar i.
g spacing between the web bars of a K or N node.

hi exterior height of a section of a bar i.
i
subscript used to designate a node bar, i = 0 denotes a chord and i = 1 and 2 designates web bars. In joints
with two web bars, i = 1 normally designates the brace in compression and i = 2 the brace in tension.
i, j subscripts used to designate overlapping and overlapping bars.

kg, kp coefficients defined in table 8.2.
kn coefficient defined in table 8.4.

n
= ÿo/
fyo np = ÿp/fyo
ro radius of the flange-web agreement of an I or H section chord.
of wall thickness of the bar i.

tf flange thickness of a double T or H section.
tw web thickness of a double T or H section.
ÿ factor giving the chord flange contribution to shear resistance.
b ratio between the average diameter (or average width) of the web bar and the chord.
d dd oh + b +
bb from
1 1 2 1 1 2
d 2d0 b 2b0
0 _ 0 _
c ratio between the radius (or half the width) of the chord and the wall thickness of the chord.
d
0 b 0
or
2t0 2t 0
_
ÿMj partial safety factor of the angle joint between

ÿi the chord and a web bar i.
yes maximum compressive stress in the chord due to axial stress and bending moment.
SE-A-105
sp value of ÿo after deducting the stress due to the horizontal components of the stresses in the
members of the joint.
The nodes K, N, T, X, and KT are shorthand descriptions for the types of joints or nodes depicted in Fig.
8.26.
Figure 8.26 Types of nodes
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9 Fatigue
9.1 General
1 Annex C includes a method (SN curve method) for fatigue testing, based on fatigue tests on large-scale specimens
that include the geometric effects and structural imperfections due to the manufacture and assembly of the
structure (for example, residual weld stresses in beads made in accordance with good practice).
2 The method is applicable to all types of structural steel, stainless steel and steels with improved corrosion
resistance, unless otherwise indicated in the relevant classification.
3 Buildings located in aggressive environments, such as marine, are not considered. Elements subjected to
temperatures above 150ºC are not considered either.
4 Fatigue testing is not required for building structures except for:
a) those that support cranes, lifting and/or transport devices, rolling roads, overhead beams
rrileras, etc;
b) those that support machines that induce vibrations (presses, alternative machines, etc.);
c) slender elements subjected to wind-induced vibrations.
SE-A-107
10 Execution
10.1 Materials
1
This chapter refers to the elements manufactured with the materials listed in this DB and, in particular:
a) Steel in sheets and profiles of quality S 235 to S 450, both inclusive. If the material is going to undergo a process
during manufacturing capable of modifying its metallographic structure (formation with flame, specific heat
treatment, etc.), the specifications must define the additional pertinent requirements;
b) mechanical characteristics of the screws, nuts and washers corresponding to types 4,6
a 10,9;
c) the welding filler material appropriate for the materials to be welded and with the conditions established by the
welding procedure. The maximum carbon equivalent value must be calculated from the analysis of or through the
manufacturer's declaration if the manufacturer has a certified production control system;
d) in steels with improved resistance to atmospheric corrosion, the corrosion resistance of the filler material is equivalent
to that of the base material. When this type of steel is welded, the equivalent carbon value must not exceed 0.54%;
e) the filler metal or the back plate is a steel with a maximum carbon equivalent value not greater than 0.43% or be of the
same material as the most weldable of the base materials to be joined.
2 The material qualities specified in the project must not be changed without authorization from the construction manager, even
if such a change implies an increase in mechanical characteristics.
10.1.1 Identification of materials
1 The characteristics of the materials supplied must be documented in such a way that they can be compared with the
requirements established in the specifications. In addition, materials must be uniquely identifiable at all manufacturing
stages by an appropriate system.
2 Identification can be based on documented records for batches of product assigned to a common production process, but
each component must have a durable, distinguishable, non-damaging mark that is visible after assembly.
3 In general, and unless prohibited by the specifications, stamped numbers and punched marks for marking are permitted, but
not chiseled notches. In any case, the specifications must indicate all the areas in which the use of flush stamping,
punches or punches to make marks is not allowed.
10.1.2 Special features

1
The tender documents must specify:
a) any special restrictions on discontinuities or repair of surface defects;
b) all tests to identify internal imperfections or defects, laminations or cracks

in areas to be welded of the materials;
c) any requirements for material with improved resistance to deformation in the perpendicular direction
say to the surface.
10.1.3 Handling and storage

1
The material must be stored according to its manufacturer's instructions and not used if it has exceeded the specified
shelf life. If, due to the shape or the storage time, there could be
SE-A-109
suffered a significant deterioration, before their use they must be verified that they continue to comply
with the established requirements.
2 Structural components must be handled and stored safely, preventing permanent deformation and
minimizing surface damage.
Each component must be protected from possible damage at the points where it is attached for handling.
The structural components will be stored stacked on the ground but without contact with it, avoiding any
accumulation of water.
10.2 Shop manufacturing operations
10.2.1 Cut
1 It must be done by means of a saw, shear, automatic thermal cutting (oxyfuel) and, only if it is
te is not practicable, manual flame cutting.
2 Cuts obtained directly by flame cutting will be accepted as long as they do not have irregularities
significant and the remains of slag have been removed.
3 The specifications will specify the areas that hardened material is not admissible after pro
cut offs.
10.2.2 Shaping
1
Steel may be bent, pressed or forged to the required shape, using either hot or cold forming processes,
provided the material characteristics do not fall below specified values.
2 For hot forming, the recommendations of the steel producer will be followed. The shaping will be carried
out with the material in a cherry red state, properly managing the temperature, time and cooling speed.
Bending or forming in the blue heat range (250ºC to 380ºC) will not be allowed, nor for thermomechanical
or tempered and tempered steels, unless tests are carried out that demonstrate that, after the process,
they continue to meet the requirements specified in the specifications. of conditions.
3 Shaping can be used by controlled application of heat following the criteria

rivers from the previous paragraph.
4 Cold forming is allowed, but hammering is not allowed.

5 The minimum fillet radii for cold forming are:
Sheet thickness (mm) Radius (inside) of the agreement
tÿ4 t
4<tÿ8 1,5 t
8 < t ÿ 12 2t
12 < t ÿ 24 3t
10.2.3 Drilling
1 Holes should be made by drilling or other process that provides a finish equal to
the.
2 Punching is allowed for materials up to 25 mm thick, provided that the nominal thickness of the material is
not greater than the nominal diameter of the hole (or minimum dimension if the hole is not circular).
Holes can be made by punching without reaming except where the specifications specify that they must
be free of hardened material. One possibility is to punch to a size 2 mm less than the final diameter and
drill to the nominal diameter.
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3 Elongated holes shall be made by a single punching operation or by felling

dredging or punching with two holes and subsequent flame cutting.
4 Burrs must be removed prior to assembly, it is not necessary to separate the different parts when the holes are drilled in a
single operation through said parts firmly attached to each other.
5 The countersink will be done after drilling or punching the normal hole.
10.2.4 Recessing angles and notches

1
These points must have a rounded finish, with a minimum radius of 5 mm.
2 When this finish is carried out by punching on sheets of more than 16 mm thickness, the deformed materials must be
removed by grinding.
10.2.5 Surfaces for contact support

1 The requirements for flatness and degree of finish in supports by contact must be specified in the specifications.
2 The surfaces must be finished forming right angles, complying with the geometric tolerances specified in this DB. In the
case that the flatness is checked before the reinforcement of a simple surface contrasting it with a straight edge, the
space between surface and edge will not exceed 0.5 mm.
3 The requirements for the fit after alignment and bolting shown in figure 10.1 must be taken into account during
manufacturing.
4 If the separation exceeds the indicated limits, shims and linings can be used to reduce it and that it complies with the
specified limits. The wedges can be stainless steel plates, not being able to use more than three at any point and
being able to fix them in their position by means of hard welding in angle or butt with partial penetration.
5 If there are stiffeners for the purpose of transmitting stresses in full contact supports, the separation between support
surfaces shall not be greater than 1 mm and less than 0.5 mm over at least two thirds of the nominal contact area.
Figure 10.1 Location of a splice in relation to the straight line that passes through the connection points to the slabs
10.2.6 Splices
1 No more splices will be allowed than those established in the project or authorized by the construction manager. These
splices will be made according to the established procedure.
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10.3 Welding
10.3.1 Welding plan
1 A welding plan must be provided to the personnel in charge, which, as a minimum, will include all the
details of the joint, the dimensions and the type of welding, the welding sequence, the specifications
on the process and the necessary measures to avoid the welding. lamellar tear.
10.3.2 Qualification
10.3.2.1 Qualification of the welding procedure
1
If testing of the welding procedure is required in the specifications, it must be carried out before the
start of production. If a test-qualified welding process has not been used for more than three years, a
specimen from a production trial must be inspected for acceptance.
2 Tests must be carried out for fully automatic processes, welding of sheets with primer in the workshop or
with deep penetration. In the last case mentioned, as well as if welding is used with a double pass on
both sides without taking the root, one specimen must be tested every six
months.
10.3.2.2 Qualification of welders
1 Welders must be certified by an accredited body and qualified in accordance with the UNE-EN 287-1:1992
standard, and if they carry out welding coordination tasks, have previous experience in the type of
operation they supervise.
2 Each type of welding requires the specific qualification of the welder who performs it.
10.3.3 Preparation for welding
1 The surfaces and edges must be appropriate for the welding process used and be free of cracks, notches,
materials that affect the process or quality of the welds, and moisture.
2 The components to be welded must be correctly positioned and fixed by suitable fixtures or tack welds,
but not by additional welds, and must be accessible to the welder. It will be verified that the final
dimensions are within tolerances, establishing the adequate margins for distortion or contraction.
3 Provisional mounting devices must be easy to remove without damaging the piece. Welds used must be
made following general specifications and, if cut at the end of the process, the base metal surface
must be ground smooth. All tack welds not incorporated into the final welds shall be removed.
4 The use of preheat should be considered when the type of steel material and/or the rate of cooling may
cause hardening of the heat affected zone. When used, it will extend 75mm into each component of
the base metal.
10.3.4 Types of welding
1 The requirements for the execution of the most common types of welding are indicated below, and those
corresponding to any other type of welding must appear in the specifications and always have a quality
level similar to that of this DB.
10.3.4.1 Spot welds
1 A tack weld shall have a minimum length of four times the thickness of the part
thicker than the union and that 50 mm.
SE-A-112
2 The welding process must include the spot weld deposition conditions, when it is mechanical or fully automated.
These welds must be free of deposition defects and, if cracked, they must be thoroughly ground and
cleaned before final welding.
10.3.4.2 Fillet weld

