ME105 Projections

Orthographic Projections
 Majority of engineering drawings in industry are orthographic projections:
1. Ortho – At right angles, Graphic - Picture
2. At least 2 orthographic views required to describe an object completely
3. More views required for complex objects
4. Dimensioning and details must be shown on orthographic views
5. Sectioned orthographic views should not show hidden lines
6. 3rd Angle projection must be adopted as standard but understand 1 st
Angle as some old drawings may have been done in 1 st angle
 Steps for producing orthographic projections from pictorial/isometric views:
1. Ascertain the overall dimensions of the object (length, width and height)
2. Be sure of what orthographic views are required
3. Draw the rectangles required for the views using the overall dimensions
4. Using the 45o construction line, transfer details onto each of the
rectangles
5. Modify where necessary to produce the required orthographic
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ME105 Illustration

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ME105 Illustration

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ME105 Illustration

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ME105 Illustration

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ME105 Illustration

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 ME105 Projections
Isometric Projections
 Frequently engineers need to illustrate drawings pictorially for clarity –
hence Isometric projections
1. Iso – “Same”, Metric – “Measurement” (Distinguish this from Art)
2. Isometric projections are drawn at 30o to the horizontal
3. Isometric drawings are only pictorial and not 3D as no z coordinates are
used.
4. Isometric projections should not be confused with Oblique projections,
also pictorial but oriented at any chosen angle to the horizontal
 The 3 Isometric Planes in AutoCAD can be accessed by Snap-Style-Isometric
on the Command Prompt
1. ON/OFF sets the snap to ON/OFF (Can also be done using object
handlers)
2. Spacing is the distance between snaps or grid points
3. Aspect allows a different spacing for vertical and horizontal snap points
4. Rotate allows setting of snap points at an angle to the x-axis
5. Style sets the drawing screen to either Standard or Isometric
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 ME105 Projections
Isometric Projections
 Ensure that you are in the correct isoplane (Left, Righ or Top) to insert
details on isoplanes
 Toggle between planes using Ctrl-E
 Circles in isometric projections appear as Ellipses and can drawn using the
Ellipse-Isocircle command
 Object handlers such as ORTHO are useful for drawing lines parallel to the
isoplanes only.
 Boxing Method for Developing Isometric Projections
1. Positioning object. Determine suitable isometric viewpoint that clearly
depicts maximum features of the object
2. Draw the isometric axes which will produce that view-point.
3. Construct isometric planes, using the overall width (W), height (H), and
depth (D) of the object, such that the object will be totally enclosed in a
box.
4. Locate details on the isometric planes.
5. Darken all visible lines, and eliminate hidden lines unless absolutely
necessary to describe the object.
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