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2022-2023 Level 4 Grammar Pack PDF
2022-2023 Level 4 Grammar Pack PDF
GRAMMAR PACK
2022-2023
UNIT 1 - PRESENT TENSES
İzzet Koçmarlı lives in a small village near Kırklareli, and he rides his bike to city center
every morning to open his small shop. He has been making brooms for 52 years ever since
his father taught him. While he is holding a piece of broom bush at his hands, he smiles:
“Even though I am old, I am working in a fast pace. See? I have made 50 brooms today.”
Although he continues to make brooms, he knows that technology has already killed this
profession and there is no future for old traditions.
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1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT
States or Conditions
We know a lot about changes in language learning.
• The simple present is used to make general, timeless statements and talk about repeated or
habitual activities. It is often used with stative verbs to talk about states and conditions.
***The present continuous is used to talk about what is happening at the exact moment of
speaking or over a period of time (this week, these days). The continuous form can imply that the
activity is temporary or changing. Verbs with stative meanings (like know and have) are not usually
used in the continuous.
X We are knowing a lot about changes in language learning (INCORRECT as ‘know’ is a stative
verb)
EXERCISE 1: Use the verbs with the correct form, Present Simple or Present Continuous.
1. My husband _________(always / taste) the food while I'm cooking! It's very annoying.
2. What ____________(you / think) about the war?
3. She ___________(have) a headache.
4. I __________(not / see) anything, I can't work the telescope?
5. ______ you______(have) a good time at the moment?
6. The chef always ________(taste) the food before he serves it.
7. I ________(think) too much about my ex-boyfriend.
8. Luke ________(see) the doctor now.
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EXERCISE 2: Simple Present and Present Progressive. Complete the account of a day in the life
of James Marx, magazine writer and internet blogger. Circle the correct answers.
Today is Monday, one of the two days a week that (I telecommute)/ I’m telecommuting. On these
days, I walk/ I’m walking about 50 steps to my home office, turn on/ am turning on the computer,
and start/am starting writing. For some reason, my computer printer gives/ is giving me problems
today., so at the moment, I try/ I’m trying to fix it. Ah, here we go. It works/ It’s working again.
This week, I write/ I’m writing on my blog about the dangers of the text messaging. Currently, our
state legislature considers/ is considering a law that would prohibit texting while driving or
operating machinery. I think/ I’m thinking it would be a good idea to pass the law.
It’s now 12.30 p.m., time for lunch. On these days I spend/ I’m spending at home, I make/ I’m
making my own lunch. On the other days, I have/ I’m having lunch in the company cafeteria.
It’s 3.30 p.m. I finished my blog an hour ago, and now I do/ I’m doing some Internet research for
an article I ‘m going to write in a few days. I love/ I’m loving these quiet days at home.
Activities and States Beginning in the Past and Continuing in the Present
The present perfect: The present perfect is used to show how something that happened in the
past relates to the present. It provides background information for present events and situations.
Recent and indefinite past time: The present perfect is often used to talk about activities and
states that were completed recently or at an indefinite time in the past. These sentences can
answer the questions: How much? or How many times?
Because it is a present form, the present perfect is not used with specific past time markers.
X I’ve visited China last year (INCORRECT)
X He’s written 30 pages on the book last night. (INCORRECT)
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Continuing past time: The present perfect can be used to express activities that began in the
past and continue up to the present, usually with time expressions like for, since or all. These
can answer the question: How long? Stative verbs (like be, have and know) and other verbs that
express duration (like wait and keep) are commonly used with this meaning. Other verbs that
express completion are not used with for and since.
• The present perfect continuous is also used to show how something that happened in the
past relates to the present. It is not used as often as the present perfect.
• The present perfect continuous is used to express activities that began in the past and
continue up to the present, or activities that were in progress but have just ended. It
emphasizes that the activity is ongoing. It can imply that the activity is temporary.
• With time expressions like for and since, present perfect continuous sentences can answer
the question: How long? Verbs with stative meanings are not usually used in the continuous.
The present perfect continuous can also be used to talk about unfinished actions that started in
the past and are still true in the present. (Of course, we don't use the present perfect continuous
with stative verbs):
• She's been living here for three years.
• X I’ve been knowing about it since last week (INCORRECT)
Sometimes there's really no difference in meaning between the two tenses. This is especially the
case with verbs such as 'live', 'work' and 'study':
• They've lived in London since 2004.
• They've been living in London since 2004.
• I've studied French for ten years.
• I've been studying French for ten years.
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Sometimes, there is a difference in meaning:
The present perfect continuous can be used to emphasize the length of time that has passed.
The present perfect simple is generally neutral:
• They've been waiting for hours! (This emphasizes the length of time).
• They've waited for hours. (This doesn't emphasize the length of time).
On the other hand, the present perfect simple is often used when we're talking about how much
or how many. This isn't possible with the present perfect continuous:
• She's drunk three cups of coffee this morning.
• She's drunk at least a litre of coffee today.
The present perfect continuous often focuses on the action itself, while the present perfect simple
focuses on the fact that the action is completed:
• I've been reading the book you recommended. (I'm enjoying it, but I'm not finished).
• I've read the book you recommended. (I've finished it, so we can talk about it).
This difference is often used to talk about different kinds of results in the present. The present
perfect simple is used when the action is finished, and the result comes from the action being
finished:
• I've eaten dinner, so let's go out.
• She's done all her homework, so she can relax this evening.
• I've made a cake. Would you like some?
The present perfect continuous is used when the result comes from the action itself. It doesn't
matter if the whole action is finished or not. The result is often something we can see, hear, smell,
or feel:
• I've been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table.
• She's been doing her homework, so she's tired.
• I've been making a cake, that's why the kitchen is such a mess.
Finally, the present perfect continuous can be used to emphasize that something is temporary:
• She's been running a lot recently. (She doesn't usually do this).
• Usually I study at home, but I've been studying in the library for the last week.
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EXERCISE 3: Write the correct form of the verbs. Use present perfect simple or present perfect
continuous.
Action Verbs
Action verbs (also called active or dynamic verbs) describe actions. Action verbs carry the
suggestion that the subject is in front of the action.
Use simple verb forms (without -ing) to describe all of an action – the action in general.
• I write articles for psychology magazine.
• Computers perform tasks quickly.
Use progressive verb forms (with -ing) to describe past of an action -in progress at a specific
time.
• Right now, I’m writing my blog.
• Today, my computer is performing well.
Non-Action Verbs
Non action verbs describe states such as appearance, mental states, perceptions, possession,
and wants. We most often use non-action verbs in the simple form and not in the progressive.
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Here are some common stative/non-action verbs:
Like, know, belong, love, realize, fit, hate, suppose, contain, want, need, understand, seem,
prefer, believe, depend, agree, remember, matter, mind, recognize, see, own, appear, be,
look=seem, sound, taste, smell, hear, disagree, promise, think=have an opinion, wish, have, feel=
have an opinion, owe, possess.
Think
• think (stative) = have an opinion - I think that coffee is great
• think (action) = consider, have in my head - what are you thinking about? I'm thinking
about my next holiday.
Have
• have (stative) = own- I have a car
• have (action) = part of an expression- I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time /
a break
See
• see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand- I see what you mean I see her now, she's
just coming along the road
• see (action) = meet / have a relationship with- I've been seeing my boyfriend for three
years- I'm seeing Robert tomorrow
Taste
• taste (stative) = has a certain taste- The coffee tastes really bitter
• taste (action) = the action of tasting- The chef is tasting the soup
1. Wait! I need some more time. I am thinking/ think about the answer.
2. I have never eaten passion fruit before, it is tasting/ tastes too sweet.
3. She has/ is having a baby! Her husband is waiting in front of the surgery room.
4. Why don’t you stop doing that? You are being/ are a jerk and she won’t like you.
5. The blind man is feeling/ feels the Braille Alphabet on the ticket machine in order to
understand what it says.
6. Sally is/ is being a very calm person; she never gets angry.
7. I am supposing/ suppose that hat is belonging/ belongs to Suzanne.
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EXERCISE 5: Write the correct form of the verbs. Use present simple, present continuous,
present perfect and present perfect continuous tense.
1. I _______ (never come) across such a big snake in my life. What about you?
2. My wife and I _____ (have) a few problems recently and I have to admit that our
relationship______ (get) a bit boring since our daughter left for university.
3. I _______ (lead) a very busy life these days. I _____ (prepare) for my final exams and at the
same time I ______ (try) to move to my new apartment. You can't imagine how tired I am.
4. The digestive system _________(be) a group of organs that ________(function) primarily to
convert ingested food into metabolically useful substances.
5. Anatomy ________ (be) the branch of biology that _______ (deal) with the structure and
organization of living things.
6. Most people ________ (not like) being disturbed when they ______(work).
7. Because anxiety often ______(have) more than one cause and is experienced in highly
individual ways, its treatment usually _________(require) more than one type of therapy.