1 There should be as close a contact as possible between the parts to be joined by fillet welding.
2 The weld deposited shall not be less than the specified dimensions for throat thickness and/or bead side length.
10.3.4.3 Butt Weld

1 It must be guaranteed that the welds are sound, with the full thickness of the throat and with an adequate
finish at the ends. It must be specified in the specifications if spill plates must be used to guarantee the
dimensions of the chord.
2 Full penetration welds can be made welded on one side only with or without back plate. The use of the latter
must be authorized in the specifications and must be closely fixed to the base metal.
3 The root tapping on the back of the bead will have a simple "v" shape, it can be done by air-arc, or by
mechanical means, up to a depth that allows to guarantee the complete penetration in the previously
deposited weld metal.
10.3.4.4 Welding on plugs and eyelets
1 The dimensions of the holes for these welds must be specified in the specifications and be sufficient to allow
adequate access to the weld. If they are required to be filled with weld metal, the fillet weld shall be
previously checked to be satisfactory.
10.4 Bolted connections
10.4.1 Use of screws

1
The minimum nominal diameter of the screws must be 12 mm, unless otherwise specified in the project.
2 The thread may be included in the cutting plane except in the case that the screw is used
as calibrated.
3 The shank of the screw must come out of the thread of the nut after tightening and between the bearing
surface of the nut and the non-threaded part of the shank, in addition to the thread coming out, there must be:
a) four complete threads for prestressed bolts;
b) a complete thread for bolts without pretensioning.
4 The screws must not be welded, except as indicated in the specifications.
5 When the screws are arranged in a vertical position, the nut will be located below the head
of the screw.
10.4.2 Use of nuts
1 It must be checked before installation that the nuts can move freely on the
corresponding screw.
2 To secure the nuts, additional measures to the normal tightening will not be necessary, nor should they be
welding, unless so indicated in the specifications.
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10.4.3 Use of washers
1 In normal round holes and with non-preloaded bolts, it is not normally necessary to use washers, although
their use can reduce damage to coatings. The diameter of the washers to be used with oversized or
special dimension holes, as well as the requirements for the use of wedge washers or pressure indicating
washers, must be stated in the specifications.
2 If washers are used under the head of the bolts, they must be chamfered and positioned with
the chamfer towards the screw head.
3 For pre-stressed bolts, hardened flat washers shall be used as follows:

a) for 10.9 screws under the head of the screw and the nut;
b) for 8.8 screws under the element to be turned (the head of the screw or the nut).
10.4.4 Tightening of the bolts without pretensioning
1 Each set of bolt, nut, and washer(s) must achieve the “butt-tight” condition without over-tightening the bolts.
This condition is what a man would achieve with a normal key, without an extension arm.
2 For large groups of bolts, tightening must be done from the central bolts towards the
exterior and even carry out some additional tightening cycle.
10.4.5 Tightening of the preloaded bolts
1 The bolts of a group, before starting the prestressing, must be tightened as if they were tor
unstressed rings.
2 In order to achieve uniform prestressing, the tightening will be carried out progressively from the central bolts
of a group to the edges and then perform additional tightening cycles. Lubricants can be used between
the nuts and bolts or between the washers and the component that rotates, as long as the contact surface
is not reached, it is contemplated as a possibility by the procedure and the specifications allow it.
3 If a bolt, nut and washer (s) set has been tightened to the minimum prestress and then loosened, it must be
removed and discarded, unless permitted by the specifications.
4 The tightening will be carried out following one of the procedures indicated below, which,
It must be calibrated by appropriate procedural tests.
a) Torque control method
A torque wrench set to the minimum torque required to achieve the above specified minimum
pretension is used.
b) Screw twist method
"
The position of "butt-tight" is marked blah and then the turn of the nut indicated on the table is given.
10.1
c) Direct tension indicator method.

The measured clearances on the tension indicator washers can be averaged to establish the
acceptability of the bolt, nut, and washer assembly.
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Table 10.1 Indicative values of the turn in the method of turning the nut
Total nominal thickness of the joint e Rotation angle to apply (degrees)
e < 2d 120
2d ÿ e < 4d 150
4d ÿ e < 6d 180
6d ÿ e < 8d 210
8d ÿ e < 10d 240
e > 10 d -
Table only valid for surfaces to be joined perpendicular to the screw axis and for type 8.8 screws
d) Combined method
An initial tightening is carried out by method a), with a wrench adjusted to a torque that reaches
75% of the minimum prestressing defined in this section, then the position of the nut is marked (as
in method b) and, finally, the turn of the nut indicated in table 10.2 is given.
Table 10.2 Indicative values of additional rotation in the combined method

Total nominal thickness of the joint e Rotation angle to apply (degrees)
e < 2d 60
2d ÿ e < 6d 90
6d ÿ e < 10 d 120
e > 10 d -
Table only valid for surfaces to be joined perpendicular to the screw axis and for type 8.8 screws
10.4.6 Contact surfaces in slip-resistant joints
1 A contact surface can be prepared to produce the kind of surface specified in the specifications, and it is
possible to use treatments or coatings guaranteed by tests that are specified in said specifications.
10.5 Other types of screws

1 Countersunk screws.
This type of bolt can be used in both prestressed and non-stressed joints. The specifications will include
the definition of the countersink and tolerances so that the screw is nominally flush with the surface of
the outer sheet.
2 Calibrated screws and articulation bolts.
They can be used in both prestressed and non-stressed connections.
The pins of these elements must be of tolerance class h 13 and the holes of class H 11 according to
ISO 286-2.
The thread of a calibrated screw or bolt shall not be included in the shear plane.
The holes to be reamed later on site will initially be made at least 3 mm smaller.
3 Hexagonal injection screws.
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The characteristics of this type of screws will be defined in the specifications.
10.6 Protection treatments

1 The requirements for protective treatments must be included in the specifications.
10.6.1 Surface preparation
1 Surfaces will be properly prepared. The UNE EN-ISO 8504-1:2002 and UNE-EN-ISO 8504-2:2002 standards for
cleaning by abrasive blasting, and UNE-EN ISO 8504-3:2002 for cleaning by mechanical and manual tools can
be taken as a reference.
2 Procedural tests of the blasting processes will be carried out throughout production, in order to ensure their adequacy
for the subsequent coating process.
3 All surface defects detected in the process will be repaired in accordance with this standard.
I'm in preparation.
4 Surfaces that are expected to be in contact with the concrete should generally not be painted, but simply cleaned.
5 The treatment system in areas that border a surface that will be in contact with the concrete.
gon, must extend at least 30 mm from that area.
6 Extreme care must be taken and in accordance with what is specified in the specifications in the case of friction
surfaces, following what is indicated at the point of execution and assembly in the workshop. In any case, these
surfaces must be protected after their preparation until they are assembled with impermeable covers.
7 Materials that impair the quality of a weld will not be used less than 150 mm from the area to be welded and after
welding, paint must not be done without first removing the slag.
10.6.2 Coating methods
1 Galvanization:
a) It will be carried out in accordance with UNE-EN-ISO 1460:1996 or UNE-EN-ISO 1461:1999, according to pro
yield;
b) where applicable, welds must be sealed before using a pre-galva pickling

nization;
c) If there are closed spaces in the manufactured element, venting or purge holes will be provided where
indicated in the specifications;
d) galvanized surfaces must be cleaned and treated with anti-corrosion primer paint
goes with acid thinner or sweeper blasting before being painted.
2 Paint:
a) Immediately before starting to paint, it will be verified that the surfaces comply with the
manufacturer's requirements;
b) it will be painted following the manufacturer's instructions and if more than one layer is given, it will be used in
each one a different colored shade;
c) the painted surfaces will be protected from the accumulation of water for a certain period, so that
according to the paint manufacturer's data.
10.6.3 Treatment of fixing elements.
1 For the treatment of these elements, their material and that of the elements to be joined must be considered together
with the treatment that they previously undergone, the tightening method, the classification against corrosion and
any other circumstance indicated in the specifications.
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10.7 Execution of welding and assembly in workshop (protective treatment)
1 Components must be assembled in such a way that they are not further damaged or deformed.
beyond the specified tolerances.
2 All the joints for provisional pieces to be used in the manufacturing phase must be made
according to this DB and will be consistent with the project.
3 Any camber or pre-adjustment requirements stated in the specifications for incorporation into prefabricated
components must be checked after completion of fabrication.
4 After completion of fabrication, the fastening between components that are interconnected at multiple
connection interfaces should be checked using dimensional templates or by joint fastening of the
components.
5 Should be avoided:
a) the projection of erratic sparks from the arc and, if it occurs, the surface of the arc must be sanitized
steel and inspected;
b) weld projection and, if it occurs, it must be eliminated.
6 Defects must not be covered by subsequent welds and must be removed from each pass before
you have the next The same should be done with any slag.
7 Weld repairs must be performed following a specified welding procedure.
welding
8 Grinding with abrasive wheel the surface of complete welds must be specified.
stated in the specifications.
9 The specifications must include the procedures for heat treatment of com
soldier speakers.
10 The maximum temperature of the steel and the cooling process must be controlled when corrections of
welding distortions are carried out by local application of heat.
11 During manufacture and assembly all precautions must be taken to ensure that the specified class of
friction surface for slip resistant joints is achieved.
12 At the time of assembly in the workshop, the contact surfaces must be free of any contaminating product,
such as oil, dirt or paint. Burrs that would prevent a solid settlement of the parts to be joined must be
removed. Oil should be removed from the steel surface by using chemical cleaners and not by torch
cleaning.
13 If bare surfaces cannot be reassembled directly after contact surface preparation, all thin oxide films and
other loose material should be removed by wire brushing. Care shall be taken not to mar or polish the
rough surface.
14 Closed areas or areas with difficult access after assembly must be previously treated, specifying in the
specifications if an internal protection treatment is going to be used or if it is going to be sealed by
welding, in which case the shall specify the sealing of closed areas that are crossed by mechanical
fasteners.
15 No surface treatment will be carried out on fasteners before they have been inspected.
10.8 Factory manufacturing control
1 All these operations must be documented and if a non-conformity is detected, if possible, it will be
corrected and retested and, if this is not possible, it can be compensated by making the appropriate
modifications in accordance with the specifications.
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10.8.1 Materials and manufactured products.

