Virtual University of Pakistan

Federal Government University

MSC-ZOOLOGY
PAST SOLVED UPDATED PAPER 2022
BT503 Environment Biotechnology
QUIZ 1 QUIZ 2 QUIZ 3 GRAND QUIZ MID TERM FINAL TERM

MUHAMMAD IMRAN
 BT503 Environment Biotechnology
QUIZ NO 1 GRAND QUIZ MID TERM QUIZ NO 2 FINAL TERM

QUIZ NO 1
1. Which of the following group is now recognized as forming a distinct evolutionary line______ ____
__________________________________________________________________Archaebateria
2. Which of the following technique requires the deliberate introduction of selected microbes to bring
about the required clean-up?_______________________________________ Bio augmentation
3. Eichhornia spp. can increase their biomass by ____ under optimum conditions ?___ 10 g/m2/day
4. Which metal is/are the best candidate for the process of phytoextraction?______________ Nickel
5. --method is more sophisticated and refined used normally in bioremediation._ Injection Recovery
6. Successful experiments using Trametes versicolor ATCC has a typically high average sulphur
content of around _________.________________________________________________ 2.59%
7. Biological systems may be used to clean up pollutants. Which of the following attributes MUST be
present in the pollutant if it is to be degraded by a living organism? _____________ ________
________________________________ ____It should be present in an aqueous environment
8. Why is a eukaryotic cloning vector required? _______________________large scale production
9. Extremozymes capable of functioning below pH 1 have been isolated from these structures in
some. Species._______________________________________________________acidoophile
10. To increase resistance to pests, the gene encoding for an endotoxin has been inserted and
expressed in plants. The gene was isolated from: ___________________Bacillus thuringiensis
11. tend to be more susceptible to mutation than.__________________, RNA viruses DNA viruses,
12. Which of the following statements about xenobiotics is FALSE? __________________ _______
________________________________________________They are a sub class of antibiotics
13. ____is a thermophilic microorganism from which polymerase has been isolated and used for PCR
purpose. ______________________________________________________Thermus aquaticus
14. Which statement about endocrine disruptors is TRUE?____________________Feminisation of
male fish has occurred due to increased levels of oestrogen in waterways
15. A.use of thermophilic enzymes is seen in the application of Pfu polymerase for PCR. Pfu stands
for:_________________________________________________________Pyrococcus furiosus
16. Extra chromosomal elements are known as __________________________________ Plasmids
17. Alkaliphiles are naturally occurring species. typically enduring PH of,___________________ PH9
18. Which of the following organism is sensitive to lead? ________________________________Pets
19. Which bacteria colonizes the surface of the leaves? ________________Pseudomonas syringae
20. Planktons react rapid to ecological changes and are viewed as excellent indicators of
____________________________________________________________Water contamination
21. DNA polymerase, called Taq polymerase, was derived from. _____________Thermus aquaticus
22. Environmental persistence is 4 particularly important factor in pollution and is often linked to
mobility and _____________________________________________________bioaccumulation
23. Find out the Extreme Halophile among the organisms below.______________ Salinibacter ruber
24. Bacillus thuringiensis tends to use codons richer in than the plant cells into which the gene is
placed.___________________________________________________ Thymidine and adenine
25. Which of the following levels are included in Wastewater Treatment except,_____________ BOD
26. Aerobic, acidophilic chemolithotrophs like Thiobacillus species, for desulphurization of the
inorganic sulphur in coal, falls under ___________ method._______- ______________biological
27. Species found in the deep ocean volcanic vents known as ‘black smokers’ can tolerate_? ___
__________________________________________________________________________ALL
28. How many codons are in one amino acid___________________________________________ 3
29. Define a Methanogen?__________________________________________________________
______________ _ That produce Methane as a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions.
30. Which term explains cDNA best?_________________________________ Complementary DNA
31. All of these are artificial processes of pathogen removal except..........__________Land treatment
32. In situ technique is suitable for_________Contramination........__________________Widespread
33. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has water content of_______........_______________98%

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
34. A sludge with a solids load of 120 kgSS/d and a solid concentration of 2.0% (20.000mg/L) will
have a flow of........._______________________________________________________6.0 m3/d
35. Most frequently used unit for concentration of sludge............____________________________%
36. Which of the following method affects the Reproduction of the pathogenic agents..........._ __
___________________________________________________________________UV radiation
37. The main characteristic of______Methodsare that the soil is removed from where it originally lay,
for treatment........__________________________________________________________Ex situ
38. For preliminary waste water treatment all basic equipment are required except one.......
___________________________________________________________________Grit chamber
39. The design of sludge treatment and final disposal stages is based on which of the following.......
_____________.______________________________________________________Sludge flow
40. Which of the following pathogen removal system does not need chemicals...._ Maturation ponds
41. ________ are well suited to large scale treatment where speed is not of the essence...........
__________________________________________________________Extensive technologies
42. Capillary water maintain it self absorbed in which of the following phase..........____________Solid
43. In a dewatering process the dry solid level in the dewaterd sludge of filter press________20-30%
44. Facultative pond require how much time for sludge removal from liquid phase..........____Decades
45. The process in which decomposition of aerobic organic matter is achieved through control
condition of temperature, water content, and nutrients is known as.........__________Compositing
46. Following Chemicals are added in the sludge preparation process........__________________
________________________________________Coagulants and Polyelectrolytes Both a & c
47. Soil washing and thermal treatments are example of__Technologies.._________________
_________________________________________________________ Intensive Technologies
48. . Which of the following is highly recommended system for pathogen removal...........__________
______________________________________________________________ Maturation Ponds
49. Which of the following Sludge management stage accomplished through the removal of the
biodegradable organic matter of the sludge......... ___________________________Stabilization
50. A very effective method for removal of disease causing organisms is........._______ Ozonisation
51. Disposal of sludge in the mining areas is known as.............________________Land reclamation
52. ________ technique is the best suited to instances of relatively localised pollution with an insight
typically in hotspot of medium relatively high concentration........._____________________Ex situ
53. Cropping accumulater of heavy metal plants occur in____technology.___ Extensive Technology
54. _______ is normally uses high-temperature refuse the contaminated materials...___ Vetrification
55. Which of following process does not introduce chemical product into the liquid ..____Membranes
56. Among dewatering processes the process which is least used is called......__________Stabilizati
57. The use of ecometerials on walls is effective for? ______________________Sound suppression
58. A compound …isolated from neam plant has broad spectrum insecticidal effect____Azadirachtin
59. Which of the following Phytoplankton facilitate the growth of fishes? _________Chlorella vulgaris
60. Which of the following chemicals is involved in the detoxification of the metals?_____________
______________________________________________________________cu-EDTA complex
61. Main purpose of growing non food crops is to get__ commercially? _____________________Oils
62. Which of the following is used to degrade the xenobiotics ___________Mixed microbial cultures
63. Which of the following has been considered as a strong anti-biofouling agent? ________Acid rain
64. Zooplanktons are microscopic ........?_________________________________________Animals
65. At which pH, air contamination is controlled?_______________________________________7.5
66. Which of the following is not an intervention of Environment Biotechnology?______________
_________________________________________________________ Antibiotic development
67. Erwinian enzyme degrades_________ of plants._______________________________ Cell Wall
68. The cloning vector may be DNA taken from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or it may be
the_______ of a bacterium.________________________________________________ Plasmid
69. How to reduce frost damage in plants?_____ By using mutant form of Pseudomonas Syringae
70. Why Extremozymes are important?______________________________________ Because the
production of Extremozymes is more at industrial level.
71. The theory of evolution by natural selection was independently developed by:_________ Charles
Darwin and Alfred Wallace
72. Environmental Biotechnology is the " integration of natural sciences and__________ Engineering
73. Which of the following statements is FALSE?____________________ Psychrophiles are found
in regions with extremely high temperatures
74. The term often used as a synonym for Pre-mRNA is_____________________________. hnRNA
75. Extremophiles, having a cytoplasm that contains a higher solute concentration than is present in
their surroundings are ______.___________________________________________ Halophiles
76. Give the exact meaning of Phytovolatization_______________ The uptake and transpiration of
contaminants.
77. What is the estimative growth of Global Environmental Market by 2025?___ 74 Billion US dollars
78. Alona guttata is an example of _________________________________________. Zooplankton
79. The most famous Eukaryotic Vector is________________________________________ Bacteria

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 2
80. Chinese Cabbage is transformed with Bt gene to cause resistance against_____________.Pests
81. Which term explains Biomethane best?___________________________ renewable natural gas
82. Which of the following technique is most suitable for the detection of RNA.____ Northern blotting
83. Living organisms may be used to define the characteristics of a biosphere. Those that are used to
get quantitative information on the quality of the environment are known as ______. Biomonitors
84. Plants are used in a____________process that uses more than one plant type to remove,
transfer, stabilize and destroy contaminants in ground water and the soil.____Phytoremediation
85. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are xenobiotics having high level of______________.Halogens
86. What are Jumping Genes?____ DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome
87. Which of the following technique is most suitable for the detection of presence of gene product.
_______________________________________________________________ Western blotting
88. Antibiotic resistance and β-galactosidase genes are _____________ genes.__________ reporter
89. Eco-friendly means___________________________________________________Earth-friendly
90. Baculovirus is a ______ virus.________________________________________________ insect
91. Restriction enzymes are enzymes_______ _______________Capable of cutting DNA molecule
92. Why Methanogenic Consortium is important for Environmental Biotechnology?________ Because
it can digest Tetraphthalate
93. A multiple cloning site (MCS), is also called a_________________________________.Polylinker
94. The term used for the gradual accumulation of substances or toxins in an organism is____ ____
_______________________________________________________________Bioaccumulation
95. Horizontal gene transfer can occur with the help of the following methods _____
______________________________________Transformation,Transduction and Conjugation
96. Which bacterium have made possible the widespread use of a revolutionary technology, the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).__________________________________ Thermus aquaticus
97. Using of dibenzothiophene (DBT) is used for the removal of________________organic sulphur
98. The removal of specific pollutants (usually toxic or non-biodegradable compounds) that were not
sufficiently removed in the secondary treatment is called ______________.Tertiary treatment
99. Ralstonia eutropha, contains which compound in its backbone?____________________ Sulphur
100. To maintain optimum internal conditions__________need to be watered sufficiently,but
waterlogging is to be avoided as this leads to compaction, and hence, reduced efficiency._______
______________________________________________________________________ biofilters
101. Moving bodies of water disperse pollutants ______ rapidly than still ones.____________ more
102. Name the process by which land resources are restored to their former state or “baseline
condition is known as_____________________________________________ Land Remediation
103. How many practical problems are associated with GE of plants which make them more difficult
to manipulate than bacteria.______________________________________________________2
104. In the case of _____ concentration exposure, some pollutants may also have an effect on an
organism’s behaviour or its susceptibility to environmental stress over its lifetime.__________ low
105. Biological system may be used to clean up pollutants which of the following… attributes must
be present in the pollutants. __________________________________ It should be highly toxic
106. Halophiles are extremely important in environment biotechnology these are microorganisms
that survive in highly saline environment . they do so by ensuring that-_________________ Their
cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of solutes then their surroundings
107. Glyphosate ( herbicide) is analyze of phosphenol pyruvate and inhibits the enzyme, the plants
that gave the best result were --------.________________________________________ Petunias
108. Lichens are used as bioindicators to monitor -------- quality._________________________ Air
109. Microorganisms are now being used for the removal of pollutants from environment . all of the
following statementsin this regards are true except-------.___________ The tolence degradation
pathway and p-cumate catabolic pathway are coded by genes present on the same operon.
110. In bacteria genetic transfer of materials occurs through --------._________________ Plasmids
111. Which statement about endocrine disrupters is true------.___ Feminization of male fish has
occurred due to increased levels of oestrogen in water ways,
112. Plants have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer system of the bacterium.__
____________________________________________________Agrobacterium tumefaciences
113. The plant pathogen that is used to increase the resistance of plant to disease is ----------._
_____________________________________________________________Erwinia Carotovora
114. Living organisms may be used to define the characteristics of biosphere , those that are used
to get quantitative information on the quality of the environment are known as ---------.____
___________________________________________________________________Biomonitors
115. The removal of pollutants by plant that breaking down into compounds that can be vaporized is
known as -------.________________________ Degradation, phytovolatislation, phytosorption
116. Planktons are often used as indicator of water pollution, many planktons reproduce at
increased rate in lakes when there are high centralization of ------.___ Phosphorus and nitrogen
117.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 3
 GRAND QUIZ
1. Natural estrogens deactivated by………._______________________________ Glucuronidation
2. Insect virus that causes over expression of genes in molecular biology-__________ Baculo virus
3. Acute toxins_________________________________________________________________ All
4. By using recombinant technologies scientists are now producing ____________________ Insulin
5. …………. are combustible materials, containing within themselves all oxygen needful for their
combustion, which burn but do not explode, and function by producing gas which produces an
explosion_____________________________________________ Propellants or low explosives
6. -------------are types of waste stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and
domestic wastewater_____________________________________________ Facultative lagoon
7. PAH-containing fractions, by animal test systems ….evidence have been obtained that PAH
containing__________________________________________ skin painting,lung implantation)
8. Pentane is utilized as a ……………in the preparation of phenol_____________________ foaming
9. Polystyrene, as a propellant for aerosol sprays, as a filling of lowtemperature----------------, and as
reference compound in gas chromatography.______________________________ thermometers
10. Herbicide resistant plants__________________________________________________ pests
11. Average temperature of ocean______________________________________________1–3°C
12. Which of ....does not use to make vessel of biofilters________________ may be formic sheet
13. Which of the following is not fate of water_________________ may be generation of aerosol
Which of the following does not classify as a substitution material.-------____ other than those
options) materials is a major potential avenue for the environmental biotechnology
14. Metals are released into the environment by all of the following except-_________ Earthquake
15. When facultative pond receives raw sewage they are called ......ponds._______ primary pond
16. ----------- is the presence of contamination in the environment which harm the environment._____
______________________________________________________________________Pollution
17. Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( CL-PAHs) are group of compound with two or
more aromatic rings and one or more --------- atoms are attatched to the ring system_____
______________________________________________________________________Chlorine
18. Making the compound more polar and easily cleared from the blood by the -----------.____ Kidney
19. -------- is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substance can
damage an organism._____________________________________________________ Toxicity
20. -------- is the application of biotechnology for solving environmental problems_____
_____________________________________________________Environmental biotechnology
21. In the soil, a ----------has basically four possible destinations:___________________ pollutant
22. Bio substitution are: ……_____________________1-Biofuels, 2-Polymers 3-Biodegradable
23. A strain of Pseudomonas putrid known to----------_______________________ degrade PCBs
24. The insect virus, …….., has been shown to be the method of choice for the over , expression
of genes in many applications of ------------_________________ Baculovirus. molecular bioliogy
25. Methogenic constortio of over 100 bacterial clone with the capability to digest -----------,
__________________________________________________________________terephthalate
26. Insertion of foreign DNA in the vector resulting in the loss of the future _______ marker gene
27. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment________- settling compartment.
28. The septic tank can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank-----------------,
____________________________________________________________called an Inhofe tank
29. For land base application soil type best suited to biotehnological intervention are_______
_______________________________________________________________ Sand and gravel
30. Which of the following is not fate of water ………_________ may be generation of aerosol
31. Which of does not use to make vessel of biofilters ……… __________may be formic sheet
32. Preliminary treatment involves the removal of coarse …… ___________________solids only
33. Attack by insect not only cause damage to the plant but also provide route … ___
__________________________________________________ for bacterial or fungal infection
34. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment______ settling compartment
35. The septic tank can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank_called an Inhofe tank
36. Why frogs are helpful as bioindicator--------- _____Frogs are also Bioindicators; influenced
by changes that take place in their freshwater and terrestrial habitats
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 4
37. Which of the following is not linked to biomagnifications____…(other than those) • long-lived,
• mobile, • soluble in fats, • biologically active
38. Which of the following is not fate of water_________________ may be generation of aerosol
39. Which of does not use to make vessel of biofilters__________________ may be formic sheet
40. A strain of Pseudomonas putida known to -----------______________________ degrade PCBs
41. In the soil, a pollutant has basically -----------______________________possible destinations:
42. retention in the soil matrix, retention by the plants, appearance in the underground water and
collection by underdrains _____________________________________________________ four
43. In the Imhoff tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment ________ settling compartment
44. septic tank can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank called___ an Inhofe tanks
45. -----------------which receive raw sewage is also known as primary ponds___ Facultative ponds
46. A strain of ----------------putrid known to degrade PCBs____________________ Pseudomonas
47. Mere a gene is one of a ……involved in bacterial detoxification of mercury, and is the one
coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion reeducates, which converts …….from an ionic to a…….
____________________________________________cluster of genes mercury volatile form
48. ---------------- also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain
chlorophyll and require daylight to live and develop_______________________ Phytoplanktons
49. ----------------are microscopic animals living near to the surface of the water body. They are poor
swimmers, instead relying on tides and currents as a transport mechanism. They feed upon
phytoplanktons, bacterioplanktons, or detritus (i.e. marine snow).______________ Zooplanktons
50. The …..released in air by the processes of weathering, erosion and volcanic activity ___ metals
51. The nature of the soil or water which harbors the …..can have a major effect on the actual
expressed end-result.____________________________________________________ pollution
52. Bio filter consists of a relatively large vessel or container, typically made of cast concrete,
metal or ________________________________________________________ durable plastic
53. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for----- plant growth.
54. Frog are bio indicator by……. _________________________Change in fresh and terrestrial
55. Na+/H+ antiport, …. …in opposite directions across a membrane_____ the transport of
sodium and hydrogen ions
56. Attack by insects is cause……_________________________________ micrococcus lentos
57. Fundamental requirements are ……………._____ ____________________all of given above
58. Second strategy is usually ……………………. _______________________________Plasmid
59. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the__________________________ upper compartment
60. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as primary ponds…..___________
_________________________________________________________ Retention by the plants
61. Septic tanks are also a form of,,,,,,,,,, treatment______________________________ primary
62. Due to continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the aeration tank, bacteria grow and
reproduce continuously.______________________________ If an indefinite population growth
63. Rhizofiltration technique employs --------. _____________________________All of the above
64. -------falls in the category of organic pollutants._______ _________________All of the above
65. Rhizofiltration is typically used to deal with ---------contamination.____________ Groundwater
66. A biotechnological intervention for cleaning up the residual effects of human activities is known
as------. __________________________________________________________Bioremediation
67. Which of the following process involves super-aeration of the groundwater ultimately stimulating
accelerated biodegradation of a contaminant?______________________________ Biosparging
68. Organic molecules tend to adhere closely to soil particles and are localized within ______of the
surface.___________________________________________________________________ 2mm
69. Macrophytes can uptake the nitrogen from water directly up to……..?_______6000 kg/ha/year
70. Bioremediation is most suited to?___________________________________ All of the above
71. The technique which choose and permit plants to grow for a suitable length of time.____
________________________________________________________________Phytoextraction
72. Microbes capable of utilizing a variety of carbon sources and degrading a number of typical
contaminants are commonly found in____________________________________________. Soil
73. freshwater species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was sensitive to _____________________all
74. which of the following factors contribute to the increase in the death rate of the pathogenic
microorganisms _________________________ high DO concentrations and an increase in Ph