8. How many of these questions (you/manage) ________ to get right so far?
9. He's an awful driver. He (have) _________ four accidents in the last three months.
10. So, what (you/do) ___________ since I last saw you? What's new?
1. I ………... the new museum yet. Is it 9. I can’t buy those shoes because…….
nice? all my money.
a. don’t visit a. already I’ve spent
b. haven’t been visiting b. I’ve been spending already
c. haven’t visited c. I’ve already spent
d. am not visiting d. already have I spent
2. Monica hasn’t finished her 10. She needs to go for a walk. She…….
homework………... at her desk all day.
a. already a. has been sitting
b. still b. has sat
c. yet c. is sitting
d. recently d. sits
3. Toby is happy nor because he………. 11. I………. anything like it before. It’s
his dream job. amazing!
a. is finding a. don’t see
b. finds b. am not seeing
c. has been finding c. haven’t been seeing
d. has found d. haven’t seen
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4. Marie’s in a rock band. She………. 12. You should help Lucy because
the electric guitar. she……. it before.
a. has played a. hasn’t done
b. is playing b. doesn’t do
c. plays c. hasn’t been doing
d. has been playing d. isn’t doing
5. Oh no! There……. the last bus! 13. We……. them several emails, but
a. has gone they still haven’t responded.
b. has been a. are sending
c. goes b. send
d. is going c. have been sending
6. There you are! I……… for you all d. have sent
morning! 14. Call her at the office. She is ………
a. have looked there at this time.
b. am looking a. seldom
c. have been looking b. usually
d. look c. rarely
7. ……… lunch yet? Would you like to d. regularly
join? 15. Karen……… to driving lorries. She
a. Are you having has been doing it since she left
b. Do you have school.
c. Have you been having a. gets used
d. Have you had b. is getting used
8. Jack doesn’t use the car during the c. is used
week because he………. to work. d. has been getting used
a. is walking
b. walks
c. has been walking
d. has walked
Exercise 7: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words, including the word given.
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UNIT 2 – PAST TENSES
Exercise 1: Read the text and choose the correct option in each pair below.
2. A. Before sending the e-mail, he didn’t realize he clicked on the wrong name.
B. He realized he clicked on the wrong name before sending the mail and corrected it.
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Past Time
Present Perfect
Have/has + Past Participle
The couple has chosen the date fort he party.
They have already sent the invitations.
Past Time: After a Time in the Past but Before Now (Future in the Past)
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GRAMMAR NOTES EXAMPLES
1. Use the Simple Past to express an • Runze wanted to get married. (General)
action, event or state completed at a • She filled out an application form
general or specific time in the past. several days before the wedding.
(Specific)
Remember that many of the most
common verbs have irregular past forms • Weinlick and Runze met five days
and past participles. before they got married.
2. Use the Past Progressive to express • Runze was studying pharmacy at the
an action that was in progress (= not University when she decided to get
finished) at a time in the past. married.
3. Use the Present Perfect to express an • How many Americans have ever
action, event, or state completed at an considered an arranged marriage?
indefinite time in the past. • Weinlick got married a few years
ago.
!!! Be Careful: Do not use the present
NOT Weinlick has gotten married a
perfect with a past time-expression.
few years ago.
Note: The simple past is the definite past. • The two met on June 8, 1998.
The present perfect is the indefinite past. • They have already met.
• I have attended many weddings
Remember that the present perfect also since then.
connects the past and the present.
4. Use used to + base form to Show a • Kayoko used to play tennis a lot.
habitual action, event, or state that was • When we were children, we would
true in the past but is no longer true. spend every summer in Maine.
• I used to live in Chicago.
You can also use would + base form to • Sarah used to be a marriage counsellor.
express actions or events that occurred
regularly during a period in the past. • We used to have a summer home.
Be Careful! Used to and would are similar NOT I would live in Chicago.
in the meaning when they express past Sarah would be a marriage counsellor.
actions. However, only used to can show We would have a summer home.
past location, state, or possession.
5. Use was/were going to/would + base • Weinlick knew that he was going to get
form to describe an action, event, or married on June 13, 1998.
state that was planned or expected in
the past (before now). Sentences with
was/were going to / would are • He knew where the wedding would be.
sometimes called future in the past.
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GRAMMAR NOTES EXAMPLES
1. Use the past perfect to Show that • By 1994, Ang Lee had become
something happened before a specific successful.
time in the past. • It was 1994. He had already made
several films.
2. Use the past perfect progressive to talk • By 2000, Lee had been directing films
about an action that was in progress for eight years.
before a specific time in the past. The
progressive emphasizes the continuing
activity, not the end result.
3. We often use the past perfect • She was out of breath. It was clear that
progressive to draw conclusions based she had been running.
on evidence.
4. Use the past perfect and the past • It was 1980. She had been an author
perfect progressive to Show a for two years.
relationship with a past time or another (She was an author before 1980.)
past event.
• He had been working at home when
Use the past perfect or past perfect his script won a competition.
progressive fort he earlier event. Use (He was working at home. Then his
the simple past for the later time or scripts won a competition.)
event.
BE CAREFUL! In sentences with when, • When the movie ended, she left.
notice the difference in meaning between: (First the movie ended. Then she left.)
• When the movie ended, she had left.
a. the simple past and the past perfect (First, she left. Then, the movie ended.)
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5. Use already, yet, ever, never, and just • Jason and I saw Crouching Tiger,
with the past perfect to emphasize the Hidden Dragon last night. Jason had
event which occurred first. already seen it.
• I had never seen it before.
6. When the time relationship between two • After Lee had directed Eat, Drink, Man,
past events is clear (as with before, Woman, he worked on Hollywood
after, and as soon as), we often use the movies.
simple past for both events. OR
• After Lee directed Eat, Drink, Man,
Woman, he worked on Hollywood
movies.
7. We often use the past perfect and the • By 1985, Lee had gotten married.
past perfect progressive with by (a • By the time I got home, he had been
certain time). waiting for an hour.
Exercise 2: Read each numbered situation. Decide if the description that follows is true (T),
false (F) or if there is not enough information to know, write a question mark (?).
3. Christina invited the director on her show because he had won an Oscar.
----- The guest won the Oscar after his appearance on the show.
4. Before the break, the guest had been explaining why he had made the film.
----- The guest’s explanation was finished.
5. When I saw Mei Ling, her eyes were red. She had been crying.
----- She wasn't crying when I saw her.
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Exercise 3: Complete the story by circling the correct forms.
Ellen Rossetti and Mark Stevens 1) were married / have been married for almost a
year now. Their marriage almost 2) didn't happen / wasn't happening, though. They 3) were
meeting / met on a blind date when Ellen’s friend Alice 4) had / has head two extra tickets
for a concert.
At first, Ellen 5) thought / was thinking Mark was the most opinionated man she had
ever met. A couple of weeks after the concert, Mark 6) called up / was calling up and 7) had
asked / asked Ellen out. Ellen 8) wanted / has wanted to say no, but something 9) made /
was making her accept. After that, one thing 10) had led / led to another. Today Mark says,
“Ellen is unique. I 11) have never met / didn't meet anyone even remotely like her.”
Ellen says, “At first glance you might have trouble seeing how Mark and I could be
married. In certain ways, we’re as different as night and day. I'm an early bird; he is a night
owl. He's conservative; I'm liberal. He12) was always loving / has always loved sports and I
13) have never been able / was never able to stand them. I guess you might say we’re a
case of opposites being attracted to each other.”
1) After I (find) ______ the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) ______ to the police
and (turn) _____ it in.
2) Sebastian (air drive) _____ at Susan’s house a little before 9:00 PM, she (be, not)
______ there. She (study/at the library) ______ for her final examination in French.
3) Samantha (live)_____ in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)___ there
when the Berlin Wall came down.
4) By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) ______without me. my boss
(be) ______ furious with me and I (be) ______ fired.
5) When I (turn) ______ the radio on yesterday, I (here) ______ a song that was popular
when I was in high school. I (hear, not) ______ the song in years, and it (bring) ______
beck some great memories.
6) Last week, I (run) ______ into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) ______ each other
in years, and both of us (change) ______ a great deal. I (enjoy) ______ talking to her so
much that I (ask) ______ her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner.
7) when Jack (enter) ______ the room, I (recognise, not) ______ him because he (lose)
______ so much weight and (grow) ______ a beard. He looked totally different!
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Exercise 5: Choose the correct option.
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Exercise 6: Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B C or D) best fits each gap.
There is an example at the beginning (0)
0) _____ I drove into my hometown, I felt very strange. I hadn’t been back 1) _____ more
than 20 years. many things had changed 2) _____ I left, and I was wondering if our old
house still existed 3) _____ I turned into my old road and saw that everything was exactly
the same. Suddenly, I remembered how we 4) _____ play hide and seek and football and
tag on this street. It seemed like our road was the centre of the world. None of my family
lived here anymore; my last relative to leave was cousin Jake, and that was about five
years 5) _____ . Poor Jack always 6) _____ our town and wanted to leave as soon as he
could but, for some strange reason, we all left 7) _____ him. Life is very strange
sometimes. I stop the car in front of our old house an looked at our front door 8) _____ a
few moments. It 9) _____ to be the busiest and noisiest house in the street. The door 10)
_____ always open and 11) _____ the end of each day, almost everyone on our street 12)
_____ been in and out of our house at least once. Now, there was just silence.
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EXTENSION: Watch the video ‘Queen Elizabeth II – Queen Mini Bio’ and choose the correct
option.