1 It will be verified by means of the documents supplied with the manufactured materials and products, that
these coincide with the orders. If a declaration from the supplier is not included that the products or
materials comply with the specifications, they will be treated as non-conforming products or materials.
10.8.2 Geometric Dimensions.

1 The methods and instruments for dimensional measurements may be selected from among those indicated in
UNE-EN-ISO 7976-1:1989 and UNE-EN-ISO 7976-2:1989, and the precision of the measurements may be
established according to with UNE-EN-ISO 8322.
2 There must be an inspection and test plan that establishes the location and frequency of the measurements,
as well as the reception criteria that will be in accordance with the manufacturing tolerances established
in this DB.
10.8.3 Procedure tests.

1
If after testing the processes do not conform, they should not be used until they have been corrected and
retested.
10.8.3.1 Oxicorte
1 Process capability should be checked periodically by producing four test procedure samples:
a) a straight cut sample of the thickest material cut;

b) a straight cut sample of the thinnest material cut;
c) a sharp corner sample;
d) a curved arch.
2 On each of the two straight samples, in a length not less than 200 mm, the surface will be evaluated, so that
the deviation from the right angle in the cut (u) in mm and the depth of the grooves on the faces of the
flame-cut sheet (Rz) in microns, comply with:
u < 1 + 0.015 a
Rz < 110 + 1,8 a
being
a material thickness in mm.

3 The value of Rz will be the average value of the amplitudes (z) of five individual lengths of measurement
tion (see figure 10.2).
Figure 10.2 Flame-cut edges. groove depth
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10.8.3.2 Processes in which local hardness can occur.

1 Process capability shall be checked by producing four samples from procedural tests, covering the range
of materials used where local hardening is most likely to occur. Four local hardness tests will be carried
out on each sample in accordance with UNE-EN-ISO 6507 in the most affected areas, the worst value
obtained should not exceed 380 HV 10.
10.8.3.3 Drilling process.

1 The process capability shall be checked periodically by producing eight samples from the procedure tests
covering the full range of hole diameters, thicknesses and types of materials used. The sizes of the
holes must comply at both ends with the H11 tolerance class of UNE-EN-ISO 286-2:1988.
10.8.4 Welding
1
Any test not included in this section must be indicated in the specifications.
2 The final inspection by non-destructive tests must be carried out after 16 hours of its completion (40 hours
in the case of butt welds in thicknesses greater than 40 mm.), and before it becomes inaccessible.
3 Carrying out corrections in non-conforming distortions obliges to inspect the welds located in that area.
4 The specifications must include the criteria for the acceptance of the welds, and the repaired welds must
meet the same requirements as the original ones.
10.8.4.1 Scope of inspection

1 The specifications will indicate whether or not non-destructive tests will be carried out, the methods to be
used and the location of the welds to be inspected, but a visual inspection must always be carried out
over the entire length of all welds, in which at least the presence and situation of the same, the size
and position will be verified, the surfaces and shapes will be inspected, surface defects and splashes
will be detected.
2 In the areas of union and outside the union in reinforced parts, transversal welds (in web and flange plates
before reinforcement or at angles in ends of overlapping joints), the first five joints of each type will be
tested with similar dimensions, the same materials and welding geometry and in which the same
procedure is used. If these first five meet the acceptance criteria, one in five joints of each type will be
tested.
3 In longitudinal welds, 0.5 m shall be tested every 10 m part, of all joints (including
going one on four solder ends).
4 In tie welding (purlins, buckling stiffeners, etc.) one will be tested in twenty points
Fixing.
5 In the event that more imperfections appear than those admitted, the frequency of
the essays.
6 A partial inspection will require a random selection of areas to be tested, taking into account the
type of knot, material and welding procedure.
10.8.4.2 Non-destructive testing methods.

1 In addition to visual inspection, the following methods are considered here: magnetic particle inspection,
liquid penetrant testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing.
cos.
2 Magnetic particle inspection, or if these are not possible, liquid penetrant tests, may be used for any
thickness in full penetration joints, fillet welds, and partial penetration joints.
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3 Ultrasonic tests can be used for butt, T, cross and corner joints, all of them by full penetration, when the
thickness in the thickest element is greater than 10 mm. In full penetration butt joints, radiographic tests
can be used instead of ultrasonic tests if the maximum thickness is less than 30 mm, although with some
reservation regarding the detection of root defects when welding on one side only with sheet metal. back
up
4 For fillet and partial penetration welds in tee, cross and corner joints, ultrasonic testing may be used where
the shortest side of the weld bead is not less than 20 mm. In these welds, ultrasonic tests can be used
to check the laminar tear.
10.8.5 Mechanical joints
1 All mechanical joints, pre-stressed or non-stressed after initial tightening, and friction surfaces shall be
checked visually. After checking the acceptance criteria, the joint must be redone if the non-conformity
comes from exceeding the criteria established for sheet thicknesses, other non-conformities can be
corrected, and must be inspected again after fixing it.
10.8.5.1 Additional inspections in connections with prestressed bolts.

1
The inspector will be present at the installation of at least 10% of the fasteners, and will witness the
removal and re-installation of all bolts for which the defined method has not been applied or if the
adjustment of the final indicator of the pretension does not is within the specified limits. You will later
inspect the entire group of these bolts.
2 When the torque control method has been applied, 10% of the bolts will be checked (with a minimum of
two), again applying a torque wrench capable of giving an accuracy of + 5%. If any nut or bolt turns 15
th
per inspection torque, all bolts in the group will be tested.
3 Non-conformities will be corrected by acting on all the non-conforming group bolts, using the correct
sequence and until all of them reach the correct tightening torque.
10.8.5.2 Test procedure.

1
If it is not possible to carry out adequate tests of already installed fasteners after completing a joint, the
working methods shall be inspected. The specifications will specify the requirements for procedural tests
on bolt prestressing.
10.8.6 Protective treatment.

1
If the cleaning process by blasting is used, the suitability of the process will be checked every three
months, selecting at least four points that are 300 mm apart. If the process is not compliant, it will not be
used until it is corrected.
2 A visual inspection of the surface will be carried out to ensure that the coating manufacturer's requirements
are met. The areas that are found to be non-compliant will be re-prepared and re-evaluated.
10.8.6.1 Coating thickness test.

1 A test will be carried out after drying, with sampling controls on at least four places in 10%, as a minimum,
of the treated components, using a UNE-EN-ISO 2808:2000 method. The average thickness must be
greater than that required and there will be no more than one reading per component, less than the
normal thickness and always greater than 80% of the nominal.
2 Nonconforming components will be treated and retested and if many failures appear a wet film test will be
used until the process is improved. In this test, the same control will be carried out as in the thickness
test after drying. In this test all wet film readings shall exceed the required dry film thickness.
SE-A-120
3 Repairs to coatings must comply with the manufacturer's instructions and be visually checked.
SE-A-121
11 Tolerances
11.1 Manufacturing tolerances
1 This chapter defines types of geometric deviations corresponding to building structures, and the maximum admissible values
for such deviations, and the tolerance requirements allowed should be identified in the specifications if they are different
from those established here.
2 In general, when adding an element to a prefabricated component, the corresponding deviations will be applied to the
complete product.
Welded double T profiles
Profile height:
- for hÿ900 mm ÿ=±3 mm
- para 900 mm<hÿ900 mm ÿ=±5 mm
- for h>1800 mm ÿ=+8 mm -5 mm
Anchor b1 o b2:
- for b1<300 mm ÿ=±3 mm
- for b1ÿ300 mm ÿ=±5 mm
Soul position: ÿ=±5 mm
b
Lack of perpendicularity: ÿÿÿ= the greater of: y 5 mm
100
b
Lack of flatness: ÿÿÿ= the greater of: y 3 mm
100
Note: if the (full web) beam is to be used as a rail beam, the upper flange
or head must have a deviation of less than ±1 mm over a width equal to
the rail width +20 mm
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Box sections
Deviation ÿ in the widths of an individual sheet:
- for b<300mm ÿ=±3 mm
- for bÿ300 mm ÿ=±5 mm
Difference between nominally similar diagonal distances:
ÿ=(d1-d2) con d1ÿd2
ÿ mayor
ÿ+ ÿÿÿ=
ÿ d1 de:
d2
the
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
400
ÿ
5mm
Deviation ÿ from straightness in the plane of the sheet:
ÿ ÿ ÿ bÿ 250
ÿÿÿ= the
greater
of: ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ 3mm ÿ
Deviation ÿ from straightness normal to the plane of the sheet:
ÿ ÿ ÿ bÿ ÿÿÿ=
the greater
500
Distortion ÿ in the width of the sheet or reference length:
ÿ ÿ ÿ bÿ ÿÿÿ=
the greater
250
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structural components
Length measured in the central axis or in the corner of a
joint between sheets:
- exact length: ÿ=±(2+L/5000) in mm

- components with both ends finished for full contact
support including end plates if applicable: ÿ=±1 mm
Flatness in both axes:

ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿL 1000
ÿÿÿ= the
greater of:
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ 3mm ÿ
Countershaft f in the middle of the length measured

with the horizontal of the web:
ÿ L ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 1000 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿÿÿ= the greater of: ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
6mm
Perpendicularity to the longitudinal axis:

- Unfinished for full contact support: ÿ=±D/300
- Finish for full contact support: ÿ=±D/1000
Web verticality in supports for components without

support stiffeners: ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ= the greater of: ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ h3mm ÿ
300
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webs and stiffeners

The deviations allowed for the distortion of the web are also applicable for the distortion of the wing.
Distortion ÿ in the height of the web or in the reference length:
ÿÿÿ= the greater of: y 3 mm

150
Deviation ÿ from straightness on the web plane:
d
250
Deviation ÿ from normal straightness (perpendicular) to the

plane of the web:
d
500
Deviation ÿ from the predicted position: ÿÿÿ=± 3 mm
Eccentricity between a pair of stiffeners: e= t/2
Holes and notches, edges and sheet thickness in bolted joints.