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 5
75. Plants are susceptible to bacterial pathogens such as Erwinia carotovora, which produces
enzymes capable of degrading its ___________________________________________cell walls
76. The average oceanic temperature is around __________________________________1–3°C
77. Which of the following bacteria causes crown gall disease _____Agrobacterium tumefaciens
78. Which zone is essential in the treatment line for biological removal of
phosphorus_____________________________________________________ both of the above
79. Salt tolerance in tomatoes has been established by introducing genes involved in …..antiport,
the transport of sodium and hydrogen ions in opposite directions across a
membrane________________________________________________hydrogen and sodium
80. Those species which live in higher Kcl levels are known a___ extremophiles ______ halophile
81. The process of expression of foreign genes in a plant is called __________ Gene expression
82. The removal of pollutants by plant that breaking down into compounds that can be vaporized is
known as ------._________________________ Degradation, phytovolatislation, phytosorption
83. The removal of the organic matter in the secondary stage is carried out through biochemical
reactions undertaken by. ________________________________________ microorganisms
84. Enzyme used in PCR is ….______________________________________ DNA Polymerase
85. in facultative aerated lagoons are oxygen is supplied by mechanical equipment called
aerators.___________________________________ ____________________________aerators
86. Halophiles are extremely important in environmental biotechnology. These are microorganisms
that survive in highly saline environments. They do so by ensuring that: ____________ their
cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of solutes than their surroundings
87. denaturation step in PCR usually occur at which temperature? ____________________ 95 ◦C
88. Is thermophilic microorganism from with polymerase has been isolated and used for PCR
purpose.______________________________________________________ Thermus aquaticus
89. many planktons at an increased rate in lakes when there are high centralization
of____________________________________________________________BOTH of the above
90. in bacteria the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are..___________ both of the above
91. the first working draft of the human genome sequence was published in which year ?___ 2001
92. which of the following is considered as health threatening microorganism of water
____________________________________________ Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
93. Halophiles are extremely important in environment biotechnology these are microorganisms that
survive in highly saline environment . they do so by ensuring that________________ Their
cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of solutes then their surroundings
94. What are GMOs?__________________________________ Genetically Modified Organisms
95. DNA is precipitated by __________________________________________________ Alcohol
96. Genomic library are very useful to look for a specific Sequence of __________________ DNA
97. Typically the soil types best suited to biotechnological interventions are __sands and gravels
98. which of the following contaminants are rich in trichopria tetrat ______________ Phosphorus
99. Wolffia globosa is an important tool for showing ….. sensitivity and contamination.____cadmium
100. Multicellular organism cannot tolerate temperature….____________________________ 50 ◦ C
101. Bacillus thuringiensis tends to use codons richer in then the plant cells into which the gene is
placed.___________________________________________________ thymidine and adenine
102. Optimum PH for local environment conditions lies in the range of ….?____________ 6.5–7.5
103. Which of the following treatment system is adopted for removal of biodegradable organic matter
form domestic sewage? _____________________________________ aerobic biofilm reactors
104. The sequence recognized by restriction enzyme is known as…__________ recognition a site
105. Which of the following method may be employed to improve the efficiency of pollutant
degradation by a bacterium without the use of genetic engineering? _____________ Culture the
bacterium in growth medium containing increasing concentrations of the pollutant.
106. Microbes and enzymes typically function at ____________ Low temperature, Low pressure
107. The first bio tech based method of odor control was applied in.._____________________1920
108. applications of the system overland flow is applicable to the …_________________ plain area
109. generally the local environmental conditions required would ideally offer a temperature
of.____________________________________________________________________20–30 ◦ C
110. The existence of microbes capable of surviving in extreme environments has been known since
the.. _____________________________________________________________________1960s
111. mer B codes for which enzyme ______________________________________________ lyase
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 6
112. a bacterial strain known to degrade PCBs is?_____________________ Pseudomonas putida
113. lichens are used as bioindicators to monitor ……. Quality_____________________________air
114. Extremozymes capable of functioning below pH1 have been isolated from these structures in
some …species _______________________________________________________ acidophile
115. How many practical problems associated with GE of plants which make them more difficult to
manipulate than bacteria ________________________________________________________ 2
116. Of all soil which bacteria, seem to have the most highly developed ability to adapt quickly to
new carbon sources _______________________________________________ Pseudomonads
117. ….. are able to transfer genetic material between susceptible cells _______ eukaryotic viruses
118. Which this bacterium would later make possible the widespread use of a revolutionary
technology, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ______________________ Thermus aquaticus
119. A bacterial gene encoding pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase, an enzyme involved in the
degradation of explosives, has been transferred into _________________________ tobacco plant
120. biological treatments are not best suited to in which type of soils ____________ all of the above
121. The oestrogen is degraded completely to …….. thus presenting a plausible method for water
polishing prior to consumption. ________________________________ carbon dioxide and water
122. Of all soil bacteria …… seem to have the most highly developed ability to adapt quickly to new
carbon sources._________________________________ __________________Pseudomonads
123. Ralstonia eutropha, containing ……in its backbone, ___________________________ Sulphur
124. A use of thermophilic enzyme is seen in the application pfu polymerase for PCR . pfu stands
for__________________________________________________________ Pyrococcus furiosus
125. Reporter genes can only be a guide to the process of transcription and translation occurring
in the cell _____________________________________________________________ both b&c
126. Hyperthermophiles work at temperatures above___________________________________85c
127. Isolated samples of common place proteins, like egg albumin, are irreversibly denatured well at
which temperature? _____________________________________________________blew 100c
128. Bryophytes are frequently used to monitor__________________________. air contamination
129. The retention time of the solids in the system is called? _____________________ sludge age
130. Planktons are often used as indicators of water pollution. Many planktons reproduce at an
increased rate in lakes when there are high centralizations of ____ and ______________
_______________________________________________________ phosphorus and nitrogen.
131. Imhoff tanks, are basically____tanks? ________________________________ sedimentation
132. Plankton also plays an important role in biological deterioration ____________ organic matter
133. In bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are_____________. Bacteriophage
134. Bacteria have also adapted to degrade man-made organics called ____________xenobiotics.
135. Gene is expressed, preceded by a strong promoter, most commonly the ‘35S’ promoter,
obtained from________________________________________. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
136. T-DNA on Ti plasmid is flanked by a direct repeat of_____________________________. 24bp
137. What is the efficiency of maturation pounds for the removal of pathogenic organisms?______
_______________________________________________________________________ 99.99%
138. In sub surface flow system rhizomes and roots are adjacent to which condition? ____ Aerobic
139. Glyphosate’ (herbicide) is an analogue of phosphoenol pyruvate and inhibits the enzyme
5enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The gene coding for this enzyme has been isolated
and inserted into plants which then exhibited an increased resistant to the herbicide. The plants that
gave the best results were:_________________________________________________ Petunias
140. Microorganisms are often used as health indicators of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. e.g.,
Some microorganisms when exposed to cadmium and benzene contaminants produce _______
proteins, which can be used as early warning signs _______________________________stress
141. To design production systems which avoid the potential for environmental contamination is the
challenge of _____________________________________________________. Green chemistry
142. Pyrolobus fumarii, optimum temperature for reproduction is______________________? 105 c
143. Which kind of porous medium is used in surface flow wetland? _____________________Gravel
144. which of the following gene is one of a cluster of genes involved in bacterial detoxification of
mercury.__________________________________________________________________mer A
145. Genetic modification of which tree enabled mercury to be removed from the soil and converted
to a form able to be released to the atmosphere. ______________________________Poplar tree

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 7
146. The……. is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters
using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
__________________________________________________________Aquatic-based systems
147. Of all soil bacteria, which bacteria seem to have the most highly developed ability to adapt
quickly to new carbon sources? _________________________ _____________Pseudomonas
148. Which of the following is the most abundant biopolymer on this planet. as well as major product
of photosynthesis? ______________________________________________________Cellulose
149. in biotrickling filters, constituents of the smell are biodegraded by..._________ ____
____________________________________________________________Biofilm communities
150. What do you mean by anoxic zone? _________________Presence of both oxygen & nitrates
151. is mainly intended for the removal of coarse solids and grit __________Preliminary Treatment
152. The slop in overflow land should be 2 to __%._______________________________________4
153. Environment Biotechnology involves _________________________________All of the above
154. In overflow land. the soils should have a…. permeability. ___________________________high
155. Which of the following statement is true? _________________________________________All
156. What is the main application of Biomemetics?___________________Prevention of biofouling
157. Which of the following are useful indicators to check the water quality? _______Phytoplankton
158. High rate ponds usually receive a high…. load per unit surface area.? ______________organic
159. Many surface structural proteins in halophiles require severely elevated concentrations of
________________________________________________________________Potassium salts
160. has become a popular choice for the production of recombinant species.
____________________________________________________________Arabidopsis thaliana
161. Transposons were first discovered in __________________________________________Rice
162. Microorganisms are now being used for the removal of pollutants fram the environment. All of
the following statements in this regard are true, EXCEPT ___________________The toluene
degradation pathway and p-cumate catabolic pathway are coded by genes present on the
same operon
163. The term transposable element was first coined by. ________________Barbara MacClintock
164. Surface flow wetlands means____________________________________-free water Surface
165. Removal of from coal has been investigated by using dibenzathiaphene
(DBT)___________________________________________________________organic sulphur
166. An extremophile ________________________________________live in extreme conditions
167. The sulphur content of fossil fuels is of environmental concern. e.g. implicated in the production
of acid rain. since it produces ……on combustion.__________________________sulphur dioxide
168. Many planktons reproducing at an increased rate in lakes when there are high centralizations of
_______________________________________________________________Both of the above
169. in bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are ___________Both of the above
170. Yeast are _________________________________________________eukaryotic unicellular
171. Transgenic plants? ______________________________contain foreign genes in their cells
172. The repeats flanking the T-DNA of Agrabacterium tumefaciens are known as, _________
__________________________________________________________________Direct repeats
173. Release of free ammonia (NH3) into the atmosphere, under high pH conditions is known
as?______________________________________________________________Denitrificatiom
174. Conventional activated sludge and extended seration are examples of _______
________________________________________________________Activated Sludge System
175. Which of the following environmental parameter has no effect on the biadegradation of a
pollutant present in soil? _____________________________Type of plants growing in the soil
176. Luciferase genes are also used at times for detection. Choose the correct statement for them.
______________________________________________They are obtained from fire flies only
177. has proven itself to be a highly effective against garden slug______________
__________________________________________________Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
178. A genetically modified organism means an organism which has had genes. ________
______________________________________________________________________Replaced
179. ….the most frequently talked about of all environmental ________________________Pollution
180. Which kind of plant genera are used in sub-suface flow system? __________________Cactus
181. It is important to remember that pollution cannot properly be assessed without a linked
examination of the ____________________________________________________environment
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 8
182. The oxygen required in the facultative ponds by the aerobic bacteria is supplied by algae
through. ?________________________________________________________Photosynthesis
183. Around….. of the input raw materials in leather manufacturing ultimately ends up being
discarded and enzyme additions have long been used to help manage this waste.__________60%
184. In order to metabolize crude oil, first patent for which genetically madified bacterial strain was
granted in 1980_____________________________________________________________Ecoli
185. The most popular method of transforming plants is by the._____________________Ti plasmid
186. Constructed wetlands are. __________________________________Aquatic-based systems
187. is difficult because of diverse nature of potential pollutants. _________________Classification
188. What is the range of thermal conductivity of cellulose in W/mK?________________0.038- 0.040
189. High rate ponds are conceived in order to maximize……production?__________________alge
190. Which gas is produced from up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor system? _____ Methane
191. The mechanism of separation of the particles with a density greater than sewage is adopted
in_________________ _______________________________________________Sedimentation
192. Species found in the deep ocean volcanic vents known as ‘black smokers’ can tolerate_____?
_______________________________________________________________High temperature
193. Which of the following has been considered as a strong anti-biofouling agent?____ Chloroform
194. Which of the following method belongs to the physical unit operation__________ Fluccolation
195. Planktons react rapidly to ecological changes and are viewed as excellent indicators of____
____________________________________________________________Water contamination
196. What is the BOD removal efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors?__ ______10%
197. Steinernema carpocapsae is a _____________.____________________________ nematode
198. In bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are_____._________________ all
199. In facultative aerated lagoons the oxygen is supplied by mechanical equipment called
aerators._______________________________________________________________ aerators
200. The ____________ of many of today’s polluting substances or materials is a major potential
avenue for the environmental biotechnology.____________________________ bio-substitution
201. The treatment used for the removal of coarse solids and grit is_______. Preliminary treatment
202. Mostly_____________are used but rapid temperature increase coupled with the lengthy period
of contact time is required______________________ _________________________Mesophiles
203. Plants may be genetically modified for the removal of toxic compounds from the environment.
Many of the transgenic plants have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer system of the
bacterium ______________________________________________Agrobacterium tumefaciens
204. The removal of settleable solids and part of the organic matter (Physical pollutant removal
mechanisms are predominant in both levels) is called __________________. Primary treatment
205. What is the main objective of maturation ponds?___ _________________
_________________________________________________Removal of pathogenic organism
206. In bacteria, genetic transfer of material occurs through________ ________________Plasmids
207. Southern Blotting is a laboratory technique used to detect a specific_______sequence in a
blood or tissue sample._______________________________________________________- DNA
208. In which systems, pre-settled or pre-treated sewage is applied below ground level?________
___________________________________________________________Subsurface infiltration
209. The attenuation of pollutants by permitting them to become physically spread out, thereby
reducing their effective point concentration is called _________________dilution and dispersion
210. The expression ‘____________’ is used as an aggregate term referring to all sources of biotic
and abiotic reactions to ecological changes._________________________________ bioindicator
211. An organism whose genome has been altered by the gene transfer from another species is
known as a________-. _________________________________________Transgenic organism
212. Activated carbon preferentially adsorbs __________molecules.__________________ organic
213. BOD is stabilised aerobically by ___________that grow attached to a support medium.____
_______________________________________________________________________bacteria
214. The ________ communities feed on substances in the solution passing over them, biodegrading
the constituents of the smell._________________________________________________ biofilm
215. Which gene is the one coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion reductase, which converts mercury
from an ionic to a volatile form?_______________________________________________- mer A
216. Which of the following contaminents are rich in Trichopria tetrat_______________ Phosphorus
217. Imhoff tank is a ______________. ___________________________a two-compartment tank
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 9
218. An organism containing a gene which doesn’t belong to it and is derived from somewhere else
then the organism is said to be ___________.________________________________ Transgenic
219. Which organism can degrade Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?__________________
____________________________________________________ Strain of Pseudomonas Putida
220. The signaling molecules used in bacterial quorum sensing are___________________. AHLs
221. What is the detention time of sedimentation ponds?__________________________ 02 days

BT503 QUIZ-2
1. Which of the following method for removal of pathogenic organisms do not need chemical
products of energy , but require large areas.______________________________ Maturation ponds
2. Free water in the sludge can be removed by --------.___________________________ Gravity
3. Which zone is essential in the treatment line for biological removal of phosphorus, aerobic or
anerobic. _________________________________________________________________ Both
4. A process In sludge management for preparation for dewatering is known as ---________
_______________________________________________________________________Dewatering
5. Vitrification uses --------- temperature for fuse contaminated material. ________________High
6. The sludge production is a function of the waste water treatment system used for the ------
_____________________________________________________________________ Liquid phase
7. --------- is very effective agent for the removal of pathogens. _____________________Ozone
8. Lime stabilization is used in treat ---------- sludge. _________________________________All
9. Thermal decomposition process by oxidation is known as ------. ______________Incineration
10. For which of the following waste water treatment system the equipement depends on the post
treatment process used.______________________________________________ Rapid infiltration
11. Which of the following process does not introduce chemical products into the liquid.
______________________________________________________________________Membranes
12. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has water content of ------. __________________ 98%
13. Which of the following method for pathogen removal affects the reproduction of pathogenic
agents. ______________________________________________________________UV Radiations
14. Gamma radiations are used for ------------.______________________________ Conditioning
15. Thickening in sludge management is removal of -------._________________________ Water
16. Most significant temperature for bio-remediations is --------- ______________________20-30℃
17. All of these are artificial processes of pathogen removal except? ……….....___Land treatment
18. ln s situ to technique is suitable for ------ contamination…………………………....__Widespread
19. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has water content of……………………….…_____98%
20. A sludge with a solids load of 120 KgSS/d and a solids concentration of 2.0% (20,000 mg/L)
will have a flow of………………………………………………………………….…____________6.0 m3/d
21. Most frequently used unit for concentration of sludge is?...............................................__...... %
22. Which of the following method affects the reproduction of the pathogenic agents?....
______________________________________________________________________UV radiation
23. The main characteristic of ______ Methods are that the soil is removed from where it originally
lay for treatment?.........................................._______________________________................. Ex situ
24. For preliminary waste water treatment, all basic equipment are required except one?.......
__________________________________________________________________________Aerator
25. The design of sludge treatment and final disposal stages is based on which of the
following?........................................................................................................__________........... Both
26. Which of the following pathogen removal system does not need chemicals?.......__________
_________________________________________________________________Maturation ponds
27. _________ are well suited to large scale treatment where speed is not of the
essence…………………………………………___………………___________ Extensive technologies
28. Capillary water maintain itself adsorbed in which of the following phase?.......................__Solid
29. In a dewatering process the dry solid level in the dewatered sludge of filter press……_20-30%
30. Facultative ponds require how much time for sludge removal from liquid phase?... __Decades
31. The process in which decomposition of aerobic organic matter is achieved through controlled
conditions of temperature. water content and nutrients is known as………..….._______ Compositing
32. Following chemicals are added in the sludge preparation process…..…………... Both a & c
(Coagulants, Sulphur, polyelectrolytes, Both a & c)
33. Soil washing and thermal treatments are examples of ___ technology……… _____________
_____________________________________________________________Intensive technologies
34. Which of the following is highly recommended system for pathogen removal?...... ________
_________________________________________________________________Maturation ponds
35. Which of the following sludge management stage accomplished through the removal of the
biodegradable organic matter of the sludge? ……………………………………..________Stabilization

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 10
36. A very effective method for removal of disease causing organisms is?............... _Ozonisation
37. Disposal of sludge in the mining areas is known as-----………………______ Land reclamation
38. _______ technique is the best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a site.
typically, in 'hot-spots' of medium to relatively high concentrations……………..____________ Ex situ
39. Cropping of heavy metal accumulator plants occur in _ technology. _ Extensive technologies
40. __is normally uses high temperature to fuse the contaminated materials…_….. Vitrification
41. Which of following process does not introduce chemical products into the liquid……
______________________________________________________________________Membranes
42. Among dewatering processes, the process which is least used is called………. _Stabilization
43. Stages of sludge processing involve?........................................______________..............ALL
44. Technologies have smaller resource requirement and lower initiation, running and support
costs……………………………….__…………………………………._________Intensive technologies
45. _________process is an appropriate method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture
and landscaping. ________________________________________________________Composting
46. _______ is very effective agent for the removal of pathogens……………………_…….._Ozone
47. Density of the liquid sludge range between…………………___………………...__1.02 and 1.03
48. If the sludge is to be incinerated then the following ---process is not necessary._Disinfection
49. Water in the sludge can be classified into how many classes?............................___..............4
50. Lime stabilization is used to treat______ sludge…………………………………………………All
51. ______ metallic coagulants is/are used in conditioning of sludge………………_…__both A&B
52. Principle mechanism of influence in the dewatering process is called……………_Evaporation
53. For which of the following waste water treatment system the equipment depends on the post
treatment process used………_…………………………___________UASB reactors+ post treatment
54. Transformation or mineralization of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile, forms is
known as ____ remediation method……………………………………__……………_______.Biological
55. ____process is an appropriated method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture and
landscaping………………………………………………………………_______……_______Composting
56. How much dry solid content is found in fluid sludge?...................................................._0%-25%
57. Which basic equipment is required for high rate pond waste water treatment process?
________________................... . ...........................................................Rotors for liquid movement
58. Water content influences which properties of the sludge? ………………_……….._Mechanical
59. _____process is an encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural
integrity, with or without associated chemical fixation………………………_……..._______Vitrification
60. Adsorbed water in the sludge can be removed by?...............................___Flocculating agents
61. Sludge drying lagoons are used for…………………………………………_____……………..All
62. The sludge production is a function of the waste water treatment system used for the……
………………………………………………………………………_________________…… Liquid phase
63. __ is a land disposal process, in which the organic substrate is biologically degraded in the
upper layer of the soil and the inorganic fraction is transformed or fixed into this layer.
………………………………………………………………………………____________….Land Farming
64. How much water content is found in fluid sludge?......................................___..........100%-75%
65. For sludge stabilization, chemical stabilization is accompanied by ------of an organic matter.
…………………………………………………………………………………_______________…Oxidation
66. Toxic by-products can be generated in which of the following system?......___.......Chlorination
67. Thermal decomposition process by oxidation is known as____..........._.............. _Incineration
68. Type of centrifuges mostly used in the dewatering process are called--------
………………………………………………………………____________….Horizontal-Shaft Centrifuge
69. --------is an example of thermal remediation method…………………………__……Gasification
70. In primary treatment system, primary sludge takes how much time for sludge removal from
liquid phase?................................................................................................._...............______months
71. Free water in the sludge can be removed by…………………………………____………. gravity
72. ______ involves the heating of sludge at 70oC for 30 mints…………………..__ Pasteurization
73. Normal temperature required in thermophilic aerobic digestion process is…_____……50-60oC
74. Time period required to carry out compositing through in-vessel biological reactors is normally
…………………………………………………………………………__________________……14-21days
75. Which one of the following sludge management stage includes the removal of organic
matter?........................................................................................._......................_______Stabilization
76. Criteria for analysis of waste water treatment include……………………...……..__________All
77. ________ agent/s responsible for land contamination……………………….____asbestos work
78. ____ is the main natural water removal mechanism/s in the sludge dewatering…_Percolation
79. Time required for the accumulation of discard sludge from WWTPs…………….._____3-5years
80. The density of the sludge during most of its processing is very close to………. ________Water
81. Which methods are costly for removal of disease causing organisms………………___Artificial
82. Removal of organic matter in sludge management is known as…………………__Disinfection
83. Density of sludge in processing stages is close to…………………………_________1000Kg/m3
84. Large areas are required for which pathogen removal system…………____Maturation ponds