Queen Elizabeth II
1. Before her father, her uncle had been the king. Why did he give up the throne?
a. Because he was the second son.
b. He went to live in the U.S.A.
c. He wanted to marry a twice-divorced woman.
4. Which of these wasn’t she going to change after she became the queen?
a. To show the coronation ceremony on TV
b. To start a tradition of holding meetings with prime ministers
c. To change her security guards
5. Why would she call the year 1992 as “annus horribilis” (horrible year)?
a. Princess Diana died in a car crash.
b. Her children had family problems.
c. British public stopped believing in the royal family.
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UNIT 3- FUTURE TENSES
Read these excerpts from the script of a television documentary about the archaeologists’ fight to
save Zeugma’s artifacts.
WEEK 3
INSIDE THE VILLA
NARRATOR: Archaeologists now know they have found a wealthy house. As they brush away
mud from the wall, brightly coloured paintings are appearing. The archaeologists are going to
clean them and remove them from the site. Then specialists will restore the paintings, so they
won't deteriorate.
WEEK 6
INSIDE THE VILLA
NARRATOR: Time is almost up. By the end of the week, the team will have been working for 42
days without rest. With only two days left, they have discovered a beautifully designed mosaic
floor. Luckily, they have been given more time to excavate, so they’re going to remove the mosaic
and transport it to a local museum. Over the next three months, the waters of the Euphrates will
be gathering behind the dam.
A MONTH LATER
NARRATOR: The newly uncovered villa has disappeared under water. By October, the whole
area will have become a calm lake, and much of Zeugma will have vanished forever.
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Think Critically About Form
Work in pairs. Look at the highlighted verb forms in the reading. Write them in the correct
categories. Then answer these questions for each verb form.
1. Identify: What do you notice about the main verb? Is it in the base form, is there an ending, or
is the verb in another form?
2. Recognize: What auxiliary or auxiliaries, if any, come before the main verb?
3. Categorize: Which future forms begin with will? How is the future indicated without will?
Read each sentence and the statements that follow it. Check (🗸) the correct statement. Discuss
your answers. Then read the notes to check them.
1. Without special care, these artifacts are going to decompose quickly in the hot sun.
—— a. This is a prediction.
—— b. This is an informal plan.
2. When you arrive, they'll have been taking pictures for over an hour.
—— a. They'll still be taking pictures.
—— b. They'll be finished taking pictures.
3. There's something wrong with this computer. I'll go and check the connection again.
____ a. This is a plan made in advance.
____ b. This is a decision made at the moment of speaking.
a) We use the Present Simple to talk about a fixed future event on a timetable, a
schedule, or a programme.
b) We use the Present Continuous to talk about a future arrangement often with a
time, date, and place.
c) We use be going to to talk about a future intention- something we have already
decided to do or to make predictions based on immediate evidence.
d) We use will / won’t to talk about spontaneous decisions when we react to
circumstances, or a future prediction based on our opinion. Sometimes together with
verbs and adverbs such as think, believe, hope, expect, promise, maybe, perhaps,
possibly, etc.
e) We use will be Ving to talk about actions in progress at a certain time in the future.
f) NOTE: When we talk about future, we use present tense after the conjunctions if,
when, as soon as, unless, before and after.
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Exercise 1: Choose the correct forms in the sentences and match each sentence to the
appropriate rules on the table above.
1. We are buying essential pet supplies because we will/ are going to adopt a cat from the shelter
next week. ____
2. When I see/ will see her, I am going to apologize for my behaviour. ____
3. I got a day off! When you are at the office working at this time tomorrow, I will lie/ will be lying
on my bed. ____
4. We don’t need to hurry. The store is going to open/ opens at 10:00. __a__
5. Mom you have a backache! Why are you washing the car on your own? I am doing/ will do it
for you. ____
6. Look at the baby! She is going to/ will fall from the balcony! ____
7. In year 2030, I think there won’t/ isn’t going to be enough food for everybody. ____
8. Adam met a nice girl yesterday. Tonight, they will meet/ are meeting at the fancy restaurant
downtown. ____
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Exercise 2: Choose the best form to complete each sentence.
Exercise 3: Two British are watching a student protest march in Paris from their hotel balcony.
Circle the right verb tense.
ALICE: I expect that the students 1. will stop / are stopping in a moment to listen to speeches.
DAISY: Perhaps the police 2.are probably trying / will probably try to keep them in that square
when they get there.
ALICE: Wait a moment! That young woman at the front 3. is going to /will throw something, isn't
she?
DAISY: No, she's just raising her arm. But look, the police 4. will/are going to form a barrier.
ALICE: I doubt 5. they are succeeding / they'll succeed. Some of the students are already pushing
past them.
DAISY: That policemen's horse is raising its front legs. 6. He will/He's going to charge!
ALICE: Are you sure? I think the horse is just frightened. Anyway, the police are moving
backwards towards the bridge. 7.They're going to/They will retreat.
DAISY: It looks so. 8.They're probably letting / They'll probably let the students cross the bridge
in a few minutes. I don't think they want a battle.
Exercise 4: Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first sentence
using the bold words in parentheses.
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REVIEW OF TENSES
I was eating pizza when you I am eating pizza right I will be eating pizza
arrived. now. when you arrive.
I had eaten all of the pizza I have eaten all of the I will have eaten all of the
when you arrived. pizza. pizza by the time you
arrive.
To indicate a completed action To indicate a past action
of the past that happened which is not defined by a To indicate an action that
Perfect before another event took time of occurrence will be complete before
place another event takes place
To indicate an action in the future
which started in the past
and has continued up
until now
I had been eating pizza for 2 I have been eating pizza I will have been eating
hours when you arrived. for 2 hours pizza for 2 hours when you
arrive.
Perfect To indicate an action in the
Continuous past that began before a To indicate an action To indicate an action that
certain point in the past and which started at some will have happened for
continued up until that time point in the past and may some time and will not be
or may not be complete complete yet at a certain
point in the future
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Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct tense.
Exercise 2: There is a mistake in each sentence below. Underline the mistake and correct it.
1. They have been walking around Venice since 9:00 this morning. They hadn’t gone on a
gondola ride yet.
2. Igor doesn’t go with us to Toledo today; he is staying home because he has to finish a term
paper.
3. I’ll have returned to Barcelona by the time you will get to Manila.
4. I promised to be ready, but when he arrived, I took a shower.
5. I hope the dinner will be ready soon. It’s smelling delicious.
6. I didn’t even think there would be a party. Akiko and Jaime have done a great job, and last
night's get-together was great.
7. We haven't been visiting Venice since 2001. Wouldn't it be fun to go there again?
8. There didn't used to be a factory on this comer, did there?
9. The plane has just taken off when I realized I had given my parents the wrong arrival date.
10. Come along next Monday- the band was practicing in the afternoon.
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Exercise 2: Read the part of an article adapted from National Geographic and choose the correct
option to complete the gaps.
In California’s Wildlife Sanctuary there are various kinds of animals among which are wolves,
lions, tigers, foxes, camels and chimpanzees. Most of the chimps had come from laboratories
and some of them were former pets. U. S. Laboratories __________(1) chimps in invasive
biomedical research since 2015. However, former research chimps _________ (2) serious
damage from dangerous experiments and their lifetime health care _________(3) a lot of
money, for about 17,000 $ a year per each chimpanzee. Other than the financial issues, some
of these chimps also need psychological support. In a 2008 study of post-traumatic stress
disorder in research chimpanzees, scientists presented two lab chimps as case studies: Rachel
was prone to “violent, angry outbursts” and self-injury, and after seven years in the lab, Jeannie
__________(4) herself, rocking back and forth, screaming, and experiencing seizure-like
episodes. “The costs of laboratory-caused trauma are immeasurable,” the paper concludes,
leaving a “life-long psychological impact.” Authorities __________(5) about what to do for their
future and they hope these victims _________(6) better living conditions in their remaining time.
Some chimps _________(7) a forever home by the next year thanks to the efforts of volunteers.
But upon finding out the horrible experiences they have been through, one keeps asking himself
“Is this how we should pay them back?”.
1. a. haven’t used b. will have used c. aren’t going to use d. don’t use
2. a. will take b. takes c. had taken d. are taking
3. a. is going to cost b. is costing c. costs d. has taken
4. a. was starving b. will be starving c. was going to starve d. had starved
5. a. used to discuss b. are discussing c. would discuss d. had discussed
6. a. have b. are going to have c. have had d. will have
7. a. have found b. will be finding c. will have found d. don’t find
25
Exercise 3: Look at the pictures. Complete each pair of sentences. Use a simple verb form in one
sentence and a progressive verb form in the other. Use the verbs develop, be, have, write.
26
UNIT 4 – MODAL VERBS
▶ Please watch the ‘Shrek Awkward Dining Scene” video. Examine the sentences
below and put them into the correct category.
a. Shrek has to learn table manners.
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Past (or Perfect) Advice Past Context
* Modals can be used to give advice. The choice of modal depends on the strength of a
person's attitude or opinion.