The deviation of a central axis of an individual hole from its intended position within a group of holes shall not be greater
than 2 mm. A hole may be ground 0.5 mm maximum to be aligned.
The difference in thickness between sheets that form a single layer, should not be greater than 2 mm in general or 1 mm
if prestressed bolts are used (see figure), and it is possible to incorporate for compliance steel lining sheets with a
thickness not exceeding 2 mm.
Hole size in mm
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Table 11.1 Nominal Hole Size

hole type M12 M14 M16 a M22 M24 M27 y mayor
Normal round and groove (in 1 1 2 2 3
width)
oversized round 3 4 4 6 8
In short slots (in the 4 4 6 8 10
longitudinal direction of the part)

The nominal length of the slotted holes must not be more than 2.5 times the nominal diameter of the bolt.
Deviation ÿ of a group of holes from their expected position: -

dimension a: ÿ=± 5 mm - dimension b: ÿ=± 2 mm - dimension
c: ÿ=± 5 mm - dimension d: when hÿ1000 mm ÿwhen =± 5 mm
h>1000
mm ÿ=± 4 mm
Deviation ÿ of the main dimensions of the notch:
- dimension d: - ÿ=± 2 mm-0 mm ÿ=±

dimension l: 2 mm-0 mm
Deviation ÿ of a cut edge of the shape at 90º: ÿ=+0.1 t
Splices and base plates for pillars.

The unintentional eccentricity of a column in a splice or in a base plate shall not exceed the value of 5 mm. The deviations
allowed for the base plates will also apply to the capital plates.
Lattice components
The deviations of the fabricated truss components should not exceed the values given in the figure
Deviations for node eccentricity in fabricated truss

components: - rectangle(panel) dimension p: ÿ = ± 5 mm -
cumulative dimension ÿp: ÿ = ± 10 mm - bracing straightness:
ÿ ÿ ÿ Lÿ ÿÿÿ=
the greater
500
Deviations for the node eccentricity in fabricated truss

components: - eccentricity at the node: ÿÿ*ÿ=B/20+ 5 mm
- B is the characteristic dimension of the bracing cross

section.
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Deviations for fabricated truss components of full cross

section after welding:
D: height (corner)
W: width
X: diagonal
Dÿ 300 mm: ÿ=± 3 mm
300<D<1000 mm ÿ=± 5 mm
Dÿ 1000 mm: ÿ=± 10 mm
And similarly with respect to W and X substituting for D
SE-A-128
11.2 Execution tolerances

Description Symbol tolerance Figure Observations
±20 mm para l ÿ30 m ±(20

Overall dimensions of the building as 11.1 For the height of the building, replace l with h
ÿl + 0,25 (l-30)) mm para 30 m
a whole 11.2
< l < 210 m
In the case of floor elements where there is no

allowance for leveling deviations from the
Floor Plan Upper Level nominal height, it may be appropriate to specify
ÿh1 ±5 mm 11.2
ÿh1 = +0 mm / -10 mm
Deviation in inclination of the pillars: a)

between slabs (distance hc) b) The maximum tolerance on the floor "n" depends
Vh 0,0035 hl
maximum deviation of the guideline 11.3 on the height hl and the number n of floors
Vl 0,0035 (ÿ hl) 3/(n+2)
Column deflection between consecutive

f0 0,015 hl 11.3
slabs (height hc)
In the case of beams supporting precast concrete

Lateral deflection of a beam (span lb) 0,0015 lb slabs, the minimum support height must be
f 11.4
ÿ 40 mm respected (see also ÿlb)
Unintentional eccentricity of a beam

e0 5 mm 11.5
support
Distance between adjacent pillars of 11.1

ÿls ± 15 mm
any section
Distance between adjacent beams 11.2

ÿlt ± 20 mm
of any section
Welded beams and columns: - hw= height of the web b=

local deflection of the web between width of the wing
fw hw /150
the upper and lower flanges - The fw value refers to the total web deformation
inclination of the web between the
vw hw /75 11.6
flanges - eccentricity of the web in Local deformations must not exceed fw = 6 mm in
relation to the center of one of the 1000 mm length
see b / 40
flanges
Parts attached to a beam or column 5 mm in any direction Example: joint covers, ba

e1 11.7
with
Base of a column in relation to the vertical In intentionally inclined geometries, axis

5 mm in any direction
axis that passes through the head of the e2 11.8 according to project direction.
lower column
Adjacent flashings of a beam 5 mm in any direction -

e1
Level of the support surfaces of the + 0 mm -

ÿhc 11.9
beams 10 mm
Position of the support surfaces for the

e3 ± 5 mm 11.9
pillars
Lack of flatness of plates in the case of

-
1 mm over a length of 300 -
contact surfaces.
mm
11.3
Arrow of pillars or beams f 0,001 hl , o 0,001 lb 11.4
SE-A-129
Description Symbol tolerance Figure Observations
Length of pre-fabricated components to be

+0 11.1
inserted between other components ÿlb, ÿlc
- 5 mm 11.2
ls distance between pillars ÿls

ls + ÿls
deviation of the distance between pillars l
length of run (total beams) ÿl deviation
lb + ÿlb
of the length of run
ls + ÿls lb length of beam ÿlb

deflection of beam length
l + ÿl
Figure 11.1
l1 + ÿl1
h1 level of the top face of a floor slab resting on the

hc + ÿhc column ÿh1 deviation from h1 hc length of the
h + ÿh column with its intermediate components ÿhc deviation
from hc l1 distance between adjacent beams ÿl1
h1 + h1 deviation from l1
Figure 11.2
SE-A-130
l0
Figure 11.3 Figure 11.4
axis
e0 e0
Figure 11.5
vw
see
e1
hw
fw
Figure 11.6 Figure 11.7
SE-A-131
e2
e2
Figure 11.8
theoretical
level of support
Dhc
hc
e3
Figure 11.9
SE-A-132
12 Quality control
12.1 General
1
The content of this section refers to the control and execution of work for its acceptance, regardless of what was carried out
by the builder.
2 Each of the quality control activities that are specified in this DB as a minimum, as well as the results derived from it, must be
documented in the final documentation of the work.
12.2 Quality control of project documentation

1
Its purpose is to verify that the documentation included in the project accurately defines both the structural solution adopted
and its justification and the necessary requirements for construction.
12.3 Quality control of materials
1 In the case of materials covered by a certificate issued by the manufacturer, control may be limited to establishing traces that
allow each element of the structure to be unequivocally related to the certificate of origin that endorses it.
2 When characteristics not supported by the certificate of origin of the material are specified in the project documentation (for
example, the maximum value of the elastic limit in the case of capacity calculation), a control procedure will be established
through tests carried out by a the independent laboratory.
3 When materials are used that, due to their unique nature, are not covered by a specific national regulation to which the certification
refers (deformable washers, headless screws, connectors, etc.), regulations or recommendations of recognized prestige may
be used.
12.4 Manufacturing quality control
1 The quality of each manufacturing process is defined in the workshop documentation and its control is intended to verify its
consistency with that specified in the general project documentation (for example, that the geometric tolerances of each
dimension respect the general ones, that the preparation of each surface will be suitable for subsequent treatment or assumed
friction, etc.)
2 The quality control of manufacturing has the objective of ensuring that it conforms to the specification.
each in the workshop documentation.
12.4.1 Quality control of workshop documentation
1 The manufacturing documentation, drawn up by the workshop, must be reviewed and approved by the project management. It
will be verified that the documentation consists of at least the following documents:
a) A manufacturing report that includes:
i) the calculation of the manufacturing tolerances of each component, as well as their coherence with the general
system of tolerances, the cutting and bending procedures, the movement of the pieces, etc.
ii) the welding procedures to be used, edge preparation, required preheating, etc.
SE-A-133
iii) the treatment of the surfaces, distinguishing between those that will form part of the welded
joints, those that will constitute the contact surfaces in screwed joints by friction or those intended
to receive some kind of protective treatment.
c) The shop drawings for each element of the structure (beam, column section, lattice cord section,
triangulation element, anchor plate, etc.) or for each simple component if the element required several
simple components, with all the necessary information for its manufacture and, in particular:
i) The material of each component.

ii) The identification of profiles and other products.
iii) The dimensions and their tolerances.
iv) The manufacturing procedures (heat treatments, machining, method of execution of holes and
grooves, etc.) and the tools to be used.
v) Countershafts.
vi) In the case of screwed joints, the types, dimensions, manner of tightening the screws.
them (specifying the corresponding parameters).
vii) In the case of welded joints, the dimensions of the beads, the type of preparation, the order of
execution, etc.
d) A plan of inspection points indicating the internal production control procedures developed by the
manufacturer, specifying the elements to which each inspection is applied, the type (visual, through
non-destructive tests, etc.) and level, the means of inspection, the decisions derived from each of the
possible results, etc.
2 Likewise, the compatibility between the different procedures will be checked with special care.
manufacturing cough and between these and the materials used.
12.4.2 Manufacturing quality control
1
It will establish the necessary mechanisms to verify that the means used in each process are suitable for
the prescribed quality.
2 Specifically, it will be verified that each operation is carried out in the order and with the specified tools
(especially in the case of cutting sheet metal and profiles), that the personnel in charge of each operation
have the appropriate qualifications (especially in the case of welders), that the appropriate traceability
system is maintained to identify the origin of each non-compliance, etc.
12.5 Assembly quality control

1 The quality of each assembly process is defined in the assembly documentation and its control is intended to
verify its consistency with that specified in the general project documentation.
2 The quality control of the assembly has the objective of ensuring that it conforms to that specified in the
workshop documentation.
12.5.1 Quality control of assembly documentation
1 The assembly documentation, prepared by the assembler, must be reviewed and approved by the project
management. It will be verified that the documentation consists of at least the following documents:
a) An assembly report that includes:

i) the calculation of the position tolerances of each component the description of the assembly
aids (provisional support bushings, lifting lugs, guide elements, etc.), the definition of the on-site
joints, the means of protection of welds, screw tightening procedures, etc.
SE-A-134
ii) safety checks during assembly.

a) Some assembly plans that schematically indicate the position and movements of the pieces during
assembly, the lifting means, the provisional props and, in general, all the information necessary
for the correct handling of the pieces.
b) A plan of inspection points that indicates the internal production control procedures developed by
the assembler, specifying the elements to which each inspection is applied, the type (visual,
through non-destructive tests, etc.) and level , the means of inspection, the decisions derived
from each of the possible results, etc.
2 Likewise, it will be verified that the positioning tolerances of each component are coherent with the
general system of tolerances (especially with regard to the setting out of base plates),
12.5.2 Assembly quality control

1
It will establish the necessary mechanisms to verify that the means used in each process are suitable
for the prescribed quality.
2 Specifically, it will be verified that each operation is carried out in the order and with the specified tools,
that the personnel in charge of each operation have the appropriate qualifications, that the appropriate
traceability system is maintained to identify the origin of each non-compliance, etc
SE-A-135
13 Inspection and maintenance
13.1 Inspection
1 Conventional building structures, located in normal environments and carried out in accordance with the
prescriptions of this DB and those of DB SI (Safety in case of fire) do not require a higher inspection
level than that derived from routine technical inspections. of the buildings. It is recommended that
these inspections be carried out at least every 10 years, except in the case of the first, which may take
place in a longer period.
In this type of inspection, special attention will be paid to identifying the symptoms of structural damage,
which will normally be of a ductile type and manifest as damage to the inspected elements (excessive
deformations causing cracks in enclosures, for example). The causes of potential damage will also be
identified (humidity due to filtration or condensation, inappropriate actions of use, etc.)
It is advisable that in the inspection of the building a specific one of the structure is carried out,
destined to the identification of damage of a fragile nature such as those that affect sections or joints
(localized corrosion, unexpected sliding of bolted joints, etc.) damage that cannot be identified through
their effects on other non-structural elements. It is recommended that this type of inspection be carried
out at least every 20 years.
2 Conventional industrial building structures (ships, roofs, etc.) are normally accessible for inspection. If the
structure remains in an interior and non-aggressive environment, it does not require inspections with
a periodicity greater than that mentioned in the previous section.
3 This section does not contemplate the specific inspection of structures subjected to actions that induce
fatigue. In this case, an inspection plan independent of the general one will be drawn up even in the
case of adopting the safe life approach in the fatigue test.
If the damage tolerance criterion has been adopted in the fatigue test, the inspection plan will be
adapted at all times to the available load data, without in any case justifying any reduction in the
planned inspection level.
4 This section also does not contemplate the specific inspection of those materials whose properties change
over time. This is the case of steels with improved resistance to corrosion, in which periodic inspection
of the protective oxide layer is justified, especially while it is being formed.
13.2 Maintenance
1
The maintenance of the metallic structure will be extended to the elements of protection, especially
those of protection against fire.
2 Maintenance activities will comply with the warranty periods declared by the manufacturers.
songs (of paintings, for example).
3 This section does not include specific maintenance operations for buildings subjected to actions that
induce fatigue. In this case, a maintenance plan will be drawn up independent of the general even in
the case of adopting the safe life approach in the fatigue check.
4 If the damage tolerance criterion has been adopted in the fatigue test, the maintenance plan must specify
the procedure to prevent the propagation of cracks, as well as the type of machinery to be used, the
finish, etc.
SE-A-137
Annex A. Terminology
1 The terms used in this DB conform to the definitions contained in the DB SE.
2 Union of force: the one destined to transmit the efforts resulting from the global analysis between the dis
red elements of the structure.
3 Binding union: the one that is not designed for this purpose but rather to keep such elements together
and in their initial position.
4 Splice: force connection between pieces in extension.
5 Fatigue damage: in a structural element it is due to the initiation and/or propagation of cracks
caused by repeated voltage fluctuations.
6 Quality control: set of activities that, carried out throughout the entire construction process, aim to verify
that the building complies with what is specified in this DB (either directly or by reference to other
documents), as well as what content in the specifications
SE-A-139
Annex B. Notation and Units
B.1 Notation
1
latin capital letters
A: area
A: accidental action value
AND: modulus of elasticity
AND:
effect of an action (with subscripts)
F: action
G: transverse modulus of elasticity
G: permanent action value

I: moment of inertia
L: length, light
M: bending moment
N: axial force
Q: variable share value
R: resistance (resistant capacity) (with subscripts)

S: steel (designation)
T: torque moment
S: rigidity
IN: shear strength
W: resilient modulus
2 Latin lowercase letters
a: distance
a: throat of a cord
b: width (usually one section)
c: width (usually of the brim of a section)
d: diameter
d: song (usually soul of a section)

It is: geometric imperfection
It is: distance from screw to sheet metal edge
f: arrow
f: endurance
f: frequency
h: height
h: song (usually of a section)

i:
radius of gyration of a section
SE-A-141
l:
length, light
m: distance from screw to breaking axis
p: step, separation
q: uniform load
s: distance
t: thickness
in: horizontal displacement of a structure or part thereof
In: vertical displacement of a structure or part of it
In: arrow, geometric imperfection
3 lowercase Greek letters

ÿ: ratio
ÿ: coefficient of thermal expansion
ÿ: imperfection factor
c: partial factor (of safety)
c: ratio between radius and tube thickness
ÿ: offset
ÿ: deformation
eh: root of the reference yield strength ratio to that of the steel used
ÿ: esbeltez
µ: coefficient of friction
n: Poisson's coefficient
ÿ: reduction factor
ÿ: densidad
ÿ: normal voltage
ÿ: tangential stress
ÿ: angle
ÿ: buckling reduction coefficient (resistances)
ÿ: reduction factor (shares)
4 subscripts
b: crush
b: error
b: screw
c: pillar
cr: critical value
d: calculation value
E: euler
E: effort, effect of actions
SE-A-142
It is effective
ef: effectual, efficacious
the: elastic
eq: equivalent
f: down
this: initials
k: characteristic value
LT: Lateral Buckling

M: material
M: relative to bending moment
max: maximum value
min: minimum value
N: relative to axial
net: net value
q: plate
plastic: plastic
A: resistance
U: ultimate (resistance)
w: alma
and:
relative to elastic limit
5 Regardless of the specific notation to be used in each section, this DB uses the
notation indicated in Figure B.1.
6 In the case of connections between hollow sections, the additional terms described in section
figure B.2. In particular:
a) Separation (g):
the distance, measured along the face of the chord, between the chords of the web bars (figure B.2.a). b) Overlap or
covering (ÿov):
the value (q/p) (usually measured as a percentage) (figure B.2.b).
7 In the case of trusses, the additional terms described in Figure B.3 are used.
SE-A-143
b b b
With
With With
tw tw t
hd and
h and
d yh
and and and
r
r
tf tf
With With With
b b
With With
r2
r2
tw r1 r1
two
hd d
and and hd and
tf tf
With
With
b/4 b/2
With
With
in
in in
in
h
h
and and and and
t t
in
in in With in
With
h b
Figure B.1 Dimensions and axes of sections
g lov = q/p (measured in %)
q
p
a) definition of separation b) definition of the cover (overlap)
Figure B.2 Spacing and covering of nodes
SE-A-144
Figure B.3 Trusses
B.2 Units
1 Many of the formulas and relationships expressed in this DB are dimensionless.
7 The International System of Measurement Units, SI, is used.
8 For calculations it is recommended to use the following units:
- forces and loads: kN, kN/m, kN/m²

- time: kg
- length: m, mm
- tensions: N/mm²
- moments: kN ·m
9 For practical purposes, the following correspondence between the force units of the MKS and SI systems may be considered:
1 kilopond [1 kp] = 10 Newton [10 N]
SE-A-145
Schedule C. Fatigue. SN curve method
C.1 General
1
The SN curve method presented is based on large-scale specimen fatigue tests that include geometric effects and structural
imperfections due to fabrication and assembly of the structure (for example, residual weld stresses in the beads). performed in
accordance with good practice).
C.2 Symbols
1 In addition to those listed in annex A, the following symbols will be used in this annex is
specific:
ÿÿ nominal stroke of normal stresses
ÿÿ nominal stroke of tangential stresses
ÿÿE; ÿÿE voltage strokes of equivalent constant amplitude corresponding to the maximum number of cycles nmax
ÿÿE,2; ÿÿE,2 equivalent constant amplitude voltage strokes corresponding to 2 million

cycles
ÿÿC; ÿÿC fatigue resistance for NC = 2 million cycles ÿÿD; ÿÿD fatigue limit for
stress strokes of constant amplitude
ÿÿL; ÿÿL truncation limit for voltage runs at a number of cycles NL
ÿÿC, red reduced reference value for fatigue strength
ÿFf partial factor for equivalent constant amplitude stress strokes ÿÿE; ÿÿE
ÿMf partial factor for fatigue resistance ÿÿC; ÿÿC
m slope of the fatigue strength curve
i equivalent damage factors
C.3 Fatigue check

1 It should be verified that, for the fatigue load:
cFfDs E,2
1ÿ (C.1)
/ Ds c Mf
C
c FfDt E,2
1ÿ (C.2)
/ ÿt cC Mf
and, in case of combined stresses:

3 5
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ c Ffÿt ÿ ÿ
Ff + ÿ1ÿÿ
ÿ
(C.3)
E,2 ÿ / ÿ C
ÿÿ ÿ E,2 ÿ / ÿCÿt ÿ
Mf ÿÿÿ
Mf
2 Voltage ranges due to frequent loads ÿl Qk are limited to:
ÿÿ ÿ 1,5f
and f
and (C.4)
ÿÿ ÿ 1,5
3
SE-A-147
3 Nominal stresses are calculated in linear regime and, as in the serviceability limit state, using the
properties of the gross section.
4 In truss girders, a hinged bar model can be used if second-order effects at the joints are accounted for
by k-factors applied to the nominal stresses according to the following tables:
Table C.1 Coefficients k1 to take into account the moments in connections of lattice girders of hollow circular
tubes
Union Type cords Amounts diagonals
K type 1,5 1,0 1,3

clearance joints
N-Type / KT-Type 1,5 1,8 1,4
K type 1,5 1,0 1,2

lap joints
N-Type / KT-Type 1,5 1,65 1,25
Table C.2 Coefficients k1 to take into account the moments in truss girder connections of hollow rectangular
tubes
Union Type cords Amounts diagonals
K type 1,5 1,0 1,5

clearance joints
N-Type / KT-Type 1,5 2,2 1,6
K type 1,5 1,0 1,3

lap joints
N-Type / KT-Type 1,5 2,0 1,4
5 Two reliability concepts are distinguished: damage tolerance and safe life. The first case presupposes
the inspection and maintenance of the structure in order to detect the progress of the cracks and
proceed with their repair if necessary. It is applied to situations in which, in the event of fatigue
damage, a redistribution of stresses between components or parts of the structure can be produced.
The safe life approach does not require regular inspection or maintenance and is applicable when the
formation of local cracks in some elements can quickly lead to the failure of the structure.
C.3.1 Partial safety factors for fatigue resistance
1 The values of ÿMf will be taken from Table C.3.
Table C.3 Partial coefficients
Consequences of failure
reliability concept
light Graves
damage tolerance 1,00 1,15
Safe life 1,15 1,35
C.3.2 Calculation of stress ranges
1 For typical details, the calculation is used in nominal stresses, defined as those that occur in the base
material according to elastic theory excluding all stress concentration effects.
SE-A-148
2 The design value of the rated voltage range is calculated by:
ÿ Ffÿÿ = ÿE,2
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿ1 2 L
Q
n Ff k
(C.5)
ÿ Ffÿÿ = ÿE,2
ÿ 12
L
( (n ÿ ÿt c Ff k
Q ))
being
Dsof
( c)(Ffuse
Q
)kthe(according
,stress range
to DB
caused
SE). The
by the
specification
specified fatigue
of saidloads
loadsFfwill
Qkinclude
ÿÿ ÿ forinthe
its values
specificfor
building
the calculation
and included
the partial
in its certificate
safety
factor ÿFf;
i equivalent damage factors that depend on the calculation spectrum.
3 For welded hollow section joints, geometric stress calculations are used, defined as the maximum principal stresses in the base
material adjacent to the root of the weld, taking into account stress concentration effects due to the particular geometry of the
detail. in study. In this case, the value of the modified nominal stroke is:
*
ÿFfÿÿ = k1 Ff ÿÿE,2
E,2 c
(
)
(C.6)
being
*
Ff ÿÿE,2 c value of the stress range calculated with a simplified model of hinged joints;
k1 amplification factor given in the tables above.
4 In details that do not include welds or when they have been subjected to a stress relief treatment, an effective stress range can be
considered made up of the tensile part of the real one and only 60% of the compression one.
5 The scale effect for thicknesses greater than 25 mm of the base material in which a crack can initiate and propagate must be
considered in the cases indicated in the detail category tables. The fatigue resistance is given by:
ÿÿC,red = k s ÿÿC (C.7)
being
ÿÿC value given as a detail category in said tables and ks the reducing coefficient of fatigue resistance due to scale effect, for
thicknesses greater than 25 mm, indicated therein.
C.3.3 Fatigue resistance
1 Fatigue strength at nominal stresses is defined by the SN curves in Figures C.1 and C.2 that apply to each detail category. This is
designated by a number that represents the reference values ÿÿc or ÿÿc for fatigue resistance at 2 million cycles in N/mm2.
The curves in Figures C.1 and C.2 are defined for nominal voltages of constant amplitude by the expressions:
m m 6 6
N ÿÿR = ÿÿ ÿ CR 2 10 with m 3 for
= N 5 10 ÿÿ (figure C.1) (C.8)
ÿÿR NR = ÿÿ mC2 ÿ10 with m = 5 for N ÿ 10 (figure C.2)

m 6 8
(C.9)
being
1/ m
ÿ 2ÿ
ÿÿ = Dÿ constant amplitude fatigue limit (figure C.1) (C.10)
ÿÿ ÿ ÿ C
ÿ
5
1/m
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ
= ÿÿ ÿ ÿ 2 truncation limit (Figure C.2) (C.11)
C
L ÿ ÿ 100
SE-A-149
For the spectrum of nominal stresses with stress ranges above and below the constant amplitude fatigue limit,
the fatigue damage is represented by the long curves:
m m 6 6
ÿÿR N R= ÿÿ 2 ÿ10 with m = 3 for N ÿ 5.10
C
(C.12)
ÿÿR N = ÿÿ 5 m
m 6 6 8
R ÿ10 with m = 5 for 5 ÿ10 ÿ N ÿ 10

D (C.13)
where
1/ m
ÿ ÿ5 ÿÿ
= ÿÿ ÿ ÿ is the truncation limit (Figure C.1) (C.14)
D
L ÿ 100 ÿ
2 The fatigue resistance categories ÿÿc or ÿÿc are found in the tables:
Board Detail
Table C.4 Seamless details
Table C.5 Sections reinforced by welding
Table C.6 Transverse butt welds

Table C.7 Welds and welded stiffeners
Table C.8 welded joints
Table C.9 Upper flange-web connection in rail beams

Table C.8 Hollow profile joints
Table C.9 Truss Girder Connections
1000
Constant amplitude limit (ÿÿD)

1
100
m
Cutoff limit (ÿÿL)
Normal
mm2 )
stress
range
(ÿÿR)
(N/
160
140
125
112 category
Detail
(ÿÿc)
100
m=3 90
80
71
63
56
50
45
40
36
2·106 5·106 m=5
10
104 105 106 107 108 109
number of cycles
Figure C.1 Fatigue strength curves for normal stress ranges
SE-A-150
1000
m=5
Tangential
mm2 )
stress
range
(ÿÿR)
(N/
100
Cutoff limit (ÿÿL)
100
80
Detail category (ÿÿc)
2·106
10
104 105 106 107 108 109
number of cycles
Figure C.2 Fatigue strength curves for ranges of shear stresses

3 The classification of the details has been established based on the stresses in the directions indicated in
the tables by the arrows, both on the section, when cracks can occur in the base material, and those
calculated in the weld beads when breakage can occur in them.
SE-A-151
Table C.4 Details without welds

detail Constructive details
category
Description Requirements
Note: the fatigue strength curve for category 160 is the laminated products and Details 1) to 3):
highest. No detail can achieve a higher fatigue strength for extruded: Sharp cuts, surface cracks and lamination
any number of cycles. 1/ Plates and plans cracks must be treated by grinding until they
2/ Rolled profiles are eliminated and leave smooth agreements.
160 3/Circular or rectangular
hollow sections know
seamless
4) All visible signs of edge discontinuities

Sheared or oxy cut plates: must be removed.
Flame-cut areas must be ground or rectified

4/ Material cut with gas or until all marks are removed.
with shears with subsequent
140
repass. Any machining marks caused, for example,
5/ Material with gas-cut by grinding, can only be parallel to the
edges present load directions.
Using shallow, regular drag
lines or gas-cut material with Details 4) and 5)
subsequent removal of edge Retracting angles must be smoothed by
marks. Gas cutting with quality grinding (slope ÿ ¼) or evaluated by
in accordance with EN 1090
appropriate stress concentration factors.
125
Weld fill repairs are not permitted.
6) and 7) Details 6) and 7) ÿÿ

100 calculated by:
Rolled and extruded products
m=5 as in details 1), 2) and 3) VS(t)
t=
It
When steels with improved corrosion resistance are used in details 1-5, use the next lower category
8/ Symmetrical double-sided
joint with high-resistance
prestressing bolts
112
8/ Symmetrical double-sided
joint with pre-tensioned
injection screws
For bolted joints
(Details 8 to 13) in ge
9/ Symmetrical joint with
double plate and calibrated neral:
screws 9/ ÿÿ calculated Distance to end:
on the net e1 ÿ 1.5 d
9/ Symmetrical joint with
section
double plate and injection
screws without pre Distance to the
tense edge of: e2 ÿ 1.5 d
10/ Union by means of a plate

Spacing:
90 band using high-pressure P1 ÿ 2'5 d
prestressed screws 10/ ÿÿ calculated P2 ÿ 2’5 d
endurance on the gross
section
band with prestressed injection
bolts
11/ ÿÿ calculated
11/ Piece with holes subjected
over the net
to bending and axial
section
SE-A-152

with calibrated screws
12/ ÿÿ calculated
80 12/ Union by means of a plate on the net section
with injection screws without
pretension
sar
13/ ÿÿ calculated
on the net section
50
14/ ÿÿ is calculated
14/ Screws and using the tensile area
bars in tension of the bolt. They must
with rolled or consi
scale effect tapped thread. bending and pulling
resulting from leverage
ÿ > 30 mm
50
or
1/ 4 For large diameters
ÿÿ ÿÿ
30
k
s
= ÿÿ (anchor bolts) from other sources.
ÿÿÿ
consider the scale In pre-tensioned
factor bolts, the reduction
of the tension
the. stroke must be
considered.
Screws with
simple cut or do
became 15/ ÿÿ is calculated
With the thread for the resistant area.
outside the cutting Additional loads and
plane deflections due to the
100 - Calibrated leverage effect as well
m=5 screws as the (favorable)
- Normal effect of prestressing
screws without shall be taken into
load inversions account.
(class 5.6, 8.8 or
10.9 screws)
SE-A-153
Table C.5 Welded reinforced sections

Detail
Category Constructive detail Description Requirements
Continuous longitudinal seams Automatic

butt seams on both sides. Details 1) and 2)
No interruption of the cord is
125 Automatic angled lacing. allowed unless it is repaired by a
The ends of the side bands must be specialist and the repair is inspected
checked using details 5) or 6) of table
C,6
Automatic butt or angled lacing made

from both sides but with breaks in the sol
deo.
4) If in this detail there are
112 interruptions in the welding, class 100
Automatic butt beads made from must be used
one side with a continuous backplate
without interruptions in the weld.
6) A perfect fit between the wing and

Manual butt or angled lacing
web plates is essential. The edge of
the web should be prepared so that
100 Manual or auto butt lacing
matics made from one side in box girders regular root penetration is achieved
without interruptions.
7) The original category can be

7) Butt or angled seams, executed recovered if a specialist grinds to
100 automatically or manually (details 1 to eliminate visible defects and if
6) and repaired. adequate control is carried out
80
8) Longitudinal angled beads 8) ÿÿ calculated from the normal
turn signals stresses on the flange
9) Longitudinal butt and angled, continuous

71
or intermittent chords with thicknesses of 9) ÿÿ calculated from the normal
diameter not exceeding 60 mm stresses in the flange
10) Longitudinal butt chords with both

125
sides ground parallel to the loading
direction, 100%
END
112 10) No grinding or interruptions
90 10) With interruptions
11) Free of defects outside the

11) Longitudinal seam with automatic tolerances of UNE-ENV 1090-1:1997
140 hard welding without interruptions in
hollow sections
Wall thickness t ÿ 12.5 mm
11) Longitudinal seam with automatic
125 hard welding without interruptions in
hollow sections 11) Wall thickness t > 12.5
mm
90
11) With start/stop positions
For details 1 to 11 reworked by machining, the categories corresponding to automatic welding can be applied.
SE-A-154
Table C.6 Transverse (Force) Butt Welds

Detail
All beads flush

without back plate two in direction of arrow Spill
Sheet metal splices plates removed after use,
Flange and web splices in plate edges ground in direction
welded reinforced beams prior of stresses Welded from both
to assembly sides; verified by END.
112
Full section butt chords in
rolled profiles without roughness
Splices in sheets of variable

width or depth with slopes ÿ ¼ Detail 3:
Rolled sections with the same
dimensions without tolerance
differences
The height of the overthickness

of the chord will not exceed
10% of its width, with a smooth
transition to the surface of the
Sheet metal splices
plate Spill sheets removed after
Full penetration butt beads in
use; Plate edges ground in the
rolled profiles without grooves
90
direction of the stresses.
Transversal splices in sheets
of variable width or depth with
Welded from both sides;
slopes ÿ 1/4
checked with END Details 5
and 7 Welds made in flat position
Scale effect
for
t > 25 mm All beads flush
ÿ ÿ
0,2 two in the direction of the
25
k = ÿ arrow
s
ÿ ÿÿ
t
Spill plates disposed of after
use; plate edges ground in
Full penetration butt beads of direction
90 rolled profiles with grooves tion of tensions
Welded from both the two;
verified by
END
Rolled sections with the same
dimensions without tolerance
differences
The height of the extra

thickness of the chord will not
exceed 10% of its width, with a
smooth transition to the surface
of the plate.
Transversal splices in welded non-insulated weld
reinforced beams without Spill plates disposed of after
grooves use; plate edges ground in the
Butt chords in full section of direction of the stresses
80 rolled profiles with grooves
Welded from both the two;
Transversal splices in sheets, verified by
rolled sections or reinforced END
beams Detail 10
The height of the overthickness
of the chord not greater than
10% of its width, with a smooth
transition to the surface of the
plate
Spill plates disposed of after

12) Butt welding in full section use; Plate edges ground in
63 of rolled profiles without the direction of the stresses.
thicknesses
Welded from both sides
SE-A-155
Detail
36
13) Butt Laces From One
Side Only
13) Butt laces from the side. 13) Without back plate
71
Only when full penetration is
checked by proper END
Scale effect
With back plate Details 14) and 15)
for t > 25 mm 14) Cross splice Fillet welds holding the back
71
15) Transversal splice with plate must terminate ÿ 10 mm
ÿ
25 ÿ
0,2
variable width or depth with from the edges of the loaded
= ÿ
k
s slope ÿ 1/4 Also valid for curved plate
ÿ t ÿÿ
plates
16) Butt transverse chords in When the angled chords of

a permanent backplate with
the dorsal plate end < 10 mm
50
variable depth or width with a from the edge of the plate, or if
slope ÿ 1/4 Also valid for
curved plates a good fit cannot be guaranteed
Scale effect for t > 25 mm and

generalization for eccentricity
17) Transversal butt weld, different
0,2
ÿ ÿ
71 t 1'5 thicknesses without transition, aligned
ÿÿÿÿ
25 ÿÿ
k s + t 16l 1 =
1 ÿÿ
ÿ ÿ
axes
1'5 + 2 t 1,5 t
ÿ t ÿÿ
ÿ
1
1
Same as
detail 1 in 18) Butt Lace Up Cross Wings
table
Details 18) and 19)
C,6 The fatigue resistance in the
perpendicular direction has to be
checked with the table
Same as
C,5, details 4 or 5
detail 4 in 19) With transition radius according to
table table C,5 detail 4
C,5
SE-A-156
Table C.7 Welded bushings and stiffeners

Detail
80 L ÿ 50 mm
71 50 < L ÿ 80 mm The thickness of the socket must be

Longitudinal bushings
less than its height.
1) The category varies according to
80 < L ÿ 100 Otherwise see table C,6 details 5 or
63 the length L of the bushing
mm 6
56 L > 100 mm
L > 100 mm a < 2) Longitudinal bushing to plate or tube

71
45º
3) Welded gusset with longitudinal

cord and transition agreement to the
plate or tube; the end of the reinforced
80 r > 150 mm cord (full penetration); reinforced Details 3) and 4)
chord length > r The radius of the transition fillet
formed by machining or gas cutting the
haunch prior to welding, subsequent
grinding of the bead area parallel to the
r
direction of the arrow so that the root of
ÿ 1/ 3
the cross weld is completely eliminated
90
L o well
r > 150 mm
4) Gusset welded to edge of plate or
1 1 beam flange
71 rÿÿ
6 L 3
r 1
50 <
L 6
5) Welded without transition

40
radius
Transversal bushings 6) Welded

Details 6) and 7)
to plate Vertical stiffeners welded
Bead ends carefully deposited to
80 t ÿ 50 mm to a beam or reinforced beam Box
eliminate any undercuts that may be
girder diaphragms welded to the
present. 7) ÿÿ is calculated using the
flange or web. Not possible for hollow
principal stresses if the stiffener ends
profiles. Also valid for annular stiffeners
at the web.
71 50 < t ÿ 80 mm
9) Connectors welded to the base

80
metal
SE-A-157
Table C.8 Strength Welded Joints
Constructive detail Description Requirements

Category of details
80 L < 50
As a result of the inspection,
71 50 < L < 80 it is verified that it is free of

All T discontinuities and
63 80 < L < 100 misalignments that exceed EN
Cross and T joints
1090. The modified nominal
56 100 < L < 120 stresses are used to calculate
1) Root failure in full
ÿÿ. In joints with partial
56 L > 120 t < 20 penetration butt welds and
penetration, 2 fatigue checks
partial penetration joints
120 < L ÿ 200 t > 20 are required. Root cracks are
50
L > 200 20 < t < 30 first checked by the stresses
defined in section 5 using
200 < L ÿ 300 t > 30
45 category 36* for ÿÿW and
L > 300 30 < t < 50
category 80 for ÿÿW.
40 L > 300 t > 50
2) Root failure from the

edge of the
Bushing to the plate, with
As detail 1 stress peaks at the ends of
the chord due to local
formations of the plate
The root cracking is then
calculated by calculating ÿÿ in
the bearing plates Details 1) to
3) Root failure in butt joints 3)
with T section and partial
penetration or angled beads The misalignment of the
and total effective penetration bearing plates must not
36*
exceed 15% of the thickness
of the intermediate plate
it goes in a T union to the
butt
ÿÿ on the main plate is

Welded joints with cover calculated based on the
joints area shown on the sketch.
According
4) Angle welded joint with ÿÿ is calculated on the cover
to detail 1
joint cover plates Details 4) and 5)
facing
End of bead more than

10 mm from end of plate.
joint cover
5) Fillet welded joint with Check (using detail 8) for
45*
flashing shear cracking in the weld
tc < t tc ÿ t 6) If the sidewall is wider than

the brim, a front bead is
56* t ÿ 20 --
Platbands in beams and required. This weld must be

carefully deposited to eliminate
20 < t ÿ reinforced beams
50 t ÿ 20 undercuts. The maximum
30 6) End zones of simple or
length of the plating is 300 mm.
multiple side frames with
30 < t ÿ or without frontal welding For shorter bushings see detail
45 20 < t ÿ 30
50 1)
40 t > 50 30 < t ÿ 50
36 --
t > 50
7) Frontal bead for

positioning and lowering.
Furthermore, if tc > 20 mm the
7) Joint covers on beams
56 front of the plate at the contact
and reinforced beams
end with a slope < ¼
SE-A-158
8) ÿÿ is calculated from
the throat area of the
8) Continuous angle bead 9) ÿÿ is calculated
chords transmitting
from the throat area
shear flow, such as in
considering the total
a web welded to a flange
80 length of the weld. The
in reinforced girders
m=5 end of the beads more
Angle chord with flashing.
than 10 mm from the
edge of the plate
see Cutting connectors 10) ÿÿ is calculated on

EN 1994-2 the nominal section of the
(90 m = 8) 10) For use in mixed connector
structures
11) Tubular hinged

11) Root deposited
joint with 80% full
71 from the weld. ÿÿ is
penetration butt weld calculated in the tube
12) Tubular joint joint

40 with ras welded at angle 12) ÿÿ calculated in the
tube
SE-A-159
Table C.9 Union of upper flanges to webs of rail beams
Constructive detail Description Requirements

Category of details
160 1) I or H rolled profiles

1) Range of vertical
compressive stresses ÿÿvert
in the web due to wheel loading
71
2) Butt welding with the
total netration
3) Butt beads of effective

36* partial penetration or full
penetration (EN.1993-1.8)
3) Compressive stress
range ÿÿvert in the weld
throat due to wheel load
36* 4) Fillet welds
5) The vertical compressive

5) T section flange with
stress range ÿÿvert in the
71 full penetration butt weld
web due to wheel load
6) T section flange with partial

36*
penetration in butt weld or
effective full penetration
according to EN.1993-1.8
6) Compressive stress
range ÿÿvert in the weld
throat due to wheel load
36*
7) T-section flange with
fillet welds
SE-A-160
Table C.10 Hollow sections

Detail
1) Tube-plate joints; flattened tubing, 1) ÿÿ calculated on the tube.

butt weld (X groove) Only valid for tube diameters less
than 200
mm
71
2) tube-plate junction; slotted tube 2) ÿÿ calculated on the tube.

71 ÿ ÿ 45º
and welded to the plate. Shear cracking in the weld shall
Holes at the end of the be checked using table 8.5, detail
slot 8)
63 ÿ > 45º
Transverse butt joints Details 3) and 4)

3) Butt-welded joints, end-to-end Weld convexity ÿ 10% of bead
71 between hollow circular structural width, with transition
sections
soft nes.
Welded in flat position, inspected
4) Circular or rectangular hollow and free of defects greater than
structural sections joined by angle UNE-ENV 1090-4:1998 tolerances
56 chords
Classifiable in 2 categories
higher ace if t > 8 mm
welded accessories 1) Welds that do not

5) Hollow, circular or rectangular transmit loads. - width
structural sections parallel to stress direction L ÿ 100
71 lares joined by cords at an angle to
another section mm
- for other cases see table
8.4
welded joints Details 6) and 7)

6) Hollow circular structural - Bearing welds
50 sections; butt welded, end to end - After inspection and
with an intermediate plate without finding defects
greater than tolerances 2
ENyyy
7) Hollow rectangular structural - Classified in 1 category
sections; butt welded, end to end higher estuary if t > 8 mm
45 with an intermediate plate
8) Butt-welded, hollow circular Details 8) and 9)

structural sections, end-to-end with - Bearing welds
40 intermediate plate - Wall thickness t ÿ 8 mm
9) Hollow rectangular structural

sections, butt welded, end to end
36 with intermediate plate
SE-A-161
Table C.11 Hollow sections
Constructive detail Requirements

Category of details
Joints with clearance: detail 1); joints K and N; hollow circular structural Details 1) and 2)
90 t0 sections A separate check is required for chords and
2,0 ÿ
m=5 t
i
diagonals. t 0
For intermediate values of the index in

t
i
t
0 interpolate linearly between categories
45 ÿ 1,0 of the details.
m=5 t
i
Fillet welds are allowed for diagonals with wall
thickness t ÿ 8 mm t0 and ti ÿ 8 mm 35º ÿ ÿ ÿ 50º b0/
t0 . t0/ti ÿ 25 d0/t0 . t0/ti ÿ 25 0.4 ÿ bi/b0 ÿ 1.0 0.25 ÿ
t0 Joints with clearance: detail 2): joints K and N; hollow circular structural di/d0 ÿ 1.0 b0 ÿ 200 mm d0 ÿ 300 mm - 0.5 h0 ÿ li/p
2,0 ÿ
71 m = 5 sections
t
i ÿ 0.25 h0 - 0.5 d0 ÿ li/p ÿ 0.25 d0 eo/p ÿ 0.02 b0 or ÿ
0.02 d0 (eo/p is the out-of-plane eccentricity)
t
36 0
ÿ 1,0
m=5 t
i
Detalle 2)
0,5 (b0 – bi) ÿ g ÿ 1,1 (b0 – bi) g ÿ 2
t0
t0 Overlapping joints: detail 4): Details 3) and 4)

71 ÿ 1,4
m=5 t
N-joints; hollow circular structural sections 30% ÿ overlap ÿ 100%
i
Separate check of chords and diagonals is required.
For intermediate values of the index t0/ti, interpolate

linearly between categories of
details.
Fillet welds are allowed for diagonals with wall
t thickness t ÿ 8 mm t0 and ti ÿ 8 mm 35º ÿ ÿ ÿ 50º b0/
0
= 1
t0 . t0/ti ÿ 25 d0/t0 . t0/ti ÿ 25 0.4 ÿ bi/b0 ÿ 1.0 0.25 ÿ
56 m = 5 t
i di/d0 ÿ 1.0 b0 ÿ 200 mm d0 ÿ 300 mm - 0.5 h0 ÿ li/p
ÿ 0.25 h0 - 0.5 d0 ÿ li/p ÿ 0.25 d0 eo/p ÿ 0.02 b0 or ÿ
0.02 d0 (eo/p is the out-of-plane eccentricity)
t
0
Overlapping joints: detail 4): ÿ 1.4
N-joints; hollow rectangular structural sections
t
71 m = 5 i
t
0
= 1
50 m = 5 t
i
SE-A-162
C.4 Check
1 Damage accumulation or equivalent run formats are admissible. It includes the following steps, each of
which will be reflected in the corresponding section of the project report:
a) definition of the elementary load record (for example, each pass of the trolley on an overhead crane)
and the number of times it is repeated throughout the useful life of the structure. The definition of
the load register and the number of repetitions will be given in each case by the particular
specifications of the system;
b) definition of the structural details to be checked (for example, the flange chords of a welded splice in
a runway beam) and obtaining the elementary stress record (for example, the normal stresses in
the flanges in the section of said splice) . The stress calculation procedure will follow what is
established in the preceding sections and will take into account, when appropriate, the possible
effects of amplification due to the dynamic nature of the actions;
c) determination of the number of cycles and their amplitude (stroke). “Pool drain” or “water flow”
methods are acceptable. It is not necessary to consider cycles whose strokes are less than the
cutoff limit. The result of this operation, weighted by the number of times the load cycle is repeated
throughout the useful life of the structure, is represented in the form of a spectrum;
d) drawing of the spectrum of amplitudes (runs);

e) Obtaining, for each stress range, the number of cycles until failure. Entering the SN curves
corresponding to the analyzed detail with the design stress range (multiplied by ÿFf) the number of
cycles to failure NRi is obtained ;
f) obtaining accumulated damage according to the Palmgren-Miner rule.
2 Once the total damage is obtained, the verification criteria can be formulated in damage (simply verify that
the accumulated damage is less than unity) or in the equivalent stress race.
because.
SE-A-163
Definition of the elementary load register
Definition of the details to be checked and obtaining

the voltage record in each one
0,25
-0,25
-0,5
-0,75
-1
-1,25
-1,5
-1,75
-2
-2,25
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
Time)
0,25
-0,25
-0,5
-0,75
Determination of the number of cycles and their -1
ÿ1
ÿ2
amplitude -1,25
-1,5
-1,75
-2
ÿ
ÿ1
ÿ2
ÿ3
spectrum representation
ÿ4
N
n1 n2 n3 n4
1 103
Obtaining the number of cycles until failure 100
10
1 104 1 105 1 106 1 107 1 108 1 109
Check (Palmgren criterion n n n n
ÿ =i+ + + ÿ 1 1 1
... D d
Miner) N
i
N
1
N
1
N
1
Figure C.3 Check format
SE-A-164
Annex D. Reference Standards

Titles of the UNE Standards cited in the text: they will be taken into account for the purposes included in the text.
UNE-ENV 1993-1-1:1996 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1-1: General Rules. General rules
and rules for building.
UNE-ENV 1090-1:1997 Execution of steel structures. Part 1: General rules and rules for building.
UNE-ENV 1090-2:1999 Execution of steel structures. Part 2: Supplementary rules for plates and cold-
formed thin parts.
UNE-ENV 1090-3:1997 Execution of steel structures. Part 3: Supplementary rules for high elastic limit
steels.
UNE-ENV 1090-4:1998 Execution of steel structures. Part 4: Supplementary rules for hollow section
lattice structures.
UNE-EN 10025-2 Hot-rolled products, of non-alloy steel, for metallic constructions of general
use. Part 2: Technical supply conditions for flat products.
UNE-EN 10210-1:1994 Hollow sections for construction, hot-finished, fine-grained non-alloy steel. Part
1: technical supply conditions.
UNE-EN 10219-1:1998 Cold-formed hollow sections for construction made of fine-grained, unalloyed
steel. Part 1: Technical supply conditions.
UNE-EN 1993-1-10 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1-10: Selection of materials with
resistance to fracture.
UNE-EN ISO 14555:1999 Soldeo. Arc welding of asparagus of metallic materials.
UNE-EN 287-1:1992 Qualification of welders. Fusion welding. Part 1: steels.
UNE-EN ISO 8504-1:2002 Preparation of steel substrates prior to the application of paints and related
products. Surface preparation methods. Part 1: General principles.
products. Surface preparation methods. Part 2: Cleaning by abrasive blasting.
products. Surface preparation methods. Part 3: Manual and power tool cleaning.
UNE-EN ISO 1460:1996 metallic coatings. Hot-dip galvanizing coatings on ferrous materials. Gravimetric
determination of mass per unit area.
UNE-EN ISO 1461:1999 Hot-dip galvanized coatings on finished iron and steel products. Specifications
and test methods.
UNE-EN ISO 7976-1:1989 Tolerances for the building -- methods of measurement of buildings and of
building products -- part 1: Methods and instruments
SE-A-165
UNE-EN ISO 7976-2:1989 Building tolerances -- Methods of measurement of buildings and building
products -- Part 2: Position of measuring points.
UNE-EN ISO 6507-1:1998 metallic materials. Vickers hardness test. Part 1: Test methods.
UNE-EN ISO 2808:2000 Paints and varnishes. Movie thickness determination.
UNE-EN ISO 4014:2001 Hex head bolts. Class A and B products. (ISO 4014:1990).
UNE EN ISO 4016:2001 Hex head bolts. Class C products. (ISO 4016:1999).
UNE EN ISO 4017:2001 Hex head screws. Class A and B products. (ISO 4017:1999).
UNE EN ISO 4018:2001 Hex head screws. Class C products. (ISO 4018:1999).
UNE EN 24032:1992 Hexagon nuts, type 1. Class A and B product. (ISO 4032:1986)
UNE EN ISO 4034:2001. hex nuts. Class C product. (ISO 4034:1999).
UNE-EN ISO 7089:2000 Flat washers. regular series. Class A product. (ISO 7089:2000).
UNE-EN ISO 7090:2000 Chamfered flat washers. regular series. Class A product.
(ISO 7090:2000).
UNE-EN ISO 7091:2000. Flat washers. regular series. Class C product. (ISO 7091:2000).
SE-A-166

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Basic Document SE-A

Text modified by RD 1371/2007, of October 19 (BOE 10/23/2007)

Basic Document SE-A Steel

1.1 Scope of application and prior considerations 1.2 Particular

6 ultimate limit states

7 Serviceability limit states

7.1 Deformations, deflection and collapse 7.2

8.6 Resistance of the means of union. welded joints

Basic Document SE-A Steel

13 Inspection and maintenance

Annex B. Notation and Units

Schedule C. Fatigue. SN curve method

Annex D. Reference Standards

Basic Document SE-A Steel

1.1 Scope of application and preliminary considerations

1.2 Particular conditions for compliance with DB-SE-A

Basic Document SE-A Steel

2.2.1 Types of verification

2.2.2 Modeling and analysis

2.3 Ultimate limit states

2.3.1 Conditions to be verified

Basic Document SE-A Steel

2.3.2 Effect of actions

2.3.3 Partial safety factors to determine resistance

b) ÿM1 = 1,05 partial safety factor related to instability phenomena

2.4 Serviceability limit states

2.4.1 Conditions to be verified

1 It is considered that there is an adequate behavior, in relation to deformations, vibrations or deterioration, if it is

2.4.2 Effect of actions

2.4.3 Elastic properties.

2.5.1 Design value

ad design value of a geometric dimension,

youth nominal value of the same dimension, in the project.

2.5.2 Deviations from a geometric dimension

Basic Document SE-A Steel

Basic Document SE-A Steel

d) direct contact with plasters.

9 In those structures that, as a consequence of the indicated environmental considerations, it is necessary to

Basic Document SE-A Steel

4.2 Steel in sheets and profiles

Table 4.1 Minimum mechanical characteristics of UNE EN 10025 steels

Nominal thickness t (mm)

t ÿ 16 16 < t ÿ 40 40 < t ÿ 63 3 ÿ t ÿ 100

S235J0 235 225 215 360 0

S275J0 275 265 255 410 0

355 345 335 470

S355K2 (1) -20

S450J0 450 430 410 550 0

(1) A minimum energy of 40J is required.

3 The following are characteristics common to all steels:

- Rigidity modulus: G 81.000 N/mm2

Basic Document SE-A Steel

Table 4.2 Maximum thickness (mm) of sheets

4.3 Screws, nuts and washers

Class 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9

Yield stress fy (N/mm2 ) 240 300 480 640 900