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 11
85. Gamma radiations are used for _______................................................________Disinfection
86. Vitrification uses ______ temperature to fuse the contaminated materials……….. ______High
87. Small, fast growing macrophytes have a ……… potential uptake rate.?______________ High
88. Biological breakdown of contaminants externally by plants is done by?____Phytodegradation
89. …..techniques are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a site, typically
in ‘hot-spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration ______________________________Ex situ
90. Which of the following method affects the reproduction of the pathogenic agents_UV radiation
91. A sludge with a level of dry solids of 2% has a water content of_____________________98%.
92. Cropping accumulater of heavy metal plants occur in __ technology __Extensive Technology
93. _______ is normally uses high-temperature refuse the contaminated materials__Vetrification.
94. Which of following process does not introduce chemical product into the liquid___Membranes.
95. Among dewatering processes the process which is least used is called________Stabilization
96. All of these are artificial processes of pathogen removal except___ ________Land treatment.
97. In situ technique is suitable for_________Contramination__________________Widespread.
98. A sludge with a solids load of 120 kgSS/d and a solid concentration of 2.0%n(20.000mg/L) will
have a flow of______________________________________________________________6.0 m3/d.
99. Most frequently used unit for concentration of sludge…………________________________%.
100. The main characteristic of______Methodsare that the soil is removed from where it originally
lay, for treatment_____________________________________________________________Ex situ.
101. For preliminary waste water treatment all basic equipment are required except one___aerator.
102. The design of sludge treatment and final disposal stages is based on which of the following___
______________________________________________________________________Sludge flow.
103. Which of the following pathogen removal system does not need chemicals__ _____________
_________________________________________________________________Maturation ponds.
104. ________ are well suited to large scale treatment where speed is not of the essence______
___________________________________________________________ Extensive technologies.
105. Capillary water maintain it self absorbed in which of the following phase _____________Solid.
106. In a dewatering process the dry solid level in the dewaterd sludge of filter press_____20-30%.
107. Facultative pond require how much time for sludge removal from liquid
phase__________________ _________________________________________________Decades.
108. The process in which decomposition of aerobic organic matter is achieved through control
condition of temperature, water content, and nutrients is known as_______ _________Compositing.
109. Following Chemicals are added in the sludge preparation
process____________________________________Coagulants and Polyelectrolytes Both a & c.
110. Soil washing and thermal treatments are example of Technologies _Intensive Technologies.
111. Which of the following is highly recommended system for pathogen removal ______________
_________________________________________________________________Maturation Ponds.
112. Which of the following Sludge management stage accomplished through the removal of the
biodegradable organic matter of the sludge ___________________________________Stabilization.
113. A very effective method for removal of disease causing organisms is__________Ozonisation.
114. Disposal of sludge in the mining areas is known as ___________________Land reclamation.
115. Stages of sludge processing involve? _________________________________________ ALL
116. ----technologies have smaller resource requirement and lower initiation, running and support
costs. ______________________________________________________ extensive technologies
117. --------- process is an appropriate method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture and
landscaping.____________________________________________________________ composting
118. _______ is very effective agent for the removal of pathogens. ____________________ Ozone
119. of the liquid sludge range between? __________________________________ 1.02 and 1.03
120. If the sludge is to be incinerated then the following --------process is not necessary.
______________________________________________________________________Disinfection
121. Water in the sludge can be classified into how many classes? _______________________ 4
122. In primary treatment system, primary sludge takes how much time for sludge removal from
liquid phase?___________________________________________ ___________________months
123. Lime stabilization is used to treat______ sludge. _________________________________ All
124. Which of following process does not introduce chemical products into the liquid.__Membranes
125. In situ technique is suitable for ------------- contamination. ___________________ widespread
126. The concentration of solids in sludge is expressed in the form of? _____________ Dry solids
127. ----- metallic coagulants is/are used in conditioning of sludge.__________________ both A&B
128. Principle mechanism of influence in the dewatering process is called -------.
______________________________________________________________________Evaporation
129. For which of the following waste water treatment system the equipment depends on the post
treatment process used.__________________________________ UASB reactors+ post treatment
130. How much dry solid content is found in hard solid?________________________ 35% to 60 %
131. In extensive technologies precipitationof metal sulphides takes place under------- conditions.__
__________________ _____________________________________________________anaerobic

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 12
132. The sludge production is a function of the waste water treatment system used for
the_____________. _____________________________________________________liquid phase
133. Time required for the accumulation of discarded sludge from WWTPs is-------____3 to 5 years
134. In UASB + polishing pond dry solid level ranges between?________________________3-4 %
135. The pH of the medium will be ----------when lime is added to the digested sludge, in the sludge
disinfection process.___________________________________________________________ Basic
136. Among the natural dewatering processes, which is least used are called ___ sludge lagoons
137. Cropping of heavy metals accumulators plants occur in ______________ Extensive methods
138. ------process is an encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural
integrity, with or without associated chemical fixation. _________________________ Vitrification
139. Which basic equipment is required for high rate pond waste water treatment
process?_________________________________________________ rotors of liquid movement
140. Gamma radiations are used for______________________________________. Conditioning
141. The density of the sludge during most of its processing is very close to? _____________Water
142. Density of sludge in processing stages is close to? _________________________1000 kg/m3
143. Adsorbed water in the sludge can be removed by?___________________ flocculating agent
144. Transformation or mineralisation of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile, forms is
known as…….. remediation method. _________________________________________Biological
145. Thermal decomposition process by oxidation is known as _______. ___________Incineration
146. How much water content is found in fluid sludge? ___________________________100%-75%
147. ------- is the main water removal mechanism in the sludge dewatering……._____ Percolation.
148. .agent/s responsible for land contamination………..______________________asbestos work
149. Criteria for management of waste water treatment include……________________________all
150. The period required for carry out composition through in vessel biological reactors is
normally………__________________________________________________________14-21days
151. Normal temperature required in thermopilic aerobic digestion process is………______50-60Oc
152. …..involves the heating of sludge at 70oC for 30 mints. __________________Pasteurisation
153. Free water in the sludge can be removed by….________________________________gravity
154. -----is an example of thermal remediation method. _________________________Gasification
155. Type of centrifuges mostly used in the dewatering process are called-------.
________________________________________________________ Horizontal-Shaft Centrifuge
156. Toxic by-products can be generated in which of the following system?_________Chlorination
157. For sludge stabilization, chemical stabilization is accompanied by ------of an organic
matter._________ ________________________________________________________Oxidation
158. ____is a land disposal process, in which the organic substrate is biologically degraded in the
upper layer of the soil and the inorganic fraction is transformed or fixed into this layer. Land Farming
159. ---the following technologies have high initiation, running and support costs._____ _____
_____________________________________________ _______________ Intensive technologies
160. How much dry solid content is found in fluid sludge?__________________________ 0%-25%
161. Thickening in sludge management is removal of --------. __________________________Water
162. Water in the sludge can be divided into ------- classes. ______________________________4
163. Sludge treatment stages are ---------. _____________________________________________6
164. ---- dewatering can be done by natural or mechanical processes. _________________Sludge
165. Which of following technologies key factors are a fast response and low treatment time are key
factors which pertains to ---------. __________________________________Intensive technologies
166. Virtification uses ----- temperature to fuse contaminated materials. __________________High
167. In the process of dissolved air flotation release of oxygen in the form of bubbles is known as ---
-----. ____________________________________________________________Depressurization
168. A common way in which all form of remediation are often characterized is as ---___ Both a & b
169. ---- is used for thickening of sludge. _____________________________________Both b& c
170. -- technologies impose less damage to soil quality. ______________Extensive technologies.
171. A process in sludge management for preparation for dewatering is known as ---_Conditioning
172. ------- is the main natural water removal mechanism in the sludge dewatering.____Percolation
173. Which method are costly for removal of disease causing organisms. _____________Artificial
174. Removal of organic matter in sludge management is known as --------.______ Mass reduction
175. In sludge processing stages specific gravity is close to -----. _________________________0.1
176. ……..involves heating of the sludge to 70 0C for 30 minutes.______________ Pasteurisation
177. Normal temperature required in the thermophilic aerobic digestion process is --------.50 -60 0C

FINAL TERM MCQs

1. What is not true about bio scrubbers?......................................................Remove toxic metals.
2. Following is true about imhoff tank used in anaerobic filter system?......................................Can
be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 13
3. Explosives of characterized by presence of _ group?....................................................___Nitro.
4. The term "endophytes" is usually used to denote microorganisms?..........___Non-Pathogenic.
5. UASB stands for?............................____Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors.
6. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as? ……. ______Primary ponds.
7. The bio scrubber is not itself truly a biological treatment system, but rather a?
……………____Highly efficient method of removing odour components by dissolving them.
8. Biodiesel is not derived from? …………………………..___________________________Algae.
9. An aquatic plant? ………………………………………………………………______Macrophyte.
10. Important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and
processes except? _____________________________________________Sterilization of vessels.
11. Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes?.........._____________Do
not pose threats to environment.
12. Nonspecific enzymes are? ……………………………………________________oxygenase’s.
13. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth.
Which is not true? ………………__________________________________Generation of aerosols.
14. Which is not used regarding desulphurization of coal? ___________________Psychrophiles.
15. Suitable temperature is? ……………………….._____________________________20—30C.
16. What is false about Collection stage?______________________________________ This is
the stage when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site.
17. False statement about on site disposal of waste? ……._________Waste volumes are large.
18. Which of following does not use to make vessel of biofilter? ………._______Formic Sheet.
19. Preliminary treatment involves the removal of?............. ____________________Coarse Solid.
20. 1n bacteria genetic transfer of materials occurs through? ………………___________Plasmid.
21. Wolffia globose is an important tool for?................................ __________________Cadmium.
22. Optimum PH for local environment conditions lies in the range?...........................____6.5—7.5.
23. _____________uses High temperature for fuse contaminated material………. ___Vitrification
24. A step in the development of biosensors is?.................... ______________________
___________……….The immobilization of the biological component at the transducer surface.
25. Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants? …………………. __________Mycorrhizae.
26. The ability of a single compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence of other
contaminants? …__________________________________________________Cometabolism.
27. Which is true for Environment
Biotechnology?……………………………………………………....…. enhance or optimize conditions
for existing biological systems to make their activities happen faster or more efficientl'ß
28. Thermophile thrive at temperatures above? ………__.____________________________45C.
29. _________ are compounds which are man-made…………………………… ______Xenobiotic
30. Natural estrogens are deactivated in humans by? ………………___…_____.Glucuronidation.
31. Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organism? ……………….._____Genomic libraries.
32. _____________ refers to how pollutants enter a food chain……………. ___Bioaccumulation
33. Which statement about Bioscrubber is FALSE?_____________________________________
________________________________________. They are useful for the removal of toxic metals
34. Which of the following is NOT a possible destination of the pollutant in the soil?...................
....................................................__________________________....appearance in surrounding air
35. The presence of metals in environment may be detected visually by the use of bacteria. One
such example is Vogesella indigofera that gives an idea of metal contamination by
producing…………… ..._____________________________________________Coloured pigments
36. Which statement about chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons is correct?..........
____________________oxidative dehalogenation of CAHs is carried out by facultative aerobes
37. In the conventional activated sludge system. continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to
the aeration tank, leads to rapid and continuous bacterial growth. All of the following problems caused
by increased bacterial growth. Except_________the overall efficiency of the process is enhanced
38. ------------is another name used for Rhizodegradation.__________________ Phytostimulation
39. Which kind of the technique are suitable for bioremediation_______________________In-situ
40. Unlike other marine species, _____ are characteristically untroubled by biofouling and study of
their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent antimicrobial properties
help keep them clean of fouling organisms__ ______________________________________Sharks
41. Which plant is used as a model to protect from various agents?......________...Tobacco plant
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 14
42. The airflow in the submerged aerated biofilter is always ____ while the liquid flow can be
___....................................................................................................._________......upflow, downflow
43. Which of the following approaches do not remove the pollutants but only immobilize the
pollutants? …………_________________________________________________phytostabilization
44. The ___ product of pollutant may be more harmful than the original pollutant itself, therefore it
is important to understand the chemistry of the pollutant…_________________________breakdown
45. Among the first synthetic organic chemicals to create environmental problems were
_____........______________________________________________________________Detergents
46. Immobilization refer to the removal of contaminants, typically metals, by means of ______by
various microbes or plants species……………… ………............_____...............................adsorption
47. Which of the following factors has no effect on the execution and implementation of
environmental technology? ………__________________________health of the general population
48. Dioxins have many congeners. The most toxic is ____ which is thought to be the most
poisonous synthetic chemical…………………_________………TCDD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)
49. How much arsenic can be accumulated by using Pteris vittata?.........___________...........2-3%
50. Which of the following methods are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution
within a site, typically in ‘hot-spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration which are fairly near to
the surface……………………………___________________________……………………….…Ex-Situ
51. Foe land based applications, the soil type best suited biotechnological inventions are
____......._________________________________________________________...Sand and Gravel
52. Plants containing the novel DNA grow, a gene coding is frequently for___....... all of the above
53. Deliberate transfer of a gene from one organism to another is called_____..........Foreign gene
54. Western blotting technique is used for the detection of ______......................................Protein
55. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote ____microorganism….…….non-pathogenic
56. Which of the following have the innate ability to degrade hydrocarbons contaminants through
metabolic action and biosurfactant product……__……….. hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB)
57. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons?..........................____________.
_________________________________________________Easily degraded by enzymatic attack
58. Liquid biofuels are of considerable importance due to__________________ Liquid fuels are
of considerable importance due to the relative ease of transport and handing, and inherent
controllability of combustion
59. Which process used in the natural process of sludge dewatering.. ______________Drying
beds, sludge lagoons
60. In aerobic Cometabolism of CAHs ---- is required ----- ___________Successful
Cometabolism can be achieved by ensuring that primary substrate is well in excess of that
needed to overcome toxicity from the CAH or its transformation products
61. What is not true about bio scrubbers?......................................................Remove toxic metals.
62. Following is true about imhoff tank used in anaerobic filter
system?......................................__Can be a single-chamber tank or a two-compartment tank.
63. Explosives of characterized by presence of _ group?......................................___.............Nitro.
64. The term "endophytes" is usually used to denote microorganisms?....___.....Non-Pathogenic.
65. UASB stands for?....................____.......Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors.
66. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as? ……_____. Primary ponds.
67. The bio scrubber is not itself truly a biological treatment system, but rather a?
………____……Highly efficient method of removing odour components by dissolving them.
68. Biodiesel is not derived from? ………………………..___________________________Algae.
69. An aquatic plant? ………………………………______………………………______Macrophyte.
70. Important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and
processes except? _____________________________________________.Sterilization of vessels.
71. Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes?............ ________
__________________________________ _______________Do not pose threats to environment.
72. Nonspecific enzymes are? …………………____________…________________oxygenase’s.
73. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth.
Which is not true? ………………__________________________________Generation of aerosols.
74. Which is not used regarding desulphurization of coal? ___________________Psychrophiles.
75. Suitable temperature is? …………………………_____________________________20—30C.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 15
76. What is false about Collection stage?________ ___________________This is the stage
when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site.
77. False statement about on site disposal of waste? ……._________Waste volumes are large.
78. Which of following does not use to make vessel of biofilter? …………._______Formic Sheet.
79. Preliminary treatment involves the removal of?............. ____________________Coarse Solid.
80. 1n bacteria genetic transfer of materials occurs through? …………______________Plasmid.
81. Wolffia globose is an important tool for?............................_____________________Cadmium.
82. Optimum PH for local environment conditions lies in the range?...........................____6.5—7.5.
83. _____________uses High temperature for fuse contaminated material……______Vitrification
84. A step in the development of biosensors is?.................... ……………. The immobilization of
the biological component at the transducer surface.
85. Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants? ………………____________Mycorrhizae.
86. The ability of a single compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence of other
contaminants? …___________________________________________________Cometabolism.
87. Which is true for Environment Biotechnology?… ________________________
…………………………………………………....…. enhance or optimize conditions for existing
biological systems to make their activities happen faster or more efficientl'ß
88. Thermophile thrive at temperatures above? …………_____________________________.45C.
89. _________ are compounds which are man-made……………………____________Xenobiotic
90. Natural estrogens are deactivated in humans by? ……………………_______Glucuronidation.
91. Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organism? ……………….._____Genomic libraries.
92. _____________ refers to how pollutants enter a food chain…………___ ___Bioaccumulation
93. Which statement about Bioscrubber is FALSE? ________________________They are useful
for the removal of toxic metals
94. Which of the following is NOT a possible destination of the pollutant in the
soil?.........................................................................._____________.appearance in surrounding air
95. The presence of metals in environment may be detected visually by the use of bacteria. One
such example is Vogesella indigofera that gives an idea of metal contamination by
producing……………..._____________________________________________Coloured pigments
96. Which statement about chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons is correct?..........
____________________oxidative dehalogenation of CAHs is carried out by facultative aerobes
97. In the conventional activated sludge system. continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to
the aeration tank, leads to rapid and continuous bacterial growth. All of the following problems caused
by increased bacterial growth. Except……….___the overall efficiency of the process is enhanced
98. Which kind of the technique are suitable for bioremediation_______________________In-situ
99. Unlike other marine species, _____ are characteristically untroubled by biofouling and study of
their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent antimicrobial properties
help keep them clean of fouling organisms……………………………………………_____………Sharks
100. Phytostabilization is very similar with ---------technique.___________________________ Both
101. For efficient bioremediation the suitable temperature should be ----------------._______20-30 ◦C
102. Metal Phytoremediation can be accomplished by the applications of ---------.__All of the above
103. --plant species employ a number of mechanisms to remove aquatic pollutants?________
________________________________________________ ______ ____________ All of the above
104. -------plant species can be used as terrestrial phyto-systems.________________________ 400
105. There are ---------major routes of Bioremediation.__________________________________ 03
106. External biological breakdown of contaminants by plants involves--------.__________Enzymes
107. In which of the following technique of bioremediation, contaminant is used as a food source by
the microbes?_________________________________________________________ Mineralization
108. Which of the following technique involves introducing oxygen and nutrients to the
contaminated area by various methods?________________________________ In situ Techniques
109. Which of the following are beneficial to the nitrogen deficient soils?_____________ Both B& C
110. Metabolites produced during phytodegradation are ----------in nature.____________ Non-toxic
111. In----------technique air extraction rate is adjusted to maximize underground decomposition._
_______________________________________________________________________ Bioventing
112. ______ bacterial species are known as denitrifying bacteria.___________ Pseudomonas spp
113. The underlying relevnt processes for the biological mechanisms is/are ---------.All of the above
114. Which of the following are considered as organic pollutants?_________________ Lubricants
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 16
115. There is no apparent benefit to the involving microorganisms in ------------ mechanism of
bioremediation._______________________________________________________ Co-metabolism
116. Which plant is used as a model to protect from various agents?..........................Tobacco plant
117. The airflow in the submerged aerated biofilter is always ____ while the liquid flow can be
__........................................................................................................__________...upflow, downflow
118. Which of the following approaches do not remove the pollutants but only immobilize the
pollutants? …………_________________________________________________phytostabilization
119. The ___ product of pollutant may be more harmful than the original pollutant itself, therefore it
is important to understand the chemistry of the pollutant……………………………___……breakdown
120. Among the first synthetic organic chemicals to create environmental problems were
__________________________________________________________________...._....Detergents
121. Immobilization refer to the removal of contaminants, typically metals, by means of ______by
various microbes or plants species..________________________________ __________adsorption
122. Which of the following factors has no effect on the execution and implementation of
environmental technology? ………__________________________health of the general population
123. Dioxins have many congeners. The most toxic is ____ which is thought to be the most
poisonous synthetic chemical…………………………________TCDD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)
124. How much arsenic can be accumulated by using Pteris vittata?....................___________2-3%
125. Which of the following methods are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution
within a site, typically in ‘hot-spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration which are fairly near to
the surface…………………………………………………….…___________________________Ex-Situ
126. Foe land based applications, the soil type best suited biotechnological inventions are
____.........._________________________________________________________Sand and Gravel
127. Plants containing the novel DNA grow, a gene coding is frequently for__..._.... all of the above
128. Deliberate transfer of a gene from one organism to another is called_____..__....Foreign gene
129. Western blotting technique is used for the detection of ______.........................._...........Protein
130. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote ____microorganism…____.non-pathogenic
131. Which of the following have the innate ability to degrade hydrocarbons contaminants through
metabolic action and biosurfactant production…………_… hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB)
132. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons?.............__________
_______________________________________________ ... Easily degraded by enzymatic attack
133. Liquid biofuels are of considerable importance due to
__________________________________Liquid fuels are of considerable importance due to the
relative ease of transport and handing, and inherent controllability of combustion
134. Which process used in the natural process of sludge dewatering______________________
_______________________________________________________ Drying beds, sludge lagoons
135. In aerobic Cometabolism of CAHs ---- is required -----
________________________________Successful Cometabolism can be achieved by ensuring
that primary substrate is well in excess of that needed to overcome toxicity from the CAH or
its transformation products
136. Insect virus that causes over expression of genes in molecular biology_________ bacilo virus
137. Acute toxins…………._______________________________________________________ all
138. By using recombinant technologies scientists are now producing…………___________insulin
139. ………………are combustible materials, containing within themselves all oxygen needful for
their combustion, which burn but do not explode, and function by producing gas which produces an
explosion………_________________________________________ Propellants or low explosives
140. ………… are a type of waste stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and
domestic wastewater……… _________________________________________Facultative lagoon
141. PAH-containing fractions, by animal test systems ………………evidence has beenobtained
that PAH containing……….._____________________________ (skin painting, lung implantation)
142. Pentane is utilized as a ………in the preparation of phenolic………… __________foaming
143. Polystyrene, as a propellant for aerosol sprays, as a filling of low-temperature--------------------,
and as reference compound in gas chromatography.______________________ thermometers
144. Reintroduction of these ---------------bacteria to the polluted sites should give them an
advantage over the indigenous bacteria as they would be better suited to survive and remediate the
contamination. ______________________________________________________________trained
145. The DNA construct contains --------------------which are complementary to the plant DNA to
enable the inserted piece to recombine into the plant genome._________________ regions of DNA