* Present and future forms are used to give advice and opinions about a current situation.
Past (or perfect) forms express opinions about missed opportunities or regrets about past
actions. They mean something was a good idea, but it didn’t happen.
* Weaker modals—could (have) and might (have)—often sound more polite. Words such as
maybe, perhaps, and I think are also sometimes used with weaker modals of advice.
* Had better (not) and had better (not) have are used to give advice with a warning of
possible bad consequences if the advice isn't followed.
* Have to, have got to, and must are also used to give very strong advice—something the
speaker thinks is necessary.
* Modals can be used to talk about necessity or something that is required. Must expresses
the strongest necessity and is used in formal or official situations—often to talk about laws or
rules. Have to is used in formal or informal situations. Have got to is informal.
* Only had to is used to express past necessity. Notice that unlike past modals of advice, had
to does not express regret.
She had to quit her job. It was driving her crazy.
* Have to and have got to change form to show agreement in the present and future.
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4.1.3 MODALS of PROHIBITION and LACK OF NECESSITY
* Prohibition: Must not, may not, and can't / cannot are used to indicate that something is
prohibited or not allowed. Must not is strong. It is used in formal situations. May not is formal,
but not as strong. Can't / cannot are used in formal or informal situations
* Only couldn't is used to express past prohibition.
* Can't / cannot is also used to give very strong advice—something the speaker wants to
prohibit.
You can’t quit your job. You need it!
You cannot smoke in here! It’s a hospital!
* Lack of necessity: Don’t have to means that something is not necessary—there is a
choice of whether to do it or not. Didn't have to means that something was unnecessary,
whether it happened or not. Needn’t have means that something was unnecessary, but it
happened.
* Present / future obligation: Should(n't) and be (not) supposed to are used to express
present or future obligation when we feel we are expected to do something (but we may or
may not do it).
* Past obligation: Only was / were (not) supposed to is used to express past obligation. It
means that something was expected, but it didn't happen.
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▶ Exercise 1: Read the sentences and write alternative modals for each underlined modal.
1. We (could / ought to) get there early. Otherwise, we won't get seats.
2. You (might have / had better have) already finished everything. You won't have time
to do it later.
3. Lisa was feeling sick, but she still came to class. She (had better stay / should have
stayed) home.
4. You (might have gone / were supposed to go) to the movie with us. Where were
you?
5. We (must / had to) leave at 6 a.m. because the boat sailed at 7 a.m.
6. You (couldn't / shouldn't) drive fast around here. There are a lot of police.
7. I (could / have got to) turn in my paper today. The professor said she wouldn't take
late papers.
8. You (don’t have to / must) register now or you can't take the course.
9. Teenagers have to make their own decisions. You (can't / had better) control
everything they do.
10. We (couldn't / must not) take any photos because it was against the regulations.
11. You (don’t have to / may not) enter the building without permission.
12. They (had to / were supposed to) close down their restaurant. They went broke.
13. You (don’t have to / must not) take sunscreen to the pool. They have some there.
14. (I may not / I'm not supposed to) eat eggs, but I couldn't resist the ones they served
today.
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▶ Exercise 3. Choose the best modal to complete each sentence.
1. Employees (had to / might / must) treat customers with courtesy and respect.
2. Employees (cannot / do not have to / have to) work without the proper uniform.
3. Employees (could / have to / shouldn't) maintain a neat and clean appearance at all
times.
4. After using the restroom, employees (couldn't / must / must not) wash their hands
before returning to work.
5. Employees (do not have to / have to / may not) give customers complimentary items
without the manager's approval.
6. Employees (do not have to / must not / must) eat food intended for customers.
7. Waiters (do not have to / have to / should not) prepare drinks. Bartenders will do all
drink preparation.
8. Employees (do not have to / may not / must) punch in other employees’ timecards.
9. Part-time employees (couldn't / do not have to / have to) work overtime. All other
employees are required to when they are asked.
10. Full-time employees must be present at monthly staff meetings. Part-time employees
(cannot / do not have to / must) attend, but are encouraged to do so.
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4.2 PAST MODALS OF SPECULATION AND CONCLUSION
32
Complete the past speculation modal verbs table after examining the cartoons.
I could ………………..
He / She/ It might ………………..
You/ We/ They may ____________ ………………..
must ………………..
can’t
• may, might, could have, when we think that it’s possible that something happened.
They are not at home. They might have gone away for the weekend.
• can’t have and couldn’t have, to express a strong belief that something didn’t happen.
You can’t have seen Alice yesterday. She went to Denmark for her studies a few days ago.
Exercise 1: Read the information on the left. and tick the most appropriate comment, a) or b)
on the right.
Information
Example You start talking about a news Comment
Headline. Your friend says ‘Sorry — a} Oh, you can't have heard the news “
what are you talking about? b) Oh, you might not have heard the news
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▶ Exercise 2: Read the part of news and choose the correct option.
On Sunday evening at 8 p.m. a holidaymaker was walking to his caravan with his eleven-
year-old son when he believed he saw a lion. He told reporters “It was dark, but I could see a
large animal. It _________(1) a domestic animal, it was too big. I thought I __________(2) a
lion. So we ran very quickly!” The seaside resort was full of holidaymakers and at least ten
people saw the animal. One woman said “I heard a loud roar at 10 p.m. It __________(3) a lion.
No other animal can roar like that.” Police have told everybody to stay inside as they believe a
lion _________(4)from a nearby zoo.
1. a. must have been b. might not have been c. can’t have been d. might have been
2. a. might have seen b. must have seen c. can’t have seen d. couldn’t have seen
3. a. must have been b. couldn’t have been c. might have been d. may have been
4. a. can’t have escaped b. may have escaped c. might escape d. couldn’t escape
34
UNIT 5- GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
35
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
Here are some of the most common verbs that are usually followed by the gerund.
36
We use 'to' + infinitive:
And here are some common verbs followed by 'to' and the infinitive.
• We can use to + infinitive to say why we do something. It tells the other person the
reason.
I went on holiday (this is what I did) to relax (this is why I did it).
She studies hard to get good marks.
He gave up cakes to lose weight.
I'm calling you to ask for your help.
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Words followed either by Infinitive or -ing Form
• After some more expressions - let, make, would rather, had better, help.
Don't let him go. She made me drive. I'd rather finish it.
You'd better start. I helped them carry it.
• The verb help can also be followed by the infinitive with to.
I helped them to carry it.
We can use either the infinitive without to or the -ing form after the object of verbs such
as hear, see, notice, watch.
The infinitive without to often emphasizes the whole action or event that someone hears or
sees.
He saw her drive off with a young man in the passenger seat. (The speaker observed the
whole event.)
Most of these verbs can also be followed by –ing forms. Note that there is usually a
difference of meaning. -ing forms suggest that we see or hear an action in progress.
Maria heard him coming up the stairs towards her room and felt scared. (The action was in
progress, happening, but not completed.)
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I once heard him give a talk on international politics. (I heard the whole talk.)
As I walked past his cabin, I heard him talking with his secretary. (I didn’t hear the whole
talk.)
Exercise 2: Complete the text with the -ing or to infinitive form of the verbs in brackets.
John Stuart decided 1.________ (cross) Australia from south to north in 1859. He wanted
2.____(win) the prize which South Australian government offered 3._____(give) to the first
explorer to cross Australia. This meant traveling across mountains and deserts for 3.000
kilometres. He and his three companions kept 4._______(ride) for eight months before
reaching the centre of the continent. What had they expected (find)_________? So far they
had only succeeded in 5.________(discover) a huge desert. On this expedition, Stuart failed
6._________ (reach) the coast and turned back ill and short of food. He tried 7.________
(complete) the journey the next year but failed again. Finally, in 1861, he managed
8._________ (arrive) at the northern coast, near the modern city of Darwin. Ever since he has
been famous for 9.__________ (cross) the continent, though sadly he died soon after his
return to Adelaide.
39
Exercise 3: Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Dan: I’d rather 1._____ (run) away to sea than work another day at this place! My boss
made me 2._____(write) my report for a third time today. I can’t help 3._____ (think) I would
be happier serving hamburgers.
Liz: Don’t let your boss 4._____ (destroy) your career. If you just carry on 5._____ (work)
there a little longer, things might get easier.
Dan: I suppose you’re right, but I hate 6._____ (be) treated as if I know nothing all day long.
Liz: After you wrote the report for the third time, did your boss accept it?
Dan: Yes, but I would have refused 7._____ (write) it again anyway. He said it was quite
good in the end.
Liz: Have you considered 8._____ (talk) to him? He might not realize the effect he’s having
on you.
Dan: Maybe. Let’s stop talking about work. I can smell something 9._____(cook). What is it?
Let’s go to the kitchen 10. _____(find out) what Beth is cooking.
Verbs followed by either the gerund or the infinitive with a change in meaning
Remember + gerund
This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory
of it, like being able to see a movie of it in your head.
• I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the
beach).
• He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door).
Remember + to + infinitive
This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the
thing).
• I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk
came into my head, so I bought some).
• She remembered to send a card to her grandmother.
Forget + gerund
This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something
that you've done in the past.
• Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it.
• I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd
forgotten going there.
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Forget + to + infinitive
This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's when you want to do something, but
you forget about it.
• I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time
to call her, I forgot. I was thinking about something else, and the idea to call my
mother didn't come into my head).
• She keeps forgetting to bring his book back.
Try + gerund
This is when you do something as an experiment. The thing you do is not difficult, but you
want to see if doing it will have the result that you want.
• I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches
was easy, but I wanted to know if it would help me stop smoking).
• She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (It was easy for her to
give up chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help her lose weight, but it didn't).
Try + to + infinitive
This is when the thing you do itself is difficult. In the present tense or future tense, this means
you might not succeed in doing it. In the past tense, it means that you made an effort to do
the thing, but you did not succeed.
• I'll try to carry the suitcase, but it looks too heavy for me.
• She tried to catch the bus, but she couldn't run fast enough.
Stop + gerund
When we stop doing something it means the verb in the gerund is the thing that we stop. It
can mean 'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'.
• I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (Working is the thing I stopped).
• My grandmother stopped driving when she was 85. (Driving is the thing she stopped).
• My boss came into the room, so I stopped browsing the internet.
• There was a fire alarm, so I stopped eating and went outside.
Stop + to + infinitive
In this case, we stop something else in order to do the verb in the infinitive.
41
Regret + gerund
This is when you are sorry about something you did in the past and you wish you hadn't done
it.
We use this construction when we are giving someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The
verb is almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'.
• He gave us a lecture on the Greek history. And then he went on to show us his
photos from Greece.
Mean + gerund
We can go to Spain. But it means spending more money. (In this sentence we describe the
consequences.)
Mean + to + infinitive
Exercise 4: Put the verb into the gerund or the infinitive with 'to'.
try
1. I couldn't sleep so I tried _____________ (drink) some hot milk.
2. She tried _____________ (reach) the book on the high shelf, but she was too small.
3. They tried _____________ (get) to the party on time but the bus was delayed.
4. We tried _________________ (open) the window, but it was so hot outside it didn't help.
5. He tried _________________ (get) a job in a newspaper firm but they wouldn't hire him.
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6. He tried ___________________ (get) a job in a newspaper firm but he still wasn't
satisfied.
stop
7. You should stop _____________ (smoke). It's not good for your health.
8. We stopped _____________ (study) because we were tired.
9. They will stop _____________ (have) lunch at twelve.
10. We stopped _____________ (have) a rest, because we were really sleepy.
forget
11. Oh no! I forgot _____________ (buy) milk.
12. Please don't forget _____________ (pick) up some juice on your way home.
13. I forget _____________ (lock) the door, but I'm sure I must have locked it.
14. Have we studied this before? I've forgotten _____________ (learn) it.
remember
15. Please remember _____________ (bring) your homework.
16. I remember _____________ (go) to the beach as a child.
17. Finally, I remembered _____________ (bring) your book! Here it is.
18. Do you remember _____________ (eat) steak in that little restaurant in Rome?
regret
19. I regret _____________ (tell) you that the train has been delayed.
20. I regret _____________ (tell) Julie my secret; now she has told everyone.
Exercise 5: Rewrite the first sentence using the word in bold followed by a verb as an
infinitive or in the -ing form.
Kate: Why has Mike moved out of your house? Let him 1......................... (explain) what he
means 2........................ (do) now.
Beryl: No, never. I gave up 3....................... (try) to understand him a long time ago.
Kate: Still - would you consider 4....................... (get) in touch with him if I called him?
Beryl: I can't forbid you 5................... (call) him, but I warn you .......................... (not tell) him
that I know about it.
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Kate: I don't understand 6.................. (do) such stupid things. I'd hate 7.................... (find)
my house empty one day.
Beryl: I hate to find it empty every day. My mother suggests 8........................ (stay) with me
for a couple of weeks, but I've made up my mind 9.................... (get) over it on my own.
Kate: I always advise 10...................... (go) out in such cases. It helps you 11.........................
(forget).
Beryl: Please, don't advise me 12............ (go) out, if it means 13............... (go) out alone.
Kate: O.K. I'll try 14................... (call) Mike first and then we'll see.
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UNIT 6- PASSIVE VOICE
Presentation
Tenses and modal verbs
* Use the passive form when you want to focus
To form the passive, use to be + past participle
on the person or thing affected by the action of
the verb. The subject of the passive verb is the Present / Scientists test/tested the
object of the active verb: Past machine.
simple: The machine is/was tested.
action object Present/ Scientists are/were developing
Active: Scientists completed the machine in Past a new machine.
2008. Continuous A new machine is/was being
Subject passive verb developed.
Passive: The machine was completed in Present/ Scientists have/had made a
2008. Past new discovery.
The passive is often used when the agent Perfect A new discovery has/had been
(who or what did the action) made.
Present/ Scientists may discover the
- is unknown: It was built in 1900 by Past/ origins of the universe.
someone. Future The origins of the universe may
Modals be discovered.
- is obvious or has already been mentioned: Scientists will be testing the
Scientists fire atoms so that the origins of theory.
the universe might be discovered by The theory will be being
scientists. tested.
Scientists might have
- is not important: The machine has been
discovered the origins of the
fixed by someone. universe.
- refers to people in general: More The origins of the universe
information about the Hadron Collider can might have been discovered.
be found by you at www.lhc.ac.uk *Note that perfect continuous in the passive
are rarely used.
- doesn’t want to be known, in order to avoid
criticism or embarrassment: I’m afraid the **You cannot use the passive form with
machine has been broken by me. (0 The intransitive verbs (e.g. arrive, die, go, sit)
speaker either did this or is protecting the because they have no direct object: The
person responsible.) tests went well. (not The tests are gone
well.)
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The Passive: Infinitive, -ing, It is said…
For centuries, Christopher Columbus was believed to have been the First
European to set foot in America. However, nowadays, the Vikings are known to
have landed on the continent 500 years before him. The story begins in the 10th
century with Erik the Red. After murdering two men, Erik avoided being arrested
by sailing west from what is now Iceland. It is said that he eventually settled in
Greenland and had a son called Leif. On one of his voyages, Leif discovered a
new area of land with plenty of fresh water and food. Evidence of the Vikings
and their houses continues to be found in this region of Canada today.
You can use the passive infinitive with verbs that are followed by the infinitive, e.g.
agree, demand, want
The Prime Minister agreed to be interviewed.
The shopkeeper demanded to be paid.
You form the passive -ing form with being + past participle.
Erik avoided being arrested.
The passive -ing form can be used with verbs that are followed by a verb -ing (e.g.
enjoy, like) or after a preposition (bored with, learn by etc.)
The children enjoy being taken to the zoo.
I am bored with being taught history.
2. He/She/ They etc. + is/ are said, believed etc. + to (perfect) infinitive
(Active) People say the man is in his 40.
(Passive) The man is said to be in his 40
46
Exercise 1: You are going to read two real crime stories. In ‘World Cup Thief’s Own
Goal’, complete the article with the verb in brackets in the past simple, active, or
passive. Then in ‘Parrot Held in Prison’, circle the right form.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences in the passive where possible. Mark the sentence that
cannot be written in the passive with an X.
47
Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences in the passive (without by ….)
1. Police closed the road for the accident.
The road ……………………………….
2. Somebody has stolen my handbag.
My handbag ……………………………
3. The painters are painting my house.
My house ……………………………………………..
4. They will hold a meeting tomorrow.
A meeting ……………………………………………..
5. The inspector fined them for travelling without a ticket.
They …………………………………………………..
6. The police can arrest you for drink-driving.
You ……………………………..
7. Miranda thinks someone was following her last night.
Miranda thinks she ……………………………………..
8. They had sold the house five years earlier.
The house ……………………………………………….
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UNIT 7- THE PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
A housewife who feared losing her home sold a brooch bought for 50p for
€13,225 at auction yesterday. She had been going through serious financial
problems after divorcing her husband.
The buyer bought the diamond butterfly-shaped brooch at auctioneers, Phillips,
in west London.
The woman noticed the brooch in the corner of a shelf at her local second-hand
shop a year ago. Her local jewelers told her the diamonds were not real.
When the woman had the brooch valued, Phillip’s jewelry specialist, Keith
Pearson, told her it would sell for up to €10,000 at auction.
Look at this sentence from the text, and answer the questions:
When the woman had the brooch valued, Phillip’s jewelry specialist, Keith Pearson,
told her it would sell for up to €10,000 at auction.
Grammar Presentation
We use the passive causative to talk about services that we arrange for someone to do
for us. We can use them with all tenses, modals, gerunds, and infinitives.
I’ll have the car washed tomorrow. You should get the oil changed.
I love having my hair done. I want to get it colored.
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Passive Causative Form
Exercise 1: Read the conversations. Decide if the statement that follows each
conversation is True (T) or False (F).
1. Debra: I am glad that is done. Now I can start planning for our party.
Jake: Me too. I am going to get my hair cut tomorrow after work.
____ Jake cuts his own hair.
2. Debra: Speaking about hair- Amber, your hair is getting awfully long.
Amber: I know, Mom. I am cutting it tomorrow.
____ Amber cuts her own hair.
3. Amber: Mom, why didn’t you get your nails done last time you went to the
hairdresser?
Debra: Because I did them just before my appointment.
____ Debra did her own nails.
5. Debra: Jake, do you think we should get the floors waxed before the party?
Jake: I think they look OK. We’ll get them done afterward.
____ Debra and Jake are going to hire someone to wax their floors after the party.
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6. Debra: I am going to watch some TV and then go to bed. What’s on the agenda
for tomorrow?
Jake: I have to get up early. I’m getting the car washed before work.
____ Jake is going to wash the car himself.
7. Debra: You know, I think it’s time to change the oil too.
Jake: You are right. I’ll do it this weekend.
____ Jake is going to change the oil himself.
Exercise 2: It’s February 15. Look at the Santana’s calendar and write sentences about
when they had things done, and when they are going to have things done.
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Exercise 3: Read Amber’s diary entry. There are seven mistakes in the use of the
passive causative. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct six more.
February 21: The party was tonight. It went really well! The house looked great. Mom
and Dad had the floors waxed and all the windows clean cleaned professionally, so
everything sparkled. And of course, we had the whole house painted ourselves last
summer. (I’ll never forget that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my new black dress that I
have shortened by Bo. and I got cut my hair by Andre. He did a great job. There were a
lot of guests at the party. We had almost 50 people invited, and they almost all showed
up! The food was great too. Mom made most of the main dishes herself, but she had
the rest of the food prepare by a caterer. Mom and Dad hired a professional
photographer, so at the end of the party we took our pictures. I can’t wait to see them!
52
UNIT 8- CAUSATIVE
MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP, AND GET
That’s Entertainment?
“Ooooh!” cries the audience as the orcas leap from the water in perfect formation.
“Aaaah!” they shout as the trainer rides across the pool on the nose of one of the giants.
For years, dolphins, orcas, and other sea mammals have been making audiences
say ooooh and aaaah at water parks like Sea World. But how do trainers get nine-ton whales
to do acrobatic tricks with a human or make them “dance”?
It’s not easy. Traditional animal trainers controlled animals with collars and leashes
and made them perform by using cruel punishments. Then, in the 1940s, parks wanted to
have dolphins do tricks. The first trainers faced big problems. You can’t get a dolphin to wear
a collar. And you can’t punish a dolphin – it will just swim away from you! This challenge
made the trainers develop a kinder, more humane method to teach animals.
This method, positive reinforcement, uses rewards rather than punishments for
training. To begin teaching, a trainer lets an animal act freely. When the trainer sees the
“correct” behavior, he or she immediately rewards the animal, usually with food. The animal
quickly learns that a reward follows the behavior.
For complicated acts, the trainer breaks the act into many smaller parts and has the
animal learn each part separately.
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Positive reinforcement has revolutionized our treatment of animals in zoos.
Elephants, for example, need a lot of physical care. However, traditional trainers used force
to make elephants “behave”. Elephants sometimes rebelled and hurt or even killed their
keepers. Through positive reinforcement, elephants at modern zoos have learned to stand
at the bars of their cage and let keepers draw blood for tests and take care of their feet.
Trainers even get primates (monkeys and apes) to bring their own bedding to the keepers
for washing. Gary Priest, a former orca trainer, helped the keepers train the elephants at the
San Diego Zoo. Do the elephants like the new system? “They love it! They’ll do anything we
ask. They’d fly for us if they could,” Priest said.
Unfortunately, not all trainers use positive reinforcement. Animal rights organizations
have found abuses of animal actors by circuses and other entertainment companies. And
the question remains: Even with kind treatment, should we keep animals captive and have
them perform just for our entertainment? In the wild, orcas may travel 100 miles a day. Is it
really kind to make them live in small pools of chemically treated water? Today, more and
more people say the only real kindness is to let these animals live natural lives.
Grammar Presentation
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Grammar Notes Examples
1. Use make, have and let + object + They make animals learn tricks.
base form of the verb to talk about things (They require animals to learn tricks.)
that someone can require, cause, or permit They have them perform for crowds.
another person (or an animal) to do. (They cause them to perform for crowds.)
They let them have food as a reward.
(They permit them to have food as a reward.).
You can also use make to mean cause to This will make them learn faster.
do. (This will cause them to learn faster.)
3. Get has a similar meaning to make and The teacher got us to stay a little later.
have. (After some effort, the teacher succeeded in
It is always followed by object + infinitive, persuading us to stay.)
not the base form of the verb. Not "The teacher got us stay a little later."
Exercise 1: Read the first sentence of each item. Then circle the letter of the sentence that is
closest in meaning.
1. Ms. Bates got the principal to arrange a class trip to the zoo.
a. Ms. Bates arranged a class trip.
b. The principal arranged a class trip.
2. Mr. Goldberg had us do research about animals.
a. Mr. Goldberg did research for us.
b. We did research.
3. My teacher made me rewrite the report.
a. I wrote the report again.
b. I didn’t write the report again.
4. She got me to add more information.
a. I agreed to add more information.
b. I didn’t agree to add more information.
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5. Ms. Lee let us use our dictionaries during the test.
a. We were allowed to use our dictionaries.
b. We had to use our dictionaries.
6. My mother didn’t let me stay home from school.
a. I stayed home from school.
b. I went to school.
7. Paulo helped Maria do her homework.
a. Paulo did Maria’s homework for her.
b. Both Paulo and Maria worked on her homework.
8. Professor Washington let us choose our own topic for our term paper.
a. We chose our own topic.
b. We didn’t choose our own topic.
_C_1. The elephant was tired that day, so she didn’t help /have it a. my teacher
perform.
___2. I didn’t really want to work overtime this week, but she made/let b. my doctor
me work late because some of my coworkers were sick.
___3. I forgot to turn on my headlights before I left the parking lot a few c. the trainer
nights ago. She made/let me pull over to the side of the road and
asked to see my license.
___4. At first, we didn’t really want to write in our journals. He d. my father
explained that it would help us. Finally, he had/got us to try it.
___5. My check was delayed in the mail. I told him what had e. a police officer
happened, and he had/let me pay the rent two weeks late.
___6. I needed to get a blood test for my school physical. He got/had f. the judge
me roll up my sleeve and make a fist.
___7. We’re a big family, and we all have our own chores. While she g. my landlord
washed the dishes, she helped/had me dry. My brother swept.
Exercise 3: Complete each summary. Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Some summaries will be affirmative; some will be negative.
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2. ANA: Could I work alone? I really don’t like to work in a group.
Ms. ALLEN: You need to work in a group today.
Summary: She _________________________ in a group.
(make / work)
3. Ms. ALLEN: Fernando, could you do me a favor and clean the board before you leave?
FERNANDO: Sure.
Summary: She _________________________ the board.
(have / clean)
4. Ms. ALLEN: Uri, please show Greta how to research orcas on the Internet.
URI: Sure.
Summary: She __________________________Greta how to do research on the internet.
(get / teach)
5. URI: Google is a search engine. Just type orca in that space and hit “Return.”
Greta: Wow! Look at all that information!
Summary: Uri ___________________________ information about orcas.
(help / find)
6. MASAMI: Can we use our dictionaries during the test?
Ms. ALLEN: No, you should be able to guess the meaning of the words from the context.
Summary: Ms. Allen ___________________ their dictionaries.
(let / use)
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UNIT 9- CONDITIONALS
1. Read Danny’s blog and his phone conversation with his father. Look at the
highlighted grammar examples.
Arrested
Danny Goodman
Sorry it’s been a long time folks, but I'm just back from my trip to the States to go to my
cousin's 21st birthday party, and guess what ... I was arrested! You see, I'd taken some
medicine for my fear of flying — going to the States was the longest journey I'd done. The
box said to take two, but it was a long flight and I thought “I'll take four in case two don’t
last long enough.” Four was obviously too many: they made me aggressive and I
behaved rather badly on the plane back. It's so annoying — if I wasn't so afraid of flying,
I wouldn’t have taken anything! Anyway, the police officer said, “The airlines always
call us if someone causes a problem on a plane: It's very serious.” I apologized, but
they took me to the police station. I called my Dad...
Danny: The police have arrested me, Dad. I took some medicine for my fear of flying on
the way home from Las Vegas, and apparently, I became aggressive and upset the
passengers next to me. I can’t remember. Anyway, can you come? I’m sure the police
would believe you if you talked to them. You know I wouldn’t ask you to do this
unless I had to, but I’m really worried.
Dad: Of course. I'll come straight away. Are they treating you well?
Danny: Yes, but they want me to sign a written statement.
Dad: I'd rather you didn’t do that, Danny. I'll call my lawyer - wait until he gets there.
Danny: Oh, OK. It’s stupid ~ if I hadn’t taken that medicine, I’d be home now.
Dad: Yes, well, if you hadn’t accepted that invitation to your cousin’s party, this
wouldn’t have happened…
have happened ...
2. Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted
grammar examples will help you.
1. Notice: we always inform the police if you will steal / steal from us!
2. It’s freezing outside. Take your coat if / in case you have to wait for the bus.
3. I would invite her to the party if I know / knew her phone number.
4. We wouldn’t ask you to help us unless / in case it was necessary.
5. If you had arrived on time, we won’t / wouldn’t have missed the train.
6. If we hadn’t met in the hospital, we would both still be / have been single!
7. I wouldn’t have agreed to marry you if I didn’t / don’t love you!
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All conditional types
,
Use if clause (condition) main clause (result)
▶to talk about past (simple, continuous). Would /could / might + have +
a present If something happened… past participle
hypothetical ...the result would have been
Mixed
1. If I spoke German more , true.
conditionals or unreal
situation with fluently... 1. .... I might not have had such
a past result 2. If I wasn't a woman... problems.
2. ... They would have given me
the job.
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Exercise 1: Match the sentences and join them with “if”. Say what type they are.
▶ I went to bed earlier. I'll try to follow them.
1. The twins had worn different clothes. You might not be warm enough.
2. You tell me what the instructions say. I wouldn't have bought it.
3. People used public transport. I wouldn't sleep.
4. You don't wear a sweater. There'd be less pollution.
5. I hadn't seen the product advertised. We could have told them apart.
Exercise 2: Read the statements carefully and think about the meaning. Then choose the
correct words in italics in the explanations.
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Exercise 3: Listen to the Conditionals examples audio and write true (T) or false (F). Please
correct the false sentences.
1. If Leila hadn’t started gym last year, she would have been lazy and chubby.
_____________________________________________________________ .
2. Emilia might have fallen asleep if she had eaten apple like yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________ .
3. If Kai hadn’t gone to the party, he would still have his job.
_____________________________________________________________ .
5. If Olivia had saved money while working, she wouldn’t have money issues.
_____________________________________________________________ .
⛳ Alternatives to if
✅ If and Unless
▶ If not means the same as unless. ⏩ I can't see unless I wear glasses.
▪ I can't see if I don't wear glasses. ⏩ I The doctor will be here unless she's
▪ The doctor will be here if she isn't called to an emergency.
called to an emergency. ⏩ Unless you can pay your bills, you'll
▪ If you can't pay your bills, you'll have have to leave.
to leave. ⏩ I wouldn't say that unless I believed it.
▪ I wouldn't say that if I didn't believe it.
✅ In Case
Look at these examples:
▪Take a sandwich with you in case you get hungry.
▪ I'd better reserve a seat today in case the train is full tomorrow.
▪ Laura took two photos in case one of them didn't come out.
▶ We use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later on.
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✅ Even If
▶ Even if shows a result that is unexpected based on the condition.
▪ Even if I apologize to her, she won’t accept it.
✅ Whether or Not
▶ Whether or not expresses the idea that neither one condition nor the other matters;
the result will be the same.
▪ They won’t be able to come whether they have the money or not.
or
▪ They won’t be able to come whether or not they have the money.
✅ Wish / If only
▶ We use wish/ if only with past simple to talk about a present desire; with past perfect
to talk about a past regret and with ‘could’ to express a desire which we know is impossible
to happen.
▪ I wish/ if only you didn’t have to leave so soon (present desire).
▪ I wish/ if only I hadn’t eaten all of those cakes! (I ate them and now I regret it).
▪ I wish I could swim but I am afraid of water (impossible for me to do).
▪ If only we could see the situation with our own eyes (but we cannot).
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Exercise 5: Complete the conversation by writing one word (or a contraction) in each gap.
MARCIE: Hello, Alan. I didn’t expect to see you at the recycling center!
ALAN: No. I wish I (0) hadn't bothered - it took me hours to sort out all these things into
separate bags! If (1) ………. it wasn’t so complicated! All these containers…
MARCIE: Well, it’s great that you’re recycling. I wish more people (2) .......... make the effort.
ALAN: You're quite ‘green’, aren’t you? Don’t you have an electric car?
MARCIE: Yes, but I (3) .......... I’d never bought it. It’s useless. If (4) ………. you knew how
much trouble it’s given me!
ALAN: I’m sorry to hear that. They can’t go very far between charges, can they?
MARCIE: No — and I (5) .......... they (6) .......... told me that before I bought it! I have to
travel a lot for my job and it just doesn’t go far enough without needing to be recharged.
ALAN: Can’t you find places to recharge it?
MARCIE: No, I wish there (7) ………. more, but there’s hardly anywhere.
ALAN: I thought the government was giving subsidies to garages to encourage them to set
up recharging stations.
MARCIE: Well, I wish somebody (8) .......... told them about it around here! None of the
garages I know seems to have one.
ALAN: No, I can’t say I’ve seen any. Anyway, I (9) ............ I (10) …….... stay longer to chat
but I’ve got to get back home.
MARCIE: OK. Well, see you soon.
Exercise 7: Complete the conversation of Jake and Melanie (his neighbor) with unless, even
if, in case, whether
Jake: A man is delivering a washing-machine this morning, but I have to go to work. I won’t be
here when he calls. Could you let him in for me, please, ________ (1) you’re terribly busy?
Melanie: Oh sure, you’re my dear neighbor! I’ll help you ________ (2) I am terribly busy.
Jake: Thanks a lot! I’ll call you when he comes ________ (3) you miss him.
Melanie: Alright! But when are you going to come back? Because I need to leave around
5:30.
Jack: I’ll be back by 6 p.m. But you can leave the package in front of my door before leaving
________ (4) I am at home or not.
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UNIT 10- RELATIVE CLAUSES
Read the text and look at the highlighted grammar examples.
1 She’s the woman who / that lives next door. That’s the book which / that won a prize.
2 That’s my neighbour whose dog never stops barking.
3 James is the man (who) I met at the party. That's the shop (which) I told you about.
4 My sister’s the only person to whom I can talk. My sister’s the only person (who) I can talk to.
Use who, which, whose, whom and that to introduce a defining relative clause, i.e., clause which
gives essential information about somebody or something.
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Non-defining Relative Clauses
1 My aunt, who doesn’t like cats, was given a kitten for Christmas.
The palace, which was built in the 12th century, is visited by thousands of tourists.
2 Adriana hasn’t come to class for two days, which is a bit worrying.
3 I’ve lent my new bike, (which I really love), to my brother.
1 A non-defining relative clause gives extra, non-essential information about a person or thing.
* In written English, this kind of clause is separated by commas, or between a comma and a full
stop.
* You can’t use that instead of who / which.
2 Which can also be used to refer to the whole of the preceding clause.
3 Non-defining clauses don’t classify or identify the person or object. The main clause still makes
sense without it.
Exercise 2: Join the sentences with a relative pronoun. Be careful with the punctuation.
I’ve just failed my driving test. It’s a pity.
I've just failed my driving test, which is a pity.
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6 We bought our computer two months ago. It keeps on crashing.
Our computer________________________________________________________________
7 I left some things on the table. They aren’t there anymore.
The things___________________________________________________________________
8 It’s too hot in my flat. This makes it impossible to sleep.
It’s_________________________________________________________________________
2. The members of the team, who had sponsors, flew to the championships in Ottawa.
A All the members of the team flew to Ottawa.
B Some of the members of the team didn’t fly to Ottawa.
3. It’s the only hotel in the town that has free wireless Internet access.
A There are several hotels in the town. B There is only one hotel in the town.
4. I had a plate of pasta at the new pizzeria restaurant, which was enormous.
A The plate of pasta was enormous. B The restaurant was enormous.
5. The students who passed the test received a prize.
A All the students received a prize. B Some of the students didn’t receive a prize.
6. My flatmate, who is unemployed, often struggles to pay the rent.
A I have one flatmate. B I have several flatmates.
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Exercise 4: Add commas to these sentences if they have a non-defining relative clause. Cross
out the pronoun, if possible, in the defining relative clauses.
1 Sheila, who I first got to know at university, was one of six children.
2 The man who you were talking to is a famous artist.
3 This is the story that amazed the world (no change).
4 The thing that I most regret is not going to university.
5 My two daughters who are 16 and 13 are both interested in dancing.
6 The town where I was born has changed dramatically.
7 I didn’t like the clothes which were in the sale.
8 Salt that comes from the sea is considered to be the best for cooking.
9 Salt whose qualities have been known since prehistoric times is used to season and preserve
food.
10 The CD that I bought yesterday doesn’t work.
11 The part of Europe where I'd most like to live is Portugal.
12 The Algarve where my mother’s family comes from is famous for its beautiful beaches and
dramatic coastline.
Exercise 5: Watch the first half of Our Remarkable Planet video and choose the correct option.
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UNIT 11- REPORTED SPEECH
Reported Speech (1)
Tim wandered along the path thinking aloud, “If I continue this diet, I should lose twenty pounds
by the end of ...”’ When BOOM! He bumped into another city dweller out for a day’s walk in the
park.
Smiling, Sheila responded, “Nothing has broken... No, really, I wasn’t watching my step either.”
“Don’t I know you from somewhere?” inquired Tim while Sheila exclaimed “You’re Tim, Jack’s
brother, aren’t you?”
They both began to laugh as they had met each other the week before at a party that Jack had
given.
Still laughing, Tim suggested, “Why don’t we have a cup of coffee and donut?” to which Sheila
replied, “I thought you wanted to continue to your diet!” They both were still laughing by the
time they reached the Swimming Donut Café.
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GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
When we report someone’s words, we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with
quotation marks (“I work in a bank.”), or we can use reported speech (He said he worked in a
bank.)
In reported speech, the tenses, word-order and pronouns are usually different from those in
the original sentences.
The most common reporting verbs are ‘tell and say’. However, we can also use many other
reporting verbs like ‘promise’, ‘warn’, ‘advise’, ‘ask’ and ‘recommend’.
Say Tell
Direct Speech: Direct Speech:
John: “I like cycling.” John: “I like cycling.”
John said (that) he liked cycling. John told me that he liked cycling.
With ‘said’ we don’t have to use the object With ‘tell’ we need the object (me, you, her).
(e.g. me, you, her). So we can’t say John told that he liked
cycling.
say + (that) + clause tell + someone + (that) + clause
When we use an object with the verb of ‘say’, We can’t say John told to me (that) he liked
we need to put ‘to’ between the verb and the cycling.
object.
e.g.) John said to me (that) he liked cycling.
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Past Simple and Past Continuous Tenses
Direct speech: Reported speech:
“We lived in China for 5 years.” She told me (that) they had lived in China for
5 years.
Past Simple usually changes to Past Perfect in reported speech.
Direct speech: Reported speech:
“I was walking down the road when | saw the He told me (that) he had been walking down
accident.” the road when he’d seen the accident.
Past Continuous usually changes to Past Perfect Continuous in reported speech.
Perfect Tenses
Direct speech: Reported speech:
“They have always been very kind to me” She said (that) they had always been very
kind to her.
Present Perfect usually changes to Past Perfect in reported speech.
Direct speech: Reported speech:
“They had already eaten when I arrived.” He said (that) they had already eaten when
he had arrived.
Past Perfect does not change in reported speech.
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Reported Speech (2)
Modal Changes in Reported Speech
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“Our home won’t be repaired until next Kate told us (that) their home wouldn’t be
month.” repaired until the following month.
Last week / month / year The previous week / month / year
“My phone was broken last week.” Jane said (that) her phone had been
broken the previous week.
.… ago …. before
"Tim went to the stadium an hour ago." Lisa said (that) Tim had gone to the
stadium an hour before.
Here There
“I stay here.” John said (that) he stayed there.
This That
“This climate is great.” He told me (that) that climate was great.
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REPORTED SPEECH (3)
73
After you read: Check the things that Dr Ray suggests for people with insomnia.
(_) 1. Stop drinking coffee and cola late in the day.
(_) 2. Eat a heavy meal before going to bed.
(_) 3. Get more exercise.
(_) 4. Exercise right before bedtime.
(_) 5. Get up from bed and balance your checkbook.
(_) 6. Spend the night at the sleep clinic.
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
Direct Speech
Subject Reporting Verb Direct Speech
He said, “Drink warm milk.”
“Don't drink coffee.”
“Can you turn out the light, please?”
“Why don’t you visit the clinic?”
Indirect Speech
Subject Reporting Verb Noun/Pronoun Indirect Speech
He told Connie to drink warm milk.
not to drink coffee.
said - to turn out the light.
asked her to visit the clinic.
GRAMMAR NOTES
1. In indirect speech, use the infinitive (to + base form of the verb) for:
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2. Use a negative infinitive (not + infinitive) for:
Exercise 4: Read the questions to Helen, a newspaper columnist specializing in health matters,
and report her instructions. Use the reporting verbs in parentheses.
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REPORTED SPEECH (4)
Indirect Questions
A. Wh-questions:
We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder, or want to know. Look first at these wh-
questions.
B. Yes/no questions
! Word order: In a reported question, the subject comes before the verb, as in a statement.
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- Guy asked Melissa when she started acting. NOT Guy asked Melissa when did
she start acting.
- Someone was wondering if the taxi has arrived yet. NOT Someone was wondering if has
the taxi arrived yet.
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6. “Are you married?’’
Jim asked Sara ___________________________________________________________.
7. “Where do you live’’
They asked me ___________________________________________________________.
8. “Did you call me?’’
Sally asked John __________________________________________________________.
9. “When are you leaving?’’
My parents asked me ______________________________________________________.
10. “Can you help me?’’
Jerry asked Candy ________________________________________________________.
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UNIT 12- COMPARATIVE PATTERNS
Exercise 1: Fill in gaps a-e in the article with these sentences/phrases. There is one
sentence/ phrase you don't need.
1 Serious collectors can pay up to £18,000 for a fully grown koi.
2 One recently sold for £250,000.
3 Although some are more reasonably priced,
4 However, I did consider buying one.
5 Jean wasn't impressed by some of the koi on sale either.
6 They're just so amazing to look at.
Living Jewels
John Wilkins goes in search of the world's most expensive and collectable fish.
Before I went to the British Koi Keepers’ Annual Show, I didn't understand how people could
take fish so seriously. However, the more I learned about koi, the more interested I became.
As one expert was eager to tell me, “Collecting koi is far more addictive than you might think.
They're as beautiful as butterflies and very calming to watch.” Freddie Mercury, the lead
singer of Queen, would have agreed. The pool in his specially-built Japanese garden was
home to 89 koi, which cost up to £10,000 each.
At the show | met koi enthusiast Jean Kelly. “Breeding koi is getting more and more
lucrative,” she told me. a _____________. “But that was a record,” admitted Jean. “The
normal price is nowhere near as high as that.”
I later found out that the koi in question was a particularly rare specimen.
Nevertheless, it still seemed outrageous to me—that’s almost as much as I paid for my
house.
b _______________, which is nearly as expensive as a luxury car and the bigger
they are, the more they cost. The cheapest | could find were £75 each but they were only
about twice as big as my goldfish.
c _______________. "Actually, these koi aren't any nicer than mine,” she
commented. “They're slightly bigger than the ones I've got, but I paid considerably less than
this." When I asked her why she liked koi so much, she replied, d _______________, I think
of them as living jewels.”
I certainly wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Jean. e ______________, but then I
remembered that all but five of Freddie Mercury's koi died when someone accidentally turned
off the electricity supply to their pool. Jean assured me that with all the new equipment
available the survival rate was getting better and better and that looking after koi was no
more time consuming than taking care of any other pet. However, in the end I decided to
stick with my goldfish. They're not nearly as exotic as koi — but they're a great deal cheaper
to replace!
Exercise 2: Look at the phrases in red in the article. Write them in the table.
A big difference
A small difference
No difference
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Exercise 3: Look at the phrases in blue in the article. Answer these questions.
1. Which phrase means the others were half the size?
______________________________________________________
2. Which two phrases describe something that continuously changes?
______________________________________________________
3. Which two phrases mean that one thing depends on the other?
______________________________________________________
a big difference far (more addictive) than, nowhere near as (high) as, considerably (less)
than, not nearly as (exotic) as, a great deal (cheaper) than
a small difference almost as (much) as, nearly as (expensive) as, slightly /'slaitli/ (bigger)
than, not quite as (enthusiastic) as
no difference as (beautiful) as, not any (nicer) than, no (more time-consuming) than
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Other Ways of Comparing
* We can use twice/three times/four times, etc. + as … as to compare two things:
The koi were only about twice as big as my goldfish. (= the goldfish were half the size of the
koi).
* For long adjectives, we can use get + more (and more) + adjective to describe something
that continuously changes:
Koi are getting more and more expensive. (= the price is increasing all the time).
* For short adjectives, we can use get + comparative + and + comparative to describe
something that continuously changes:
The survival rate was getting better and better.
* We can use the + comparative/more … , the + comparative/ more ... to say that one
thing depends on the other:
The bigger they are, the more they cost. (= how much they cost depends on how big they
are).
The more I learned about koi, the more interested I became. (=every time I learned
something new about koi, I became more interested in them).
Exercise 4: Read the text and then fill in the gaps with these words. Sometimes there is
more than one possible answer.
People often argue about whether cats make better pets 1___________ dogs. While dogs
are nowhere 2___________ as independent 3____________ cats, they tend to be a
4___________ deal more affectionate. Cats can be 5____________ destructive in the house
than dogs and are more 6____________ to damage the furniture. It’s 7___________ easier
to look after a cat, but dogs are 8____________ better at protecting your property. Generally,
the smaller the dog, 9____________ easier it is to take care of. In fact, dogs get lazier
10__________ lazier as they get older and don’t need 11___________ as much exercise, so
an old dog is 12___________ harder to look after than a cat – and they’re both ten times
easier to look after 13___________ children.
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Exercise 6: Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. Use the words in
brackets.
1. Koi are much more exotic than goldfish. (anywhere near)
Goldfish aren't anywhere near as exotic as koi._________________________________
2. Looking after animals isn't nearly as time-consuming as looking after children. (far more)
______________________________________________________________________
3. Young children are far more affectionate than teenagers. (nowhere near)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. In the past people lived half as long as they do now. (twice)
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Being self-employed is much more rewarding than working for someone else. (not nearly)
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Unemployment figures are a bit higher than they were last month. (slightly)
_______________________________________________________________________
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