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 17
146. Attack by insects not only causes damage to the plant but also provides a
route________________________________________________ for bacterial or fungal infection.
147. Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above 45°C is called as ------__________Thermophiles
148. Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above ~85°C. is called as _____Hyper thermophiles
149. Following substances cannot use to make the vessel of bio filter ______________concrete,
metal or durable plastic, ( other than these)
150. Which enzyme are used in leather industry _____________________________employed
151. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote non-pathogenic microorganisms.
152. In order for bio magnification to occur, the pollutant must be:• _____Long-lived,• Mobile,•
Soluble in fats,• Biologically active.
153. bio filters can reduce odour release by _______________________________95% or more
154. For higher efficiencies of phosphorus removal, effluent polishing methods can adopted:
_____________________________________________________________Addition of coagulants
155. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the………………… ______________upper compartment
156. In the soil, a pollutant has basically -------------possible destinations: __________________four
157. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as ……….______.primary ponds
158. In the Imhoff tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment _______(settling compartment).
159. Biodiesel is derived mostly from ---- __________________________________vegetable oil
160. DDT was of great benefit to humans in their fight against------------- _______________malaria
161. Two characteristics of chlorinated pesticides that led to great harm are
_________________Their resistance to biodegradation and• their hydrophobicity Nitro (-NO2)
162. up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor stand for ____________________________ UASB
163. Water treatment accounts for 25% of the total global environmental market.
164. Basic equipment required in Preliminary treatment involves screen, __________________
________________________________________________________ grit chamber and flow meter
165. UASB stands for -----------__________________________up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
166. Important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and
processes except: ____________________________________________Sterilization of vessels
167. What is false about final disposal of sludge in ocean? ___________It has beneficial uses.
168. Rhizodegradation refers to the biodegradation of contaminants in the soil by edaphic
microbes enhanced by the inherent character of the rhizosphere itself.
169. False about On-site disposal? _____________________________waste volumes are large
170. What is true about Biodiesel? __________________It is derived mostly from vegetable oils
171. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote _______non-pathogenic microorganisms.
172. A tumor-like growth, seen as a crown gall in plants. ________Agrobacterium tumefaciens
173. Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes _______Do not pose
threats to environment
174. Explosives use -------------------functional group ________________________________nitro
175. Aerobic Co-metabolism of ---------------NADH to provide the 2H __________CAHs-II requires
176. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons? ____________ Easily degraded
by enzymatic attack
177. Nonspecific enzymes are oxygenases that initiate the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as
methane or toluene.
178. Western blotting is used to detect-----------------____________________________ proteins
179. Due to continuous arrival of food in the form of BOD to the aeration tank, bacteria grow and
reproduce continuously. If an indefinite population growth were allowed…-------following problems
arised except _________________________________________________option D will be correct option
180. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth. Which
is not true? ___________________________________________________________Generation of aerosols
181. Which statement is not true regarding desulphurization of oil and coal? ________________D
182. The metals release in air by all following process except-------________________Earthquake
183. mer A gene codes for the enzyme, --------------------------____________mercuric ion reductase
184. What is true regarding zooplankton? _________________ Rely on tides and currents as a transport
185. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as ____________primary ponds
186. What is not true about bio scrubbers? _________________________ Remove toxic metals

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 18
187. One such recombinant is a plant where the fatty acid composition in the seed has been
modified to produce triacylglycerol’s containing elevated levels of trierucinic acid suitable for use in
the polymer industry. _____________________________________________Arabidopsis thaliana
188. Unlike other marines species, sharks are characteristically untroubled by ---------------and
studies of their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent antimicrobial
properties help keep them clean of fouling organisms. ____________________________bio fouling
189. Factors related to bio magnifications except ------------------_______________________source
190. ......is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems, such as the
removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting biological
processes (nature.com).___________________________________Environmental biotechnology
191. What is true about Biodiesel? ______________It is derived mostly from vegetable oils
192. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote _______non-pathogenic microorganisms.
193. A tumor-like growth, seen as a crown gall in plants. _______Agrobacterium tumefaciens
194. Aerobic Co-metabolism of CAHs-II requires NADH to provide the 2H
195. What is false about poor biodegradation of hydrocarbons? ____________Easily degraded
by enzymatic attack
196. Nonspecific enzymes are oxygenases that initiate the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as
methane or toluene.
197. Western blotting is used to detect _________________________________________proteins
198. Wastewater is applied to the soil, supplying water and nutrients necessary for plant growth.
Which is not true? _____________________________________________ Generation of aerosols
199. The metals release in air by all following process except ___________________ Earthquake
200. mer A gene codes for the enzyme, ___________________________mercuric ion reductase
201. What is true regarding zooplankton? ________Rely on tides and currents as a transport
202. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as_____________ primary ponds
203. What is not true about bio scrubbers? -_________________________ Remove toxic metals
204. One such recombinant is a plant where the fatty acid composition in the seed has been
modified to produce triacylglycerol’s containing elevated levels of trierucinic acid suitable for use in
the polymer industry. _____________________________________________ Arabidopsis thaliana
205. Unlike other marines species, sharks are characteristically untroubled by bio fouling and
studies of their skin have established that its unique texture coupled with its inherent antimicrobial
properties help keep them clean of fouling organisms.
206. Factors related to bio magnifications except _________________________________source
207. Marine phytoplankton utilize ……… dissolved in the water during photosynthesis,?_______
__________________________________________________________________________Carbon
208. Certain strains of alpine pennycress (Thlaspi caerulescens) can bioaccumulate about_______
cadmium.____________________________________________________________________ 1.5%
209. -------is a technique used for the biological breakdown of contaminants by plants._________
_________________________________________________________________Phytodegradation
210. Which of the following agents are used to support the formation of biofilm in low rate trickling
filter?______________________________________________________________________ Stones
211. All of the following are key components of solid waste management except?_____ Dispersion
212. In rotating biological contactors, the bio discs are mounted on which axis?_______ Horizontal
213. What kind of waste provide breeding sites for insect-vectors, pests, snakes and vermin?__
____________________________________________________________________________ Solid
214. ------technique is used to immobilize the pollutants._____________________ Phytoextraction
215. ----is/ are the mechanism(s) used for organic phytoremediation.________ Phytovolatilisation
216. Bioventing is not generally suitable for remediating sites with a water table within _____of the
surface._____________________________________________________________________1..0m
217. What is the major constraints on the use of aquatic systems throughout the year?_____Water
218. The normal treatment cycle of intermittent operation consists of which phases
accordingly?___________________________________________ Fill, React,Settle , Draw and idle
219. ---metal is considered as a low value material.__________________________________ Lead
220. The size, quantity and distribution of solid waste storage facilities depends on_______
_________________________________________________________._________ All of the above
221. Which of the following technique is used to remediate contamination at, or below, the water
table boundary?_________________________________________________________ Biosparging

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 19
222. When the bacteria starts to use organic material from the cellular material of extended aeration
system, which kind of gas is produced ?___________________________________ Carbon dioxide
223. -speeds up the natural ability of resident microbes to metabolize the pollutant?________
_________________________________________________________Dissolving oxygen in water
224. The goals of Environmental biotechnology can be achieved in....... ways.______________two
225. .........key points for environmental biotechnology
interventions.___________Three(manufacturing process,waste management,pollution control)
226. The market will have grown to.......US dollars by 2025.______________________7400 billion
227. Water treatment accounts for.........of the total global environmental market.____________25%
228. In general the use of biotechnology for environmental management relies
on..........._______________________________________________ mesophilic micro-organisms.
229. Extremophiles could provide a way of developing alternative routes to many
..........__________________________________________conventional chemicals or materials....
230. Thermophiles organinsms thrive at temperatures above....... ______________________45°C.
231. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles abuot...._____________~85°C
232. Thermus means____________________________________________________aquaticus....
233. Taq Polymerase is a________________________ DNA Polymerase of Thermus aquaticus.
234. Pfu Polymerase DNA Polymerase cloned from....__________________Pyrococcus furiosus
235. ......survive intensely saline environments, such as exist in natural salt lakes or salt evaporation
ponds.__________________________________________________________________Halophiles
236. Acidophilesthrive in the conditions of...... , typically below. low ______________________pH,5
237. Extremozymes capableof functioning below..... have been isolated...________________pH 1
238. flourish in environments at pH9 or more such as soda lakes and heavily alkaline
soils.__________________________________________________________________Alkaliphiles
239. Greek word ‘xenos’meaning______________________________________________ foreign.
240. Reintroduction of these “trained” bacteria to the polluted sites should give them an advantage
over the indigenous bacteria as they would be better suited to survive and remediate the
contamination.
241. The DNA construct contains regions of DNA which are complementary to the plant DNA to
enable the inserted piece to recombine into the plant genome.
242. Attack by insects not only causes damage to the plant but also provides a route for bacterial
or fungal infection.
243. Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above 45°C is called as Thermophiles
244. Bacteria which Thrive at temperatures above ~85°C. is called as Hyper thermophiles
245. Following factor in linked to toxicity of pollutants…..??????
246. Which attribute of pollutant is not linked to bio magnification long-lived, • mobile, • soluble in
fats, • biologically active other than these option
247. Following substances cannot use to make the vessel of bio filter concrete, metal or durable
plastic,( other than these)
248. When facultative ponds receive raw sewage, they are also called primary ponds.
249. In general, enzymatic biosensors are based on the selective inhibition of specific enzymes
by different classes of compounds.
250. Which enzyme are used in leather industry Traditionally, pancreatic enzymes were
employed
251. Which statement about chlorinated hydrocarbons is correct fixation of carbon by
phytoplankton.
252. Main use of DDT other than fighting crop insects effective in controlling the Anopheles
mosquito malaria
253. The term “endophytes” is usually used to denote non-pathogenic microorganisms.
254. Statement about on-sito disposal of waste is incorrect Advantages: • Bins are potentially a
highly hygienic and sanitary management method; and • Final disposal of waste is well away from
dwelling areas. Constraints: • Collection, transportation and human resources are required; • System
takes time to implement; and • Efficient management is essential. (Other than these)
255. In planning studies for the implementation of the wastewater treatment, the following points
must be clearly addressed: • Environmental impact studies on the receiving body • Treatment
objectives • Treatment level and removal efficiencies

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 20
256. Toxicity represents the potential damage to life and can be both short and long term. It is
related to Type of the pollutant, • Concentration,• The time of
257. In order for bio magnification to occur, the pollutant must be:• Long-lived,• Mobile,• Soluble in
fats,• Biologically active.
258. bio filters can reduce odour release by ________________________________95% or more
259. For higher efficiencies of phosphorus removal, effluent polishing methods can adopted:
_______________________________________________________Addition of coagulants
260. In the Inhofe tank, settling occurs in the…………………_____________ upper compartment
261. In the soil, a pollutant has basically four possible destinations: Retention in the soil matrix•
Retention by the plants• Appearance in the underground water Collection by Under drains
262. Facultative ponds which receive raw sewage is also known as ……….._____primary ponds
263. In the Imhoff tank, settling occurs in the upper compartment ____(settling compartment).
264. Biodiesel is derived mostly from---- _________________________________vegetable oil
265. . DDT was of great benefit to humans in their fight against-------_________________ malaria
266. Two characteristics of chlorinated pesticides that led to great harm are Their resistance to
biodegradation and• their hydrophobicity
267. A characteristic of explosives is the presence of ----------groups. Nitro (-NO2)
268. up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor stand for ___________________________(UASB)
269. Water treatment accounts for 25% of the total global environmental market.
270. Basic equipment required in Preliminary treatment involves screen, grit chamber and flow
meter
271. UASB stands for -----------up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor _______Sterilization of
vessels

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 21
 MUHAMMAD IMRAN BT503 Environment Biotechnology
Past papers solved questions MID TERM
1. What is the bio indicator?
Bioindicators are living organisms such as plants, planktons, animals, and microbes, which are utilized to
screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment. The expression ‘Bioindicator’ is used as an
aggregate term referring to all sources of biotic and abiotic reactions to ecological changes.They are used for
assessing environmental health and biogeographic changes taking place in the environment e.g., a plankton
responding rapidly to changes taking place in the surrounding
2. Importance of an aerobic zone?
It is essential to have anaerobic and aerobic zones in the treatment line for the biological removal of
phosphorus. The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large population
of phosphorus accumulating organisms.
Bio filter? What are the bio filter give example?
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and
biologically degrade pollutants.
Examples of biofiltration include: Bioswales, biostrips, biobags, bioscrubbers, Vermifilters and trickling filters.
Constructed wetlands and natural wetlands. Slow sand filters.

3. Glyphosate?
‘Glyphosate’ (herbicide) is an analogue of phosphoenol pyruvate and inhibits the enzyme 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The gene coding for this enzyme has been identified, isolated
and inserted into a number of plants
e.g., Petunias. The gene was expressed behind a CaMV promoter and introduced using A. tumefaciens.
4. How we improve crop quality?
Consider these 9 tips, techniques, and methods regarding how to increase your corn crop yield
1. Plant Early, Plant Effectively. ...
2. Practice Seasonal Soil Rotation. ...
3. Know The Yield Potential. ...
4. Always Scout Your Fields. ...
5. Ensure Proper Water Drainage. ...
6. Utilize Fertilizers. ...
7. Test Your Soil. ...
8. Weed Early and Often.
5. Two advantage of conventional system of sludge?
Advantages of Conventional Dispersed Plug Flow Process 1. Allows smaller volume than CSTR 2. Flexible
operation, zone aeration, step feeding options, accommodates anoxic and aerobic processes with single
biomass for biological nutrient removal 3. Less aeration than CSTR 4.
6. How marine plant indicate the health of environment give example?
Marine plants provide valuable information to predict the status of oceanic environment, as they are immobile
and rapidly obtain equilibrium with their natural surrounding.
Changes in the diversity of species of phytoplankton, including Euglena clastica, Phacus tortus, and
Trachelon anas, indicate the pollution of marine ecosystems

7. What are phase of bio filters?

The first methods to be developed. Consists of a relatively large vessel or container, typically made of cast
concrete, metal or durable plastic, which holds a filter medium of organic material such as peat, heather, bark
chips and the like.The gas to be treated is forced, or drawn, through the filter.
8. Three phase of bio filter?
This biofilter is a three-phase reactor composed of: Solid phase: consists of a support medium and biofilms,
Liquid phase: consists of the liquid in permanent flow through the porous medium, Gas phase: formed by
artificial aeration and by the gaseous by-products of the biological activity.
9. Importance of anaerobic zone?
The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large population of
phosphorus accumulating organisms.
10. Transformation of plant resistance against herbicide?

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
 The transfer of herbicide resistance genes from various sources into crop plants has been performed using
several techniques. These transgenic products rely on both target site and metabolic detoxification
resistance mechanisms.
11. Acidophile?
Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0
or below). These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya.
12. Phytoplankton?
Phytoplankton are microscopic marine algae. Phytoplankton is the base of several aquatic food webs. In a
balanced ecosystem, they provide food for a wide range of sea creatures including whales, shrimp, snails,
and jellyfish.
13. Function of bio trickling filter over bio filter?
A biotrickling filter is a combination of a biofilter and a bioscrubber. The bacteria responsible for
decomposition are immobilised on a carrier or filter material. ..... This water also carries away excess
sludge/biofilm, as well as decomposition products which may hinder the biomass.
14. Role of phytoplankton for the transfer of pollutant among the different trophic level? What
is the role of phytoplankton in the transfer of pollutants among different trophic level?
Phytoplankton are the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in the transport of
organic contaminants through the food chain to higher trophic levels ..... The bioaccumulation at lower
trophic levels forms the first step in the transfer of chemicals through the food chain.
15. Advantage of bio indicator?
The most important reasons for using bioindicators are: the direct determination of biological effects,
the determination of synergetic and antagonistic effects of multiple pollutants on an organism, the early
recognition of pollutant damage to plants as well as toxic dangers to humans and.
16. Submerged bio filter?
Besides being a support medium for biomass growth, the granular material acts also as a filter medium.
Periodic washings are necessary to eliminate the excess biomass accumulated.
17. Biotechnology and its all applications?
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop
production and agriculture, non-food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable
plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels, and environmental uses).
18. Pollutant?
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely
affects the usefulness of a resource.
19. Bio reactor?
a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically
active substances derived from such organisms.
20. Glysophates?
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus
compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-
phosphate synthase. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete
with crops.
21. List two advantage of conventional activated sludge system?
High biomass concentration in the reactor due to the recirculation of the settled bacteria from the bottom of
the secondary sedimentation tank. Biomass remains in the system longer than the liquid, resulting in high
BOD removal efficiency.
22. Environmental biotechnology?
Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment.
Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses
and exploitation.
23.How can be prepared plant as recombinant?
In simpler terms, recombinant DNA is formed when the DNA from one organism is incorporated into the
DNA of another organism of the same or different species ...... Using enzymes like ligase, the cut DNA
fragment is attached to the vector. This is then introduced into the host cell, which takes it up as part of its
own DNA.
23. How plants are modified as bio indicator?
Plant indicators The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an ecosystem can
provide important clues about the health of the environment: environmental preservation. There are several
types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark, bark pockets, tree rings, and leaves.
24. What are thermophile? Where are they found?

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 2
 A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between
41 and
122 °C. Many thermopiles are archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the
earliest bacteria.Thermopiles are found in various exothermally heated regions of the Earth, such as hot
springs like those in Yellowstone National Park (see image) and deep sea hydrothermal vents, as well as
decaying plant matter, such as peat bogs and compost.
25. Animal as bio indicator and give example?
A bioindicator is a living organism that gives us an idea of the health of an ecosystem. ... The numbers of
earthworms in the soil can also be used to indicate the health of the soil. One example of a bioindicator is
lichens.
26. Genetic modification of popular plants how they remove mercury from
plants? 5
Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant's genome, giving it
new or different characteristics. This could include changing the way the plant grows, or making it resistant to a
particular disease.
There are two types of mercury removal materials: non-regenerative sorbents and regenerative adsorbents.
With non-regenerative types of mercury sorbents, the process fluid flows through the sorbent bed for a
number of years, after which the sorbent is replaced.
27. Difference between transformation, transduction and conjugation? 5
In transformation, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment. In transduction, DNA is
accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. In conjugation, DNA is transferred between
bacteria through a tube between cells.
28. Function of filter medium in bio filter and of compound used in? 5
The medium offers good water holding capacity and soluble chemicals within the waste gas dissolve into the
film of moisture around the matrix. The medium itself provides physical support for microbial growth, with a
large surface area to volume ratio, high in internal void spaces and rich in nutrients to stimulate and sustain
bacterial activity
29. Recombinant microorganism particularly bacteria and yeast? 5
GE of microorganisms for use in environmental biotechnology: expansion of metabolic pathways either to
modify the existent metabolic capability, or to introduce new pathways.
Many examples… A strain of Escherichia coli into which was engineered some 15 genes originating from
Pseudomonas.
These were introduced to construct a pathway able to produce indigo for the dyeing of denim (Bialy, 1997).
The traditional method requires the use of toxic chemicals.

30. What Are The Two Main Responsibilities Of DNA Vector?2

Viruses may be used as vectors i.e., the DNA of viruses can be used to carry foreign DNA. Most such
recombinant viral DNA vectors need phage particles to perform proper gene transfer i.e. transduction.
Transfer of naked viral recombinant vector to host cells is called transfection, and tends to have lower
uptake rates as compared to transduction.

30. What Is Xenobiotics? 2

XENOBIOTICS‘ are the foreign chemical substances found within an organism, which are not normally
naturally produced by an organism or expected to be present within that organism.

31. What Are Vectors? 2

a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying
pathogens from one host to another. ... A "vector" in this sense is a vehicle for delivering genetic material
such as DNA to a cell
32. Define Ion Exchange Chromatography? 2
on chromatography is a chromatography process that separates ions and polar molecules based on their
affinity to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including large proteins,
small nucleotides, and amino acids.

33. What Is Biosensor? 2

A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a
biological component with a physicochemical detector.

34. What Is Recombinant? 2

Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination
to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be
found in the genome. (Internet)

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35. Environmental Biotechnology? 2
Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems, such
as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting biological
processes (nature.com)

36. Bioaccumulation? 2
―The collection of substances e.g. toxins and chemicals, in an organism‘s body is called
bioaccumulation‖. Sources: substances from any source e.g. air, water, soil, could be stocked through
bioaccumulation.

37. Use Of Recombinant Viruses?

A recombinant virus is a virus produced by recombining pieces of DNA using recombinant DNA
technology. This may be used to produce viral vaccines or gene therapy vectors. It is also used to refer to
naturally occurring recombination between virus genomes in a cell infected by more than one virus
strain. (Internet)
38. What Is Mobility Of DNA? 2
Movement of genes within and between organisms. Genetic transfer through physical contact between
bacteria
(conjugation). Genetic transfer through bacteriophages (Transduction). Taking up of foreign DNA by
bacteria (Transformation).

39.What Is Thermophiles And Their Application In Genetic Engineering? 2

Thermophiles are organisms that grow and thrive at temperatures (60– 80°C) that are often too high for
mesophiles—most thermophiles are Archaea.
Possible Application of Advancement of Thermophilic Bacterial Research Wastes utilization Biomass
conversion
Biofuels Food bioprocessing Detergents.

40.Define Puc8 Plasmid? 3

pUC8 Plasmid The pUC8 plasmid was designed by scientists and contains the lac z gene. To produce
the plasmid, the pBR322 plasmid was cut in half with EcoR I and the section containing the ampicillin
resistance gene was combined with a DNA fragment containing the lac z gene. (Internet)
41.What Is Toxicity? 3
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an
organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as
well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the
liver (hepatotoxicity).

42.What Is PCR? 3
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make several copies of
a
specific DNA segment. Using PCR, copies of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified to generate
thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment.
43.Endocrine Disruptor Examples? 3
E.g., synthetic oestrogens (such as 17αethinyloestradiol forming active ingredient of birth control pills) and
natural oestrogens.
E.g., feminisation of male fish in many species including minnows, trout and flounders.

44.Cosmid Vector? 3
A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence . Cosmids (cos sites +
plasmid = cosmids) DNA sequences are originally from the lambda phage. They are often used as a
cloning vector in genetic engineering. Cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries.
45.Define Biotechnology? 3
Biotechnology: “The application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products
and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and
services” (OECD, 2002). There was a time when the biotechnology sector was seen as largely medical or
pharmaceutical in nature, particularly amongst the general public… The agricultural, industrial and
environmental applications of biotechnology are potentially enormous.

46.Enzyme Equipment And Solution Used In Genetic Engineering? 3

Here is a list of a genetic engineer's molecular tools/enzymes most commonly used in genetic
engineering experiments:
1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ...

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2. Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissor) ...
3. Gel Electrophoresis. ...
4. DNA Ligase. ...
5. Plasmids. ...
6. Transformation/Transduction. ...
7. Identifying Transgenic Organisms.

47.PLac Z Expression Vector? 3

Lac –Z promoter operator is in frame with lac-Z alpha fragment (the NH3 terminal part of Galactosidase
gene.
Multiple cloning sites are found in the border of NH3 end including ATG sequence.

48.Why Does Hydrogen Bonding Occur? 3

he reason hydrogen bonding occurs is because the electron is not shared evenly between a hydrogen
atom and a negatively charged atom. Hydrogen in a bond still only has one electron, while it takes two
electrons for a stable electron pair. ... Any compound with polar covalent bonds has the potential to form
hydrogen bonds.
49.Catabolic Pathways? 3
This is a catabolic pathway. Catabolic pathways involve the degradation (or breakdown) of complex
molecules into simpler ones. Molecular energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules is released in
catabolic pathways and harvested in such a way that it can be used to produce ATP.
50.Principle Of Plant Transformation? 3
transformation is the geneticalteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of
exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane.
Principle: There are number of principles which are used for the transformation of the plants which are
given: Vector method: There are two vector methods which are given below: Agrobacterium Viral
transformation Vector Free method: There are different vector free methods which are given below: Gene
gun Electroporationt.
51.Steps Of cDNA Libraries? 3
cDNA libraries In eukaryotes, the first product of transcription from DNA is not messenger RNA (mRNA) but
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). This is mRNA prior to the removal of all the non-coding sections, or
introns, which are discarded during the processing to produce the mature mRNA.
cDNA is DNA which has been artificially made using the mature mRNA as a template (through Reverse
Transcriptase enzyme).

52.Detail Note On Recombinant Microorganisms Bacteria And Yeast? 5

Recombinant bacteria is a type of bacteria which have the genetic material DNA of the another organism.
Recombinant DNA is a technology which is developed by scientists that made it possible to insert a gene
into the genetic material of a bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism can now produce such type of
protein that coded by the gene. The scientists made the human insulin gene in the laboratory by using
this technology.
The yeast in which introduce the characteristics according to our desire is called the recombinant yeast.
Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic microbial host cells that offer unique advantages in producing
biopharmaceutical proteins.

53.Applications of Cloning Vectors? 5

Method of gene cloning is useful in studying the structure and function of genes in detail. Medical
Applications: In medicine, cloned bacteria plays important role for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones
and antibiotics. Agricultural Applications: cloning in Bacteria facilitates nitrogen fixation in plants.
54.Note On Zooplankton? 5
Zooplankton are heterotrophic plankton. Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of
fresh water.
The word "zooplankton" is derived from the Greek zoon, meaning "animal", and planktos, meaning
"wanderer" or
"drifter".
Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoans and large
metazoans. It includes holoplanktonic organisms whose complete life cycle lies within the plankton, as well
as meroplanktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the
nekton or a sessile, benthic existence zooplankton are primarily transported by different mechanism which
are given below: ambient water currents many have locomotion used to avoid predators

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 5
 Nutritional modes in zooplankton Herbivores: feed primarily on phytoplankton Carnivores: feed primarily
on other zooplankton (animals) Detrivores: feed primarily on dead organic matter (detritus) Omnivores:
feed on mixed diet of plants and animals and detritus.

55.Steps Of Making Genomic Libraries? 5

steps for creating a genomic library from a large genome.
1. Extract and purify DNA.
2. Digest the DNA with a restriction enzyme. This creates fragments that are similar in size, each
containing one or more genes.
3. Insert the fragments of DNA into vectors that were cut with the same restriction enzyme. Use the
enzyme DNA ligase to seal the DNA fragments into the vector. This creates a large pool of
recombinant molecules.
4. These recombinant molecules are taken up by a host bacterium by transformation, creating a DNA
library. (Internet)
56.Write Down The Principal Of Gel Filtration Chromatography? 5
Gel filtration chromatography (sometimes referred to as molecular sieve chromatogra- phy) is a method
that separates molecules according to their size and shape. The sepa- ration of the components in the
sample mixture, with some exceptions, correlates with their molecular weights
57.Applications Of Plasmid Vectors? 5
Plasmids are the most-commonly used bacterial cloning vectors. These cloning vectors contain a site
that allows DNA fragments to be inserted, for example a multiple cloning site or polylinker which has
several commonly used restriction sites to which DNA fragments may be ligated
58.Advantage Of Yeast In Recombination?
Yeasts have been used for thousands of years in food and fermentation processes to produce alcoholic
beverages and breads. In recent times, the industrial importance of yeasts has extended beyond its
traditional use in fermentation into various healthcare sectors, such as in the production of therapeutic
recombinant proteins. Yeast cells are particularly advantageous as hosts for biopharmaceutical production
in that they are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms.

59.What Are Gmos Example?

E.g., when a recombinant microbe is applied in bio augmentation it comes in competition with indigenous
species which could outgrow it.

60.What Are Types Of Pollution?

Types of pollution There are different types of the pollution which are given below: Air pollution
Water pollution Land pollution Environmental pollution Light pollution Noise pollution.

61.Enlist The Contaminants Released Into The Environment?

The chemicals or any thing which contaminate the environment is called pollutants. (PPTS)

contamination can result from a variety of intended, accidental, or naturally occurring activities and events
such as manufacturing, mineral extraction, abandonment of mines, national defense activities, waste
disposal, accidental spills, illegal dumping, leaking underground storage tanks, hurricanes, floods (Internet)

62.What Is Environmental Pollution?

Environmental Pollution: The presence of contaminants in the environment which produce the serious
changes in the environment is called the environmental pollution. Pollutants: The chemicals or any thing
which contaminate the environment is called pollutants.

63.Contaminants Released From The Environment?

Inorganic pollutants. Industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes contribute to environmental pollution,
which cause adverse harm to human and animal health. From such sources, inorganic pollutants are
released. (Internet)

64.Annealing Process?
annealing process, the metal is heated to a specific temperature where recrystallization can occur. ... The
metal is held at that temperature for a fixed period, then cooled down to room temperature. The cooling
process must be done very slowly to produce a refined microstructure, thus maximizing softness (Internet)

65.What Is Rnai Technology?

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 RNAi Technology. RNA interference (RNAi) is the process by which the translation of a protein is
prevented by selective degradation of its encoded mRNA. In nature, this mechanism likely evolved for cells
to eliminate unwanted foreign genes as a defense against viruses (Internet)

66.What Is Abiotic Stress?

The negative impact of the non-living factors on living organisms in a specific environment is called the
abiotic stress.

67.What Is Annealing In PCR?

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) The process is repeated by a constant cycling of denaturation of double
stranded DNA at elevated temperature to approximately 95 ◦C, followed by cooling to approximately 55- 60
◦C to allow annealing of the primers, followed by extension of the 3’ end of the primer by Polymerase
usually at 72 ◦C.

68.What Is Aerobic Degradation And Anaerobic Degradations?

Aerobic Degradation: AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION Organic contaminants are rapidly It is the
breakdown of organic contaminants by micro organism when oxygen is present
degraded under aerobic conditions by aerobic bacteria called aerobes.(Internet)
Anaerobic Degradations: The aromatic hydrocarbons generally degrade readily under aerobic conditions,
but anaerobic degradation by pure bacterial cultures has also been recognized (PPTS)

69.What Are The Two Schools Of Thought To Determine To Pursue The Biotechnologies?
Metaphysics attempts to find unity across the domains of experience and thought. At the metaphysical
level, there are four* broad philosophical schools of thought that apply to education today. They are
idealism, realism, pragmatism (sometimes called experientialism), and existentialism. Each will be
explained shortly. (Internte)
70.Write A Note On Expression Vector?
These are similar to the vectors described above but in addition have the required regulatory regions
located before and after the ‘foreign’ gene which direct the host cell to translate the product of transcription
into a protein. It is sometimes a difficult, expensive or time consuming procedure to analyse for product
from the ‘foreign’ gene and so, in addition to the selector genes described above, there are frequently
reporter genes to indicate whether or not the signals are ‘switched on’ allowing the ‘foreign’ DNA to be
expressed. In expression cloning, there are many circumstances which can be difficult to predict.

71.Difference Between Bioremediation & Environmental Biotechnology?

Bioremediation: Bioremediation. "Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to
use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater. In
a nonpolluted environment, bacteria, fungi, protists, and other microorganisms are constantly at work
breaking down organic matter.
Environmental Biotechnology: Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that
addresses environmental problems, such as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or
biomass production, by exploiting biological processes.

72.How To Generate Recombinant Virus Vaccine?

A number of genetically stable, safe live viral vaccines have been produced, e.g. measles and yellow fever.
Live vaccines have a number of advantages but when attempting to expand the range of vaccines to
include new targets it is often not possible to achieve a suitable live vaccine derivative of the pathogenic
virus. Recombinant viral vaccines offer a path to achieving the benefits of live vaccines for such difficult
cases. The principle is to embed one or more genes from the target pathogen into the genome of an
established attenuated viral vaccine strain or other nonpathogenic viral genome Generate a Recombinant
Virus Vaccine 198 Recombinant Viruses for Gene.

73.Define Biosenser ?
Biosensor
Environmental biosensor is the analytical device composed of biological sensing elements and a physically
transducer which together relate to measure able signal
Types of biosensor based on transduction signal

• Electrochemical
• Optical
• Piezoelectric
• Thermal sensor

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74.Examples of Endocrine disrupter?
Endocrine disruptor is:

An exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of
natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction,
development and/or behavior
Examples of Endorcine Disruptors

• Diethylstilbosterol (DES).
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
• Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB).
• Chloroform.
• Dioxins and furans.
• Pesticides

75.Define endocrine disrupter?

Endocrine disruptor is:
An exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of
natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction,
development and/or behavior.
Examples of Endorcine Disruptors

•Diethylstilbosterol (DES).
•Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
•Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB).
•Chloroform.
•Dioxins and furans.
•Pesticides
Mechanism of action

Endocrine disruptors act on the endocrine system of humans and animals by mimicking, blocking and/or
interfering in some manner with the natural instructions of hormones to cells.
Binding of EDs to hormone receptors, with resultant alteration in the transcription of messenger RNA, followed
by altered gene expression, appears to be one mechanism by which EDs can alter endocrine function.
Other mechanisms involve alteration in hormone synthesis, metabolism, and transport as well as effects
mediated through changes in the hypothalamic– pituitary–gonadal axis.

76.Steps of making genimic labraries?

Steps of making Genomic Libraries

• Isolation of genomic DNA

• Generation of suitable size DNA fragments
• Cloning in suitable vector system (depending on size) •
Transformation in suitable host.
Isolation of genomic DNA- Isolation of genomic DNA has following steps:

1. Lysis of cells with detergent containing lysis buffer.

2. Incubation of cells with digestion buffer containing protease-K, SDS to release genomic DNA from DNA-
protein complex.

3. Isolation of genomic DNA by absolute alchol precipitation.

4. Purification of genomic DNA with phenol:chloroform mixture. Chloroform : phenol mixture has two phases,
aqueous phase and organic phase. In this step, phenol denatures the remaining proteins and keep the
protein in the organic phase.

5. Genomic DNA present in aqueous phase is again precipitated with absolute alchol.

6. Genomic DNA is analyzed on 0.8% agarose gel and a good preparation of genomic DNA give an intact band
with no visible smear.

77.Define vector?
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Cloning Vectors
A vehicle DNA is required to carry foreign DNA to generate a recombinant construct so that it should allow
easy amplification of chimeric DNA in host. Vehicle DNA used for this purpose in genetic engineering is known
as ‘vector’.
Criteria of a good vector :

• The vector DNA has a two main responsibility:

• Ability to carry foreign DNA,
• Ability to replicate in the host
78.xenobiotics,
XENOBIOTICS’ are the foreign chemical substances found within an organism, which are not normally
naturally produced by an organism or expected to be present within that organism.

• It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual in any
product.

• Most of the systems in the body are affected by these xenobiotic compounds including the immune,
neurological, and the endocrine systems.

• Toxicity in these systems can lead to immune dysfunction, autoimmunity, asthma, cancer, learning
difficulties, mood changes, neurological illnesses, changes in sexual desire and functioning, reproductive
dysfunction, and upsets in blood glucose levels, etc.

79.what do u mean by mobility of DNA ,

The movement of genes within and between organisms.

• Plasmids may be transferred between bacteria by conjugation, of which there are several types, but all of
which require direct cell to cell contact. Not only are genes transferred between bacteria on plasmids, but
bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) are also vectors for intercellular transmission. Similarly, eukaryotic viruses
are able to transfer genetic material between susceptible cells. In addition, bacterial cells may pick up DNA
free in the environment under conditions where their cell wall has become ‘leaky’ to fragments of this
macromolecule, a process called transformation.

80.define genetic engineering ,

Genetic Engineering

• Definition: The technology entailing all processes of altering the genetic material of a cell to make it capable
of performing the desired functions, such as producing novel substances.

In other words:
• Genetic engineering is the deliberate, controlled manipulation of genes in an organism in order to upgrade
that organism. Molecular tools and Technological breakthroughs

• Enzymes- nucleic acid cleavage, ligation

• Vector- molecular cloning

• Polymerase chain reaction

• DNA sequencing

• Electrophoretic separation

• Detection of genes:

DNA-Southern blotting; in situ hybridization;

FISH technique;
RNA- Northern blotting
Pr-Western blotting; inmmunohistochemistry

• Purification

• Transgenetic organisms

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81.difference between exteremophiles and hyperthermophiles,
Extremophiles are organisms that have evolved to survive in environments once thought to be entirely
uninhabitable. These environments are inhospitable, reaching extreme conditions of heat, acidity, pressure,
and cold that would be fatal to most other life forms. Because extremophiles live on extreme ends of the
spectrum, they can indicate the range of conditions under which life is possible.
Read more on Brainly.in -

A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140

°F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C (176
°F).[1]Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain Archaea, although some bacteria are able to tolerate
temperatures of around 100 °C (212 °F), as well. Some bacteria can live at temperatures higher than 100 °C at
large depths in sea where water does not boil because of high pressure. Many hyperthermophiles are also
able to withstand other environmental extremes such as high acidity or high radiation levels.
Hyperthermophiles are a subset of extremophiles
contaminants releases in the environment.
Contaminants released into the environment

• Solvents
• Pesticides
• Herbicides
• Fungicides
• Insecticides
• Petrochemicals
• Explosives
• Heavy metals

Environment biotechnology deals with

• Decontamination of environmental components

• Production of chemicals biosensors

• Pollution prevention
• Waste minimization

82.what do you mean by mobilioty of DNA? annealing steps in pcr?

Annealing: This is the annealing step where at lower temperature (usually 50-650C) primers are allowed to
bind to template DNA, annealing time is 15-30 secs and it depends on the length and bases of the primers.
Generally annealing temperature is about 3-5°C below the melting temperature (Tm) of the pair of the primers
is used.

83.RNAi technology? 3 marks

RNAi technology

• In addition to the traditional strategies for vector construction and genetic modification strategies
described, RNAi (interference) technology is now becoming a new way to improve the contents and fight the
diseases of crop plants.

• Furthermore, plant virus vectors for transfer and expression of transgenes in crop plants are coming
into use.

84.pU38 plasmid? 3 marks

The pUC8 plasmid was designed by scientists and contains the lac z gene. To produce the plasmid, the
pBR322 plasmid was cut in half with EcoR I and the section containing the ampicillin resistance gene was
combined with a DNA fragment containing the lac z gene.

• As a result, the plasmid provides a transformed cell with both ampicillin resistance and the ability to
utilize lactose as a food source, since the lac z gene produces B galactosidase (degrades lactose)

85.What are cosmid vectors (3)

Cosmids vector

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 • Combine parts of the lambda chromosome with parts of plasmids.
• An origin of replication (ori).
• A cos site(a sequence yield cohesive end) .
• An ampicillin resistance gene (amp),
• Restriction sites for cloning
• Cosmids can carry up to 50 kb of inserted DNA.

86.Applications of plasmid vectors (5)

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can
replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in
bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids
often carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism, for example antibiotic resistance. While the
chromosomes are big and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions,
plasmids usually are very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful to the organism under
certain situations or particular conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning,
serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory,
plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation.
Plasmids are considered replicons, units of DNA capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host.
However, plasmids, like viruses, are not generally classified as life.[1] Plasmids are transmitted from one
bacterium to another (even of another species) mostly through conjugation.[2] This host-to-host transfer of
genetic material is one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, and plasmids are considered part of the
mobilome. Unlike viruses (which encase their genetic material in a protective protein coat called a capsid),
plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a
new host.
However, some classes of plasmids encode the conjugative "sex" pilus necessary for their own transfer. The
size of the plasmid varies from 1 to over 200 kbp,[3] and the number of identical plasmids in a single cell can
range anywhere from one to thousands under some circumstances.
The relationship between microbes and plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor mutualistic, because each implies
the presence of an independent species living in a detrimental or commensal state with the host organism.
Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and
typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state. Plasmids may carry genes that
provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or the proteins
produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances, or allow the organism to utilize particular organic
compounds that would be advantageous when nutrients are scarce

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 11
 MUHAMMAD IMRAN BT503 Environment Biotechnology
CURRENT QUESTIONS SOLVED and MCQs FINAL TERM 2021

1. Define Halophiles. 2 MARKS

Halophiles are organisms that live in extremely salty environments. The name 'halophile' means
'salt-loving' in Greek. Halophiles are all microorganisms. Most of them are bacteria, while some are very
primitive eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are more complex organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
Halophiles are found in salty places, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea. They are
unique because they require high levels of salt that would be lethal to most organisms.

A variety of organisms including a number of bacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes can tolerate these
circumstances, often with an optimum functional temperature as low as 4 ◦ C and stopping reproduction
above 12 or 15 ◦ C. Intensely saline environments, such as exist in natural salt lakes or within the
artificial confines of constructed salt evaporation ponds are home to a group of extremophiles, termed
the halophiles.

2. Define psychrophiles. 2 MARKS

The average oceanic temperature is around 1–3 ◦ C and vast areas of the global land mass are
permanently or near-permanently frozen. In these seemingly inhospitable conditions, extremophiles, known
as psychrophiles, flourish

An organism that thrives in cold temperatures, i.e. ranging from −20 °C to +10 °C
A psychrophile is an organism that is capable of living and thriving in temperatures ranging from −20 °C to
+10 °C. The term is often used in classifying microorganisms based on their optimal temperature

3. Define Biosensors. 2 MARKS

A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a
biological component with a physicochemical detector. The sensitive biological element, e.g. tissue,
microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc., is a biologically
derived material or biomimetic component that interacts with, binds with, or recognizes the analyte under
study.

4. Define co-metabolism. 2 MARKS

Co-metabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the
degradation of the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the first
compound (the primary substrate)

The contaminant is not used as food by the microbe, being metabolized fortuitously alongside the
organism’s food into a less hazardous chemical. Typically, there is no apparent benefit to the
microorganisms involved.

5. How microbes are poly cyclic aromatic compounds. 2

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 Novel bacteria with capacity to degrade toxic, carcinogenic or teratogenic compounds. Bacteria against
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., naphthalene and phenanthrene). Bacteria isolated from the
same environments may vary in their abilities to degrade PAHs indicative of diverse catabolic pathways
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are xenobiotics having high level of halogenation.

6. Write two main chemicals characteristics of chlorinated pesticides that lead to problems. 2
MARKS
Noted the growing incidences of problems to wildlife from pesticides. Concerns raised about chlorinated
pesticides.One of the major forces that led to the environmental movement. Other problematic organic
chemicals are

• polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

• halogenated solvents,
• chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs).

7. Write two advantages of the conventional biological sludge dewatering process. 2

Advantages of Conventional Dispersed Plug Flow Process
1. Allows smaller volume than CSTR
2. Flexible operation, zone aeration, step feeding options, accommodates anoxic and aerobic processes
with single biomass for biological nutrient removal
3. Less aeration than CSTR

• Can be used for sludge thickening and dewatering

• Low land requirements
• Ease of installation

8. Write the main characteristics of intensive technology. 2

Intensive technologies can be characterised as sophisticated, fast-acting, high intervention strategies,
with a heavy demand for resources and high initiation, running and support costs. Their key factors are a
fast response and low treatment time, which makes them excellent for heavy contamination conditions,
since they can make an immediate lessening in pollutant impact. Soil washing and thermal treatments are
good examples of ‘intensive’ approaches.

9. How plants are modified as bioindicator. 2

Plant indicators The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an ecosystem can
provide important clues about the health of the environment: environmental preservation. There are several
types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark, bark pockets, tree rings, and leaves.

Plants are used as very sensitive tools for prediction and recognition of environmental stresses. The
presence or absence of some specific plants or other vegetation provides ample information about
environmental health. e.g., Lichens generally found on the trunks of trees and rocks, react to ecological
changes in forests, including changes in the structure of the forest, air quality, and climate
(e.g., increased level of SO2, N2, etc.)

10. Mention two Natural sludge dewatering processes. 2

Natural sludge dewatering processes:

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 • Drying beds
• Sludge lagoons

11. How quality of fruit should improve 2

Crop quality improvements such as the control of fruit ripening (Grierson and Schuch 1993), an example
of which is the oft quoted, Flavr-Savr tomato, and the production of cereals with improved nutritional value,
are not addressed here because, although of great interest to the food industry, are of more peripheral
relevance to environmental biotechnology. Many of the transgenic plants, examples of which are given later
in this chapter, have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
and often, together with the 35S CaMV promoter

The quality of the fruit was maintained by virtue of the fact that the sodium accumulation caused by the
antiport occurred in leaves only and not in the fruit. Improved tolerance to drought, salt and freezing in
Arabidopsis has been achieved by overexpressing a protein which induces the stress response genes
12. Write two sources of dioxins? 2
Dioxin is formed by burning chlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of
dioxin in the environment comes from
• waste-burning incinerators of various sorts
• also from backyard burn-barrels

13. What are zooplankton? 2

Zooplankton (pictured below) are a type of heterotrophic plankton that range from microscopic organisms
to large species, such as jellyfish. Zooplankton are found within large bodies of water, including oceans and
freshwater systems. Zooplankton are drifting ecologically important organisms that are an integral
component of the food chain.

14. Write the applications of cloning vector. 2

Method of gene cloning is useful in studying the structure and function of genes in detail. Medical
Applications: In medicine, cloned bacteria plays important role for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones
and antibiotics. Agricultural Applications: cloning in Bacteria facilitates nitrogen fixation in plants.

The most commonly used cloning vectors are E. coli plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that include
three functional regions: (1) an origin of replication, (2) a drug-resistance gene, and (3) a region where DNA
can be inserted without interfering with plasmid replication or expression of the drug-resistance gene.

15. What is meant by minimum substrate concentration? 2

The minimum substrate concentration required for growth, Smin, was measured for Pseudomonas sp.
strain B13 with 3-chlorobenzoate (3CB) and acetate in a recycling fermentor. The substrates were provided
alone or in a mixture. Smin values predicted with kinetic parameters from resting-cell batches and
chemostat cultures differed clearly from the values measured in the recycling fermentor

16. Write down the ways to achieve goal of environment biotechnology. 2

The goals of Environmental biotechnology can be achieved in two ways:
• enhance or optimise conditions for existing biological systems to make their activities happen faster
or more efficiently, OR
• Resort to some form of alteration to bring about the desired outcome.

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The means by which this may be achieved are essentially two-fold. Environmental biotechnologists may
enhance or optimise conditions for existing biological systems to make their activities happen faster or
more efficiently, or they resort to some form of alteration to bring about the desired outcome.

17. Write the main characteristics of intensive technology. 2

Intensive technologies can be characterised as sophisticated, fast-acting, high intervention strategies, with
a heavy demand for resources and high initiation, running and support costs. Their key factors are a fast
response and low treatment time, which makes them excellent for heavy contamination conditions, since
they can make an immediate lessening in pollutant impact. Soil washing and thermal treatments are good
examples of ‘intensive’ approaches.

18. What are xenobiotic? 2

Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus
includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food
additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.

A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected
to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much
higher concentrations than are usual. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up
by another organism, such as the uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage
treatment plant outfalls, or the chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against
predators

19. Ex-situ technique? 2

The main characteristic of ex situ methods is that the soil is removed from where it originally lay, for
treatment.
These techniques are best suited to instances of relatively localized pollution within a site, typically in ‘hot-
spots’ of medium to relatively high concentration which are fairly near to the surface.

20. What is Glyphosate 2

Glyphosate’, one of the most widely used herbicides, is an analogue of phosphoenol pyruvate and shows
herbicidal activity because it inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The gene
coding for this enzyme has been identified, isolated and inserted into a number of plants including petunias

Glyphosate (IUPAC name: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic

herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts
by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. It is used to kill weeds,
especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops

21. What is cynophyta? 2

Cynophyta, a type of phytoplankton, is one particularly powerful bioindicator which is known to indicate
rapid eutrophication of water bodies such as reservoirs, lakes, etc. via the creation of bloom formations.

22. Classes of sludge 2

Water in the sludge can be divided into four distinct classes.
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 ➢ Free water,
➢ Adsorbed water,
➢ Capillary water,
➢ Cellular water.

23. What are endocrine disruptors? 2

There are chemicals which resist degradation. Partly due to lack of organisms with degradative abilities,
or worse due to microbial activities that change them to more toxic form

24. Define Bioscrubber 2

A bioscrubber consists of a gas scrubber and a biological reactor. In the gas scrubber, to-be-removed
components are absorbed from the gas stream by the wash water. In the biological reactor, the pollutants
that have been absorbed by the wash water are biologically degraded.

25. What is Sustainable bioremediation 2

Sustainable Remediation Forum (SuRF) UK framework document identified six ‘key principles of
sustainable remediation’, namely:
1. Protection of human health and the wider environment.
2. Safe working practices.
3. Consistent, clear and reproducible evidence-based decision making.
4. Record keeping and transparent reporting.
5. Good governance and stakeholder involvement.
6. Sound science.

Sustainable Remediation is a term adopted internationally and encompasses sustainable approaches, as

described by the Brundtland Report, to the investigation, assessment and management (including
institutional controls) of potentially contaminated land and groundwater

26. Why DDT was banned? 2

DDT causes weakening of egg shells of birds, which led to dramatic decreases in the populations of
many species. Leading to its ban. Moreover, the experience with DDT was one of the first examples that
target organisms develop a resistance to the toxic chemicals. Because DDT-resistant strains of the
Anopheles mosquito risen, DDT's value for malaria control greatly diminished

27. Define catabolic expansion. 2

. Reintroduction of these bacteria to the polluted site should give them an advantage over the indigenous
bacteria as they would be better suited to survive and remediate the contamination. Improving the
microbe’s ability to degrade a contaminant, sometimes referred to as catabolic expansion, may be
increased by culturing the bacteria in growth medium in which the contaminant supplies an essential part of
the nutrition, such as being the only carbon source

28. Write two methods of Detergents bioremedies. 2

Three basic types of synthetic detergents: anionic, cationic, and nonionic. The anionic detergents still are
the major detergents used in laundry soaps. Cationic detergents are toxic to microorganisms. Used mostly
when good disinfection, as well as cleaning action, is desired. Nonionic detergents are not ionized and
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depend for solubility on polymers of ethylene oxide connected to a hydrophobic end that dissolves in
grease

29. Consequences of OECD 2001 about global Biotechnology? 2

The OECD (2001) concluded that the industrial use of biotechnology commonly leads to increasingly
environmentally harmonious processes and additionally results in lowered operating and/or capital costs.

30. Define phytodegradation and name its forms? 2

Biological breakdown of contaminants by plants.
Forms
• Internally, having first been taken up by the plants,
• Externally, using enzymes secreted by them.

Phytotransformation, also referred to as phytodegradation, is the breakdown of organic contaminants

sequestered by plants via:
(1) metabolic processes within the plant; or
(2) the effect of compounds, such as enzymes, produced by the plant. The organic contaminants are
degraded into simpler compounds that are integrated with plant tissue, which in turn, foster plant growth .
Remediation of a site by phytotransformation is dependent on direct uptake of contaminants from the media
and accumulation in the vegetation

31. What are living conditions of extremophiles? give examples 2

Three examples of extremophiles are
• Picrophilus torridus (a thermoacidophile adapted to hot, acidic conditions),
• Antarctic krill (a psychrophile),
• Pompeii worm (a thermophile)

32. Difference between bioenhancement and bioaugmentation. 2

Bioenhancement concentrates solely on the existing micro-fauna, stimulating their activity by the
manipulation of local environmental conditions.
Bioaugmentation requires the deliberate introduction of selected microbes to bring about the required
clean-up.

bioremediation is (biochemistry) the use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove

contaminants, especially from polluted water while bioaugmentation is the use of microorganisms to help
decompose pollutants.

33. Fermentation produce a solution of ethanol in water list two method by which ethanol can be treated
to produce fixed grade ethanol 2
Fermentation produces a solution of ethanol in water. Can be further treated to produce fuel-grade ethanol
by subsequent simple distillation, to 95% ethanol, or to the anhydrous form by azeotropic co-distillation
using a solvent

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34. Difference between natural and conventional sludge dewatering process. 3
Natural sludge dewatering processes:
• Drying beds
• Sludge lagoons
Mechanised sludge dewatering processes:
• Centrifuges
• Vacuum filters
• Belt presses
• Filter presses

35. Enlist three attributes of aqouse invertebrate that make them ideal for use as bioindicator.3
Invertebrates can also be Bioindicator;
• aquatic invertebrates tend to be bottom-feeders (also known as Benthos or macro
invertebrates).
• Powerful indicators of watershed health as they are not difficult to distinguish in a lab,
• frequently live for more than one year,
• have restricted mobility,
• and are integrators of ecological condition

36. Difference between physical and mechanical sludge dewatering process. 3

Sludge is separated in a solid and a liquid part with the help of a physical process such as filtration,
squeezing, centrifugal separation or compaction.
Mechanical dewatering is mostly applied for the treatment of residual sludge in large-scale centralised
wastewater treatment plants.

37. Name enzyme, solution and equipment’s used in the genetic engineering. 3
Restriction endonuclease or restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, DNA polymerases and reverse
transcriptase
Equipment’s:
Gel Electrophoresis, plasmids, transformation or transduction, PCR, Identifying transgenic organisms

38. There classes of biosensor and two advantages and disadvantages of immunsensor. 3
According to the biorecognition principle, biosensors classified into immunochemical, enzymatic,
nonenzymatic receptor, whole-cell, and DNA biosensors.
• Immunosensors present the advantages of sensitivity and selectivity.
• Limitations are the regeneration of the immunosurface, and cross-reactivity. Enzymes act as
recognition elements because of their specificity

39. Enlist the types of solid waste. 3

Different categories of solid waste include:

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• Organic waste: Waste from preparation of food, market places, etc.
• Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging, etc. (high organic and low moisture content)

• Non-combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.

• Ashes/dust: Residue from fires used for cooking.
• Bulky waste: Tree branches, tyres, etc.
• Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock.
• Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste.
• Construction waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

40. What are three phases present in aerated biofilter 3

Solid phase: consists of a support medium and biofilms,
Liquid phase: consists of the liquid in permanent flow through the porous medium,
Gas phase: formed by artificial aeration and by the gaseous by-products of the biological activity.

41. Phytoplankton? 3

Phytoplankton is the base of several aquatic food webs. In a balanced ecosystem, they provide food for
a wide range of sea creatures including whales, shrimp, snails, and jellyfish.

Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain chlorophyll
and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of
the ocean, where sunlight penetrates the water. Phytoplankton also require inorganic nutrients such as
nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of
oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems
Phytoplanktons, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain chlorophyll
and require daylight to live and develop. Most are light and swim in the upper portion of the sea, where light
infiltrates the water. Algae are quite sensitive to contamination, and this may be reflected in their population
levels and/or rates or photosynthesis

42. How quality of crops should enhance? 3

Control of fruit ripening, production of cereals with improved nutritional value. These although are of great
interest to the food industry, they are of more peripheral relevance to environmental biotechnology. Many of
the transgenic plants have been produced using the Ti plasmid transfer system of Agrobacterium
tumefaciens and are often used together with the 35S CaMV promoter.

43. Write 3 oxidation products of TNT. 3

Oxidation products:

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 • nitrobenzene,
• benzaldehydes,
• nitrophenol
• azodicarboxylic acids

44. Process of thickening of sludge. 3

The main processes used for sludge thickening are:
• gravity thickeners
• dissolved air flotation
• centrifuges
• belt presses

45. Write features of phenols that make it pollutant? 3

• Highly toxic
• Possible accumulation in environment
• Mimic the activity of estrogen

46. What is T-DNA? 3

The transfer DNA is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing plasmid of some species of bacteria such
as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The T-DNA is transferred from bacterium
into the
host plant's nuclear DNA genome.

47. What is Environmental biotechnology 3

Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems,such
as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting
biological processes

48. methods to get a good quality crop 3

• Plant Early, Plant Effectively. ...
• Practice Seasonal Soil Rotation. ...
• Know The Yield Potential. ...
• Always Scout Your Fields. ...
• Ensure Proper Water Drainage. ...
• Utilize Fertilizers. ...
• Test Your Soil. ...
• Weed Early and Often.

49. biological remediation. 3

Biological remediation, a process defined as the use of microorganisms or plants to detoxify or remove
organic and inorganic xenobiotic compounds from the environment is a remediation option that offers
green technology solution to the problem of environmental degradation.
Biological:
This involve the transformation or mineralisation of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile, forms. This
can include fixation or accumulation in harvestable biomass crops.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 9
Advantages:
can destroy a wide range of organic compounds,can cause benefit to soil structure and fertility, are non-
toxic.
Disadvantages: the process end-point can be uncertain and difficult to gauge, treatment can be slow not
all contaminants are conducive to treatment by biological means.

50. Write the fundamental requirements for all cloning processes. 3

Fundamental requirements of all cloning procedures:
the enzymes, solutions and equipment necessary to perform the procedures; the desired piece of DNA
to be transferred;a cloning vector; and the recipient cell. It is also essential to have some means of
determining whether or not the transfer has been successful. This is achieved by the use of marker genes.

51. Advantages of association of fungi with plants 3

Mycorrhizae: Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants Quite common and in some cases be
very beneficial to the plant. They may be external, ectomycorrhizal, orinternal, endomycorrhizal.
Aid the growth of the plants as a result of their mycelia reaching far out into the surrounding soil, thus
assisting the plant in nutrient uptake.This quality has received commercial attention…

52. Enlist any three main focus areas in the global environmental market 3
• energy production,
• waste management,
• land remediation,
• water treatment.

53. With help of named example discuss how whole organisms can be used the measure
potential biological Toxicity of water soil sample? 3
Much efforts to develop and use different bioassays and biosensors for toxicity evaluation of water
samples. Whole organisms to measure the potential biological toxicity of a water or soil sample. Toxicity
assays Microtox® (Azure, Bucks, UK), or ToxAlert® (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Based on the use of
luminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, to measure toxicity from samples. Cellsense®, an amperometric
sensor that incorporates Escherichia coli cells, for rapid ecotoxicity analysis.

54. Describe importance of anaerobic zone in biological process of phosphorus removal in

activated sludge treatment? 3
It is essential to have anaerobic and aerobic zones in the treatment line for the biological removal of
phosphorus. The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large
population of phosphorus accumulating organisms. When the biological excess sludge is wasted from the
system, phosphorus is removed.

55. Describe natural process to remove pathogenic environment. 5

Natural:
Maturation Ponds, Land treatment.
Maturation ponds:

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Shallow ponds, where the penetration of solar UV radiation and unfavourable environmental
conditions causes a high mortality of the pathogens. The maturation ponds do not need chemical
products or energy, but require large areas. They are highly recommended systems...
Land treatment (infiltration in soil): The unfavourable environmental conditions in the soil favour the
mortality of the pathogens. Chemical products are not needed. Requires large areas.

56. How xenobiotic can be degraded by microorganisms 5

Ans: Gratuitous degradation: a xenobiotic resembles a natural compound so that it is recognized by
the organism’s enzymes and may be used as food, OR Cometabolism: a xenobiotic is degraded by
the organism’s enzymes but in this case its catabolism does not provide energy and so cannot be the
sole carbon source. The ability of a single compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence
of other contaminants. This being the case, model studies predicting the rate of contaminant
degradation may be skewed in the field. Soil microorganisms are very versatile and can adapt to a
food source due to exchange of plasmids.
In bacteria, the genes coding for degradative enzymes are often arranged in operons, which usually
are carried on a plasmid.
Fast transfer from one bacterium to another.
Latent pathways in many Archaea.
Genetic modifications in laboratories.

gratuitous degradation, a process whereby the xenobiot resembles a natural compound sufficiently
closely that it is recognised by the organism’s enzymes and may be used as a food source, or
cometabolism where the xenobiot is degraded again by virtue of being recognised by the organism’s
enzymes but in this case its catabolism does not provide energy and so cannot be the sole carbon
source. Consequently, cometabolism may be sustained only if a carbon source is supplied to the
organism. The ability of a single compound to be degraded can be affected by the presence of other
contaminants. For example, heavy metals can affect the ability of organisms to grow, the most
susceptible being Gram positive bacteria, then Gram negative. Fungi are the most resistant and
actinomycetes are somewhere in the middle. This being the case, model studies predicting the rate of
contaminant degradation may be skewed in the field where the composition of the contamination may
invalidate the study in that application. Soil micro-organisms in particular are very versatile and may
quickly adapt to a new food source by virtue of the transmission of catabolic plasmids

53.Environmental concern to the release of the hormone into environment. 5

Ans: Endogenous hormones, of human or animal origin, have been reaching the environment for
thousands of years… Exogenous steroids, used as growth promoters in several countries, have also
become a matter of concern. Endocrine-disrupting activity in aquatic fauna or even terrestrial. Their
widespread use and their capability to induce responses in fish at concentrations as low as ng/l or even
pg/l level, have alerted scientists to the potential dangerous consequences. An optical immunosensor to
determine estrone, along with other organic pollutants (atrazine and isoproturon). New biosensing
strategies for the control of hormone residues in an effort to improve food quality controls and to protect
public health.

54.Define Vitrification and describe the biological process of soil remediation 5

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 11
Solidification / vitrification:
• It is the encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural integrity, with or
without associated chemical fixation.
Biological process of soil remediation :
This involve the transformation or mineralisation of contaminants to less toxic and more mobile,forms.
This can include fixation or accumulation in harvestable biomass crops.
Advantages:
can destroy a wide range of organic compounds,can cause benefit to soil structure and fertility,are non-
toxic.
Disadvantages:
the process end-point can be uncertain and difficult to gauge, treatment can be slow not all
contaminants are conducive to treatment by biological means.

55. Role of filter medium in biofilter also name the compound of the filter medium.
5
Ans: The medium offers good water holding capacity and soluble chemicals within the waste gas dissolve
into the film of moisture around the matrix. Bacteria, and other micro-organisms present, degrade
components of the resultant solution, thereby bringing about the desired effect. The medium itself provides
physical support for microbial growth, with a large surface area to volume ratio, high in internal void
spaces and rich in nutrients to stimulate and sustain bacterial activity. Biofilters need to be watered
sufficiently to maintain optimum internal conditions, but waterlogging is to be avoided as this leads to
compaction, and hence, reduced efficiency. Properly maintained, biofilters can reduce odour release by
95% or more.

56. Five impact of chlorobenzene & dioxin on human health. 5

Ans: Dioxin impact
chloracne, weight loss, insomnia, liver, dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, and possibly cancer
chlorobenzene Impact
Unconsciousness, tremors and restlessness

57. write a note on cDNA libraries 5

Ans: cDNA libraries
In eukaryotes, the first product of transcription from DNA is not messenger RNA (mRNA) but
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). This is mRNA prior to the removal of all the non-coding
sections, or introns, which are discarded during the processing to produce the mature mRNA. cDNA is
DNA which has been artificially made using the mature mRNA as a template (through Reverse
Transcriptase enzyme). It is then used as the template for the second strand. Thus the synthetic DNA
product is simply a DNA version of the mRNA and so should overcome the problems of expression
mentioned ago.

58. write the advantages and disadvantages of incineration. 5

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Ans: Advantages:

• Drastic volume reduction,

• Sterilization.
Disadvantages:
• High costs,
• Ash disposal,
• Atmospheric pollution.
59. Write the five properties of soil. 5
Ans: In case of soil particularly, properties such as
depth of soil, texture, type, porosity, humus content, moisture, microbial complement, and biological
activity can all have a effect on outcome of a pollutant.
60. Write five advantages of Biofilter 5
Ans:
• holds a filter medium of organic material such as peat, heather, bark chips and the like
• biofilter can reduce odour release by 95% or more.
• maintain optimum internal conditions
• The gas to be treated is forced, or drawn, through the filter
• offers good water holding capacity and soluble chemicals within the waste gas
61. Write the main objective of sludge dewatering. 5
Ans: The main objectives:

• reduction of the transportation costs;

• improvement of the handling conditions;
• increase of the calorific value of the sludge (for incineration);
• reduction in the volume for disposal;
• reduction in the production of leachate when the sludge is disposed of in landfills
62. Write five advantages of Biofuels. 5
Enormous energy demand particularly in industrialized countries…
The production of biofuels has accordingly burgeoned in recent years.Driven by the twin
pressures of environmental and economic necessity.The rush towards biofuels could have
larger social and environmental consequences. UN reported growing evidence that food
prices were being driven up in poorer nations of the world as oil-rich crops were grown for
fuel.

Blending petrol or diesel with biofuels can have noticeable advantages. Although biofuels
aren’t as efficient or powerful on their own, when they’re blended with conventional fuels they
can improve performance and fuel economy. Some biofuels are derived from plants, which
will have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. However, the benefit might not be
as high as you might think, considering the fertilisation, transportation and manufacturing
costs that have gone into the process.

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Another advantage of biofuel is, in many cases, a lower cost. Ethanol tends to be cheaper
than petrol, so blending the two successfully could be cheaper. Biofuel is renewable, too, as
creating more simply requires more plants grown or more natural waste. Oil supplies - and
therefore petrol and diesel - will eventually run out, pushing up prices in the future. Biofuel
should remain cheap as it’s easier to produce and plentiful.
Biofuels can also be produced locally, leading to an increase in jobs and a reduction in
transportation emissions.

63. Explain Vitrification methods

Solidification / vitrification:
• It is the encapsulation of contaminants within a monolithic solid of high structural integrity, with or
without associated chemical fixation.
• Vitrification uses high temperatures to fuse contaminated materials.
Advantage:
Toxic elements and/or compounds which cannot be destroyed, are rendered unavailable to the
environment.
Disadvantages:
Contaminants are not actually destroyed.Significant amounts of reagents are required and not suitable for
organic contaminants.

64. Why DDt banned reason of its banned although it is useful method for removal of
insects?5
DDT causes weakening of egg shells of birds, which led to dramatic decreases in the populations of many
species. Leading to its ban. Moreover, the experience with DDT was one of the first examples that target
organisms develop a resistance to the toxic chemicals. Because DDT-resistant strains of the Anopheles
mosquito risen, DDT's value for malaria control greatly diminished
65. Genetic modification a popular plant is used for removal of mercury. describe how?
5
Ans: Genetic modification of a poplar to enable mercury to be removed from the soil and converted to a
form able to be released to the atmosphere. mer A gene gene is one of a cluster of genes involved in
bacterial detoxification of mercury, and is the one coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion reductase, which
converts mercury from an ionic to a volatile form.5
Initially the gene was transferred to Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene was transferred by gene guns to
poplar tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) embryogenic material. The resulting poplar plantlets were found to
exhibit tolerance to mercury and to volatalise it at 10 times the rate observed in untransformed yellow
poplar plantlets.
66. Factors affecting the techniques of Insitu and exsitu. 5
Ans:

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67. What are applications of biosensors in detection of biocides? 5
Enzymatic sensors, based on the inhibition of a selected enzyme, are the most extended
biosensors used for the determination of these compounds. Various biosensors, based on the
inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and colin oxidase, for the detection of organo
phosphorous and carbamate pesticides. Although sensitive, biosensors based on AchE
inhibition are not selective. One approach to solve the lack of specificity of AchE involves the
genetic engineering of cholinesterase enzyme.

68. Explain role of enzyme, solution & equipment in genetic engineering? 5

Ans: the enzymes, solutions and equipment necessary to perform the procedures; the desired piece of
DNA to be transferred;a cloning vector; and the recipient cell.
It is also essential to have some means of determining whether or not the transfer has been
successful. This is achieved by the use of marker genes.
69. Explain genomic libraries? 5
Ans: Genomic libraries
Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organisms. The genomic DNA is isolated, purified and cut
up into pieces of a size suitable to be inserted into a cloning vector, following by ligation and
transformation into a host cell.
These DNA pieces may either be ligated as a total mixture, into a suitable vector to produce a genomic
library, or a specific piece may be isolated and prepared as described ago. Genomic libraries are very
useful, as they may be amplified, and accessed almost limitlessly, to look for a specific DNA Sequence.
If the genomic library is of a eukaryotic origin the genes will contain noncoding regions, called introns.
(Prokaryotes do not contain introns).This is a problem if the gene is to be expressed. This problem can
be avoided by using cDNA.

Genomic DNA, in this context, is material which has been isolated directly from an organism, purified
and cut up into pieces of a size suitable to be inserted into a cloning vector. These pieces may either be
ligated in total mixture, into a suitable vector to produce a genomic library, or a specific piece may be

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 15
isolated and prepared as described above. Genomic libraries are very useful, as they may be amplified,
and accessed almost limitlessly, to look for a specific DNA sequence thus reducing the amount of work
involved in any one experiment. The disadvantage is that if the genomic library is of a eukaryotic origin,
which is almost exclusively the case, the genes will contain regions, or introns, which are quite normally
inserted along its length and are processed out of the RNA copy during maturation prior to protein
synthesis. This is a problem if the gene is to be expressed, in other words, if the protein is to be made
from the DNA blueprint. Prokaryotes do not contain introns in their genes and so do not possess the
mechanisms for their removal. Furthermore, introns are not necessarily processed correctly even if the
expression system is eukaryotic. This problem can be avoided by using a cDNA instead of a genomic
library
70. What are environment factor that effect bioremediation briefly describes? 5

Environmental Factors:
Most significant are:
Temperature
• 0 and 50 ◦C. Most efficient: 20–30 ◦C pH…
• pH range of 5.0-9.0, however, 6.0-8.0 being most efficient.
Soil type…
• sands and gravels are the most suitable soil types for bioremediation…
Other factors:
Nutrient availability, oxygenation, presence of other inhibitory contaminants whether the site is
contained or if the groundwater runs off, what contaminants are present, what is their concentration
and whether they are biodegradable, etc. The whole issue may be viewed as hierarchical. The
primary influence consists of the contaminants themselves and actual origin

The principal environmental factors of significance are temperature, pH and soil type
. As was stated previously, bioremediation tends to rely on the natural abilities of indigenous soil organisms
and so treatment can occur between 0–50 ◦ C, since these temperatures will be tolerated. However, for
greatest efficiency, the ideal range is around 20–30 ◦ C, as this tends to optimise enzyme activity. In much
the same way, a pH of 6.5–7.5 would be seen as optimum, though ranges of 5.0–9.0 may be acceptable,
dependent on the individual species involved. Generally speaking, sands and gravels are the most suitable
soil types for bioremediation, while heavy clays and those with a high organic content, like peaty soils, are
less well indicated. However, this is not an absolute restriction, particularly since developments in
bioremediation techniques have removed the one-time industry maxim that clay soils were impossible to
treat biologically

71. List any five source of solid waste? 5

Ans: Sources of solid waste:

• Medical centers
• Food stores
• Feeding centers
• Food distribution points
• Slaughter areas

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 16
 • Warehouses
• Markets
• Domestic areas

72. Mention some metallic coagulant for sludge dewatering? 5

Ans: The most common metallic coagulants are:

• aluminium sulphate
• ferric chloride
• ferrous sulphate
• ferric sulphate
• quicklime/ hydrated lime
73. Transforming problems in plant 5
Transformation by the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens suffers from few disadvantages other
than the limitation that it does not readily infect some cereal crops: A problem been addressed by
attempting to increase its host range. Wild type plasmid contains genes which causes the transfer of a
piece of DNA, ‘T-DNA’, into a plant cell, causing crown gall disease.This piece is flanked by 24 bp direct
repeats. These genes may be cut out and replaced by DNA containing the gene of choice to be introduced
into the plant. In case of plants, recombination is not 100% efficient, and so a method of selection is
required such that only plants containing the novel DNA grow.
74. Write a brief note on PCBs and the use of biosensors / What are PCBS? Which biosensors
detect them? 5
Ans: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Widely used as industrial
chemicals, particularly as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers and capacitors. Though the production
of PCBs has been banned, these are still present in the environment. The high toxicity represents a risk for
public health. Different biosensor configurations to determine PCBs in the environment. DNA biosensor
with chronopotentiometric detection, and various immunosensors with fluorescence, SPR, and
electrochemical detection principles. Dioxins released as by-products in a number of chemical processes.
Production of some pesticides, the manufacture of PVC plastics, the chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper,
and waste incineration.
Carcinogenic. A significant number of immunoassays for dioxins. Biosensors developed for PCBs have
been used for Dioxins too. Biosensor for detection of dioxin-like chemicals (polyhalogenated dioxins,
furans, and biphenyls) based on a recombinant mouse hepatoma cell line.

75. Phytovolatilisation 10 MARKS

Phytovolatilization refers to the uptake and transpiration of contaminants, primarily organic
compounds, by plants. The contaminant, present in the water taken up by the plant, passes
through the plant or is modified by the plant, and is released to the atmosphere (evaporates
or vaporizes).

Phytovolatilisation involves the uptake of the contaminants by plants and their release into
the atmosphere, typically in a modified form. This phytoremediation biotechnology generally
relies on the transpiration pull of fast-growing trees, which accelerates the uptake of the
pollutants in groundwater solution, which are then released through the leaves. Thus the
contaminants are removed from the soil, often being transformed within the plant before
being voided to the atmosphere. One attempt which has been explored experimentally uses
a genetically modified variety of the Yellow Poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera, which has been
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 17
 engineered by the introduction of mercuric reductase gene (mer A) as discussed in Chapter
9. This confers the ability to tolerate higher mercury concentrations and to convert the
metal’s ionic form to the elemental and allows the plant to withstand contaminated
conditions, remove the pollutant from the soil and 150 Environmental Biotechnology
volatilise it. The advantages of this approach are clear, given that the current best available
technologies demand extensive dredging or excavation and are heavily disruptive to the
site. The choice of a poplar species for this application is interesting, since they have been
found useful in similar roles elsewhere. Trichloroethylene (TCE), an organic compound used
in engineering and other industries for degreasing, is a particularly mobile pollutant, typically
forming plumes which move beneath the soil’s surface. In a number of studies, poplars have
been shown to be able to volatilise around 90% of the TCE they take up. In part this relates
to their enormous hydraulic pull, a property which will be discussed again later in this
chapter. Acting as large, solar-powered pumps, they draw water out of the soil, taking up
contaminants with it, which then pass through the plant and out to the air. The question
remains, however, as to whether there is any danger from this kind of pollutant release into
the atmosphere and the essential factor in answering that must take into account the
element of dilution. If the trees are pumping out mercury, for instance, then the daily output
and its dispersion rate must be such that the atmospheric dilution effect makes the prospect
of secondary effects, either to the environment or to human health, impossible. Careful
investigation and risk analysis is every bit as important for phytoremediation as it is for other
forms of bioremediation. Using tree species to clean up contamination has begun to receive
increasing interest. Phytoremediation in general tends to be limited to sites where the
pollutants are located fairly close to the surface, often in conjunction with a relatively high
water table. Research in Europe and the USA has shown that the deeply penetrating roots
of trees allows deeper contamination to be treated. Once again, part of the reason for this
is the profound effect these plants can have on the local water relations.

76. Three classes of biosensors signal transduction and biorecognition principle. 10

Ans: Classified according to the signal transduction and the biorecognition principles. On the basis of the
transducing element, categorized as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors.
Electrochemical biosensors, and among them the amperometric and the potentiometric ones, are the best
described in the literature. Those based on optical principles are the next most commonly used
transducers. Various types of optical transducers exploit properties such as Simple light absorption,
Fluorescence / phosphorescence, Bio/ chemiluminescence, Reflectance, Raman scattering, and
Refractive index. Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) with main advantage that the analyte presence can
be determined directly, without the use of labeled molecules. Cantilever biosensors are based on the
bending of silicon cantilevers caused by the adsorption of target molecules onto the cantilever surface,
where receptor molecules are immobilized. According to the biorecognition principle, biosensors classified
into immunochemical, enzymatic, nonenzymatic receptor, whole-cell, and DNA biosensors.
Immunosensors present the advantages of sensitivity and selectivity. Limitations are the regeneration of
the immunosurface, and cross-reactivity. Enzymes act as recognition elements because of their specificity.
In general, enzymatic biosensors are based on the selective inhibition of specific enzymes by different
classes of compounds. Biosensors based on natural receptors can be built by integrating the specific
receptor within a membrane, and by coupling it to a transducing device. The binding signal is detected as
a structural change or an associated enzyme activity.Whole cells of living organisms bacteria, yeast, fungi,
plant and animal cells, or even tissue slices Used as the recognition component by interrogating their
general metabolic status. Useful to determine whether a substance is toxic to certain cells. In the case of
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 18
DNA biosensors, two strategies: hybridization detection of nucleic acid sequences from infectious
microorganisms, and monitoring of small pollutants interacting with the immobilized DNA layer (drugs,
mutagenic pollutants, etc.) A step in the development of biosensors is the immobilization of the biological
component at the transducer surface. Procures both the stabilization and the proximity between the
biomaterial and the transducer. Immobilization methods mostly employed :
physical adsorption at a solid surface, cross-linking between molecules, covalent binding to a surface,
entrapment within a membrane, surfactant matrix, polymer or microcapsule…

78.Write the procedure of Sludge treatment 10

Ans: Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage
sludge produced during sewage treatment. Sludge is mostly water with lesser amounts of solid
material removed from liquid sewage. Reducing sludge volume may increase the concentration of
some of these toxic chemicals in the sludge.

79.Explain western and Northern blotting. 10

Ans: In Southern blotting, DNA fragments are resolved by electrophoresis on a gel. These resolved
fragments are then shifted to a membrane (nylon or nitrocellulose).
Western blotting: Proteins (e.g., antibodies antigens interaction)

Northern Blotting
• Northern blotting is a technique for detection of specific RNA sequences.
• Developed by James Alwine & George stark.
• RNA molecules have defined length & much shorter than genomic DNA it is not necessary to
cleave RNA before electrophoresis.
• RNA is more susceptible to degradation than DNA.
• RNA sample are separated based on size by gel electrophoresis.
Northern blots are used to determine the identity, size, and abundance of specific RNA sequences.
Northern blot protocols begin with RNA isolation, and separation techniques vary depending on RNA size.
Large RNAs are separated by electrophoresis on a formaldehyde agarose gel or glyoxal agarose gel,
which prevents normal base paring and maintains RNA in a denatured state. Small RNAs are separated
on a denaturing (urea) polyacrylamide gel. The RNA is then transferred from the gel to a nylon membrane
which is then incubated with a radioactively or nonisotopically labeled RNA, DNA, or oligodeoxynucleotide
probe. The unhybridized probe is removed by washing with buffer. Radiolabeled probes are visualized with
X-ray film, and enzymatically labeled probes are visualized with chemiluminescence.
Western Blotting
• A technique for detecting specific proteins separated by electrophoresis by use of labeled
antibodies.
• It is developed by George starks group in 1979
• Western blotting is based on the principles of immunothromatography where proteins were
separated into polyacrylamide gel according to the isoelectric point and molecular weight.
• Involve SDS PAGE
• Use primary and secondary antibodies.
Western blots are used to determine the identity, size, and abundance of specific proteins within a sample.
The western blot protocol begins with sample lysate preparation from tissue or cell culture and separation
on a polyacrylamide gel via electrophoresis. The separated proteins are then transferred to a nitrocellulose
or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membrane is incubated with a blocking agent to

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 19
prevent nonspecific binding, followed by incubation with a primary antibody to bind the protein of interest.
There are two detection methods, direct and indirect. Direct detection (Figure 2) relies on a labeled
primary antibody, whereas indirect detection requires a primary antibody directed against the target
protein, and a secondary antibody directed against the immunoglobin class or subclass of the primary
antibody’s species (Figure 3). Visualization methods include colorimetric assays in which a colored
precipitate is produced, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence.
Southren Blotting
• It is a technique used for identifying specific sequences of DNA
• Developed by Edward M.Southren in 1975
• Involves agarose gel electrophoresis
• The key to this method is hybridization
• Used in gene mapping, gene discovery, diagnostic and forensic
Southern blots are used to determine the identity, size, and abundance of specific DNA sequences. The
southern blot protocol begins with DNA extraction from the cells or tissues, which is then enzymatically
digested to produce DNA fragments. The fragments are separated by size on an agarose or
polyacrylamide gel via electrophoresis. Smaller fragments will migrate farther on the gel than larger ones.
Following electrophoresis, the DNA on the gel is transferred to a nylon membrane. The membrane is
incubated with a nucleic acid probe that has a sequence homologous to the target sequence and is
labeled with radioactivity, fluorescent dye, or an enzyme capable of generating a chemiluminescent signal.
Hybridization of complementary sequences occurs during incubation, and the unhybridized probe is
removed by washing with buffer. The fully hybridized labeled probe molecules will remain bound to the
blot. Detection methods differ based on the probe label; radiolabeled probes are visualized with X-ray film
or phosphorimaging, and enzymatically labeled probes are visualized with chemiluminescent substrate.

80.Explain Cloning Vector. 10

Ans: A cloning vector is frequently a plasmid or a bacteriophage (bacterial virus) Must be fairly small and
fully sequenced, able to replicate itself when reintroduced into a host cell, thus producing large amounts of
the recombinant DNA for further manipulation. Also it must carry on it ‘selector marker’ genes, which are
indicators of genomic integrity and activity. A common design of a cloning vector is one which carries two
genes coding for antibiotic resistance. The ‘foreign’ gene is inserted within one of the genes so that it is no
longer functional therefore it is possible to discriminate by standard microbiology techniques, which
bacteria are carrying plasmids containing recombinant DNA and which are not.To make the manipulations
easier, selector marker genes normally contain a multi cloning site (MCS) which is a cluster of sites for
restriction enzymes. Insertion of foreign DNA in vector at MSC site causes disruption of these marker
genes resulting in loss of the function of that gene. For example, if that gene codes for antibiotic
resistance, it will no longer be functional and will not protect the bacterium from that antibiotic.
Viruses may be used as vectors i.e., the DNA of viruses can be used to carry foreign DNA. Most such
recombinant viral DNA vectors need phage particles to perform proper gene transfer i.e. transduction.
Transfer of naked viral recombinant vector to host cells is called transfection, and tends to have lower
uptake rates as compared to transduction.
81. Briefly describe different categories of Solid waste 10
Ans: Different categories of solid waste include:
• Organic waste: Waste from preparation of food, market places, etc.
• Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging, etc. (high organic and low moisture
content)
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 20
 • Non-combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.
• Ashes/dust: Residue from fires used for cooking.
• Bulky waste: Tree branches, tyres, etc.
• Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock.
• Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste.
• Construction waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

82. What are risks of Solid Wastes regarding transfer of disease? 10

Associated risks: Disease transmission
Decomposing organic waste attracts animals, vermin and flies. Flies may play a major role in the
transmission of faecal-oral diseases. Rodents may increase the transmission of diseases such as
Leptospirosis. Solid waste may also provide breeding sites for mosquitoes…
Aedes genus… Dengue fever
Anopheles genus… Malaria
In times of food scarcity, members of the affected population may be attracted to waste heaps to
scavenge for food. Likely to increase the risk of gastro-enteritis, dysentery and other illnesses.

83. Explain the transformation method in plants (PPT25-26) 10

There are two practical problems associated with genetic engineering of plants which make
them more difficult to manipulate than bacteria. Firstly they have rigid cell walls and secondly
they lack the plasmids which simplify so much of genetic engineering in prokaryotes. The first
problem is overcome by the use of specialised techniques for transformation, and the second
by performing all the manipulations in bacteria and then transferring the final product into the
plant.
The DNA construct contains regions of DNA which are complementary to the plant DNA to
enable the inserted piece to recombine into the plant genome. The most popular method of
transforming plants is by the Ti plasmid but there are at least two other methods also in use.
The first is a direct method where DNA is affixed to microscopic bullets which are fired directly
into plant tissue. An example of this technology is the introduction into sugarcane, of genes
able to inactivate toxins produced by the bacterium, Xanthomonas albilineans, causing leaf
scald disease (Zhang, Xu and Birch 1999). This method of biolistic bombardment, may
increase in popularity in line with improvements to plastid transformation. It is now possible to
produce fertile transgenics expressing foreign proteins in their edible fruit
The second is by protoplast fusion which is a process whereby the plant cell wall is removed
leaving the cell surrounded only by the much more fragile membrane. This is made
permeable to small fragments of DNA and then the cells allowed to recover and grow into
plants. These methods can be unsuccessful due to difficulties in recovery of the cells from the
rather traumatic treatments and also because the DNA introduced, has a tendency to be
inserted randomly
into the genome, rather than at a defined site. However, both methods enjoy the advantage
that DNA enters the cell exactly as constructed and has not passed through an intermediate
vector giving the opportunity for gene rearrangement.

84. Explain the initial steps of solid waste. 10

Ans:
1. Identify the types of waste.
2. Identify the sources of waste.
3. Determine the potential health hazards from waste.
4. Determine the volume of waste generated
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 21
 5. Identify safe collection method/s.
6. Identify safe transportation method/s.
7. Identify safe disposal method/s.
85. Difference between expression and gene reporter 10
Expression vectors
These are similar to the vectors described above but in addition have the required signals located before
and after the ‘foreign’ gene which direct the host cell to translate the product of transcription into a protein.
It is sometimes a difficult, expensive or time-consuming procedure to analyse for product from the ‘foreign’
gene and so, in addition to the selector genes described above, there are frequently reporter genes to
indicate whether or not the signals are ‘switched on’ allowing the ‘foreign’ DNA to be expressed. There are
many reasons which are difficult to predict, why even a perfectly constructed gene may not be functional,
such as the consequence of the exact site of insertion in the genome; hence the need for inbuilt controls.

Reporter Genes
There are many such genes in common use and these usually code for a trait or an enzyme. e.g.,
antibiotic resistance gene, or β-galactosidase, etc.
Blue/White screening.
Other reporter genes produce enzymes which can cause the emission of light such as the luciferase
isolated from fireflies, or whose activity is easy and quick to assay like the bacterial β-glucuronidase
(GUS) which is probably the most frequently used reporter genes in transgenic plants.
Reporter genes can only be a guide to the process of transcription and translation process. As with
selector genes, the reporter genes serve no useful purpose once the cloning procedure has been
successfully accomplished to produce the finished product.

86. How plant clean our environment and water body. 10

Plants improve air quality through several mechanisms: they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
through photosynthesis, they increase humidity by transpiring water vapor through microscopic leaf pores,
and they can passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-soil
system.

Planktons are profoundly sensitive to natural change and thus are best markers of water quality, especially
lakes. Many planktons reproducing at an increased rate in lakes when there are high centralizations of
phosphorus and nitrogen.
In addition to being a health indicator, planktons are also the fundamental sustenance for many larger
organisms in the lake. Plankton also plays an important role in biological deterioration organic matter.
However, if plankton populations are too large this creates other problems in managing the water body.
Here, fish play an important role by grazing the planktons. Additionally, certain planktons such as
cyanobacteria produce toxins which are harmful for fish growth. Thus planktons can be termed as useful or
harmful, with respect to wastewater fed production of fishes.

87. What are PCR? How it works? 10

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful technique which amplifies a piece of
DNA of which only a very few copies are available. The piece must be Genetic Manipulation
219 flanked by DNA whose sequence is known or at least a close approximation can be

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 22
guessed. This knowledge allows a short sequence of DNA to be synthesised of only a few
nucleotides long, to bind specifically to the end of the sequence and act as a primer for the
DNA polymerase to make one copy of the whole piece of DNA. A second probe is used for
the other end to allow the second strand to be synthesised. The process is repeated by a
constant cycling of denaturation of double-stranded DNA at elevated temperature to
approximately 95 ◦ C, followed by cooling to approximately 60 ◦ C to allow annealing of the
probe and complementary strand synthesis. This technique requires the use of DNA
polymerases able to withstand such treatment and two bacteria from which polymerases have
been isolated for this purpose are Thermococcus litoralis and Thermus aquaticus

A powerful technique which amplifies a piece of DNA of which only a very few copies are available.
The piece must be flanked by DNA of somewhat known sequence. This allows a short sequence of
DNA to be synthesized to bind specifically to the end of the sequence and act as a primer for the DNA
Polymerase. A second primer is used for the other end to allow the second strand to be synthesized. The
process is repeated by a constant cycling of denaturation of double stranded DNA at elevated
temperature to approximately 95 ◦C, followed by cooling to approximately 55-60 ◦C to allow annealing of
the primers, followed by extension of the 3’ end of the primer by Polymerase usually at 72 ◦C.

PCR requires the use of DNA polymerases able to withstand such treatment. Thermus aquaticus is a
thermophilic microorganism from which polymerase has been isolated and used for this purpose
(Taq-polymerase). DNA polymerases from other thermophiles are also being used.

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 23
 MUHAMMAD IMRAN FINAL TERM
BT503 Environment Biotechnology

PAST PAPERS SOLVED QUESTIONS

1. Feature of phenol that make it pollutant?

Phenols and some detergents may also mimic the activity of oestrogen.

2. Name enzyme equipment and solution used in genetic engineering?

the enzymes, solutions and equipment necessary to perform the procedures; the desired piece of DNA to be
transferred; a cloning vector; and the recipient cell. It is also essential to have some means of determining
whether or not the transfer has been successful. This is achieved by the use of marker genes.

3. Importance of anaerobic zone?

The anaerobic zone gives good conditions for the development or selection of a large population of
phosphorus accumulating organisms.

4. Biological process of phospherial removal activated sludge treatment?

The process of removing phosphorus by accumulating it with biomass is referred to as enhanced
biological phosphorous removal (EBPR) process. The phosphorous removal efficiency for biological
systems depends on the phosphorus content of the sludge removed and the efficiency of the solids
separation process. (Internet)
When the biological excess sludge is wasted from the system, phosphorus is removed… For higher
efficiencies of phosphorus removal, effluent polishing methods can adopted: • addition of coagulants (metallic
ions): phosphorus precipitation • effluent filtration: removal of the phosphorus present in the suspended solids
in the effluent • combination of the addition of coagulants and filtration. (PPTS)

5. Photodegradation and name its forms?

Photodegradation involves the process of oxidation (loss of electrons, increase in oxidation state) and
hydrolysis (split of chemical bonds by adding water) ....... Photodegradation does not talk about the ageing
or degradation of materials with the use of heat or infrared light.

6. What are living conditions extremophile give example?

Three examples of extremophiles are Picrophilus torridus (a thermoacidophile adapted to hot, acidic
conditions), Antarctic krill (a psychrophile), and the Pompeii worm (a thermophile).

7. What are application of biosensor in detection of biocides?

Biosensors have been extensively applied in clinical, food and environmental areas due to the advantages of
fast detection speed, high selectivity and sensitivity (Malhotra and Chaubey, 2003). In this study, the
contribution of bioluminescence and luminometer makes a biosensor for detection of water pollution.

8. Explain genomic libraries?

A genomic library is a collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism. The DNA is stored in a
population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. ..... The fragments are then
inserted into the vector using DNA ligase.

9. Biofilter?
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and
biologically degrade pollutants. Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemicals or
silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air.

10. Biodiesel?

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long -chain fatty acid
esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat, soybean oil, or some other
vegetable oil with an alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester.

11. Plant associated with fungi?

Mycorrhizae: Associations of fungi with roots of vascular plants
mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term
mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, its root system. Mycorrhizae play
important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology and soil chemistry.

12. Water system?

water system . a river with all its tributaries. a system, including reservoirs and mains, for storing
and supplying water for use by a community.

13. How plant can use be reduced pollution?

Plants improve air quality through several mechanisms: they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
through photosynthesis, they increase humidity by transpiring water vapor through microscopic leaf
pores, and they can passively absorb pollutants on the external surfaces of leaves and on the plant root-
soil system.

14. How animal work as bioindicator two example?

Bioindicators are living organisms such as plants, planktons, animals, and microbes, which are utilized to
screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment.
Example of a bioindicator is lichens. These plants, which live on surfaces such as trees or rocks or soil, are
very sensitive to toxins in the air. Greasewood indicates saline soil

15. Define phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air,
and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.

16. What are biodegradation?

Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.

17. Bacteriophage?
In bacteria, the most likely candidates for genetic transfer are plasmids and bacteriophages.

18. Biosensor advantage?

Advantages of tissues as biosensors include the following: easier to immobilize compared to cells and
organelles. the higher activity and stability from maintain enzymes in natural environment.

19. Sources dioxin?

Combustion sources, e.g. municipal waste or medical waste incinerators and private backyard barrel burning.
Metal smelting.
• Refining and process sources.
• Chemical manufacturing sources.
• Natural sources

20. Method to get quality crop?

The average quality can be increased by planting seeds into fertilized soil. Increasing Farming Skill also
increases the chance to harvest a quality crop. If a Seed Maker turns a higher-quality crop into seeds, the
seeds are no more likely to produce higher -quality crops when grown and harvested.

21. Phase sludge water in sec wastewater treatment?

Sludge is a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial processes, from water
treatment , wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems. ... Industrial wastewater treatment plants
produce solids that are also referred to as sludge.

22. In which filed biotechnology used?

• manufacturing process, • waste management, • pollution control

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 2
23. Thermophile and its used in PCR? Thermophile and application taq polymerase in PCR?
In PCR: DNA Polymerase of Thermus aquaticus (Taq Polymerase), Pyrococcusfuriosus (Pfu Polymerase).
Clean energy: bioethanol production, hydrogen production fuel cells, etc.

24. Define Extremophiles and name three categories?

Extremophiles are animals that live and thrive under extreme environmental conditions
Psychrophiles can tolerate these circumstances.
Halophiles… survive intensely saline environments, such as exist in natural salt lakes or salt evaporation
ponds. Acidophiles thrive in the conditions of low pH, typically below 5

25. Trickling filter?

A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel,
slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other
wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.

26. Advantage and disadvantage of incineration?

Advantages: • Drastic volume reduction, • Sterilisation
Disadvantages: • High costs, • Ash disposal, • Atmospheric pollution.

27. Effect of dioxin on human?

dioxins may result in skin lesions, such as chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin, and altered liver
function. Longterm exposure is linked to impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system,
the endocrine system and reproductive functions

Long 5 Marks
28. Explain environmental factor bioremediation?
bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade
the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants
to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment.

29. Biodiesel advantage?

Biodiesel is a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. Using biodiesel
as a vehicle fuel increases energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety
benefits.

30. Solid waste step?

1. Identify the types of waste.
2. Identify the sources of waste.
3. Determine the potential health hazards from waste.
4. Determine the volume of waste generated 5. Identify safe collection method/s.
6. Identify safe transportation method/s.
7. Identify safe disposal method/s.

31. Genetic modification in popular plant used to removal mercury? Describe how?
Genetic modification of a poplar to enable mercury to be removed from the soil and converted to a form able to
be released to the atmosphere.
mer A gene gene is one of a cluster of genes involved in bacterial detoxification of mercury, and is the one
coding for the enzyme, mercuric ion reductase, which converts mercury from an ionic to a volatile form.
Initially the gene was transferred to Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene was transferred by gene guns to poplar
tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) embryogenic material. The resulting poplar plantlets were found to exhibit
tolerance to mercury and to volatalise it at 10 times the rate observed in untransformed yellow poplar plantlets.

32. Factor affect bioremediation?

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 3
The factors that directly impact on bioremediation are energy sources (electron donors), electron acceptors,
nutrients, pH, temperature, and inhibitory substrates or metabolites. One of the primary distinctions between
surface soils, vadose zone soils and groundwater sediments is the content of organic material.

33. Properties of soil which has effect on pollution?

The application of waste or polluted water into the soil alters its physical and chemical, thereby affecting the
growth of agricultural crops and other living organisms. Even the extensive agricultural practices such as
fertilizer and pesticide application deteriorate the soil quality.

34. Detail note on environmental biotechnology?

Environmental biotechnology. Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that
addresses environmental problems, such as the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or
biomass production, by exploiting biological processes.

35. Explain recombinant microorganism especially yeast and microorganisms?

GE of microorganisms for use in environmental biotechnology: expansion of metabolic pathways either to
modify the existent metabolic capability, or to introduce new pathways.
Many examples… A strain of Escherichia coli into which was engineered some 15 genes originating from
Pseudomonas. These were introduced to construct a pathway able to produce indigo for the dyeing of denim
(Bialy, 1997). The traditional method requires the use of toxic chemicals.

Long 10 Marks
36. Briefly describe category of solid waste?
Different categories of solid waste include:
• Non-combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.
• Ashes/dust: Residue from fires used for cooking.
• Bulky waste: Tree branches, tyres, etc.
• Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock
• Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste.
• Construction waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

37. Genomic Library?

Genomic libraries Collection of total Genomic DNA from an organisms. The genomic DNA is isolated, purified
and cut up into pieces of a size suitable to be inserted into a cloning vector, following by ligation and
transformation into a host cell. These DNA pieces may either be ligated as a total mixture, into a suitable
vector to produce a genomic library, or a specific piece may be isolated and prepared as described ago.
Genomic libraries are very useful, as they may be amplified, and accessed almost limitlessly, to look for a
specific DNA Sequence. If the genomic library is of a eukaryotic origin the genes will contain non-coding
regions, called introns. (Prokaryotes do not contain introns). This is a problem if the gene is to be expressed.
This problem can be avoided by using cDNA.

38. Sludge treatment procedure?

Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge
produced during sewage treatment. Sludge is mostly water with lesser amounts of solid material removed
from liquid sewage. ...
Reducing sludge volume may increase the concentration of some of these toxic chemicals in the sludge.

39. Phytovolatilization?
Phytovolatilization is a process, in which plants take up contaminants from soil and release them as volatile
form into the atmosphere through transpiration. The process occurs as growing plants absorb water and
organic contaminants.

40. What is cloning factor? Why important in genetic engineering?

Cloning allows for the creation of multiple copies of genes, expression of genes, and study of specific genes.
...
Plasmids have been highly engineered as vectors for molecular cloning and for the subsequent large-scale
production of important molecules, such as insulin.

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41. Southern blotting and western blotting?
In Southern blotting, DNA fragments are resolved by electrophoresis on a gel. These resolved fragments are
then shifted to a membrane (nylon or nitrocellulose).
Western blotting: Proteins (e.g., antibodies antigens interaction)

42. Advantages and disadvantages of incineration (2) Incineration:

Advantages:
•Drastic volume reduction, •Sterilization.
Disadvantages:
•High costs,
•Ash disposal,
•Atmospheric pollution.

43. Manipulation of bacteria without genetic engineering (3)

A general procedure is to take a sample of bacteria from, at, or near, the site of contamination from which a
pure culture is obtained in the laboratory and identified, using standard microbiology techniques. The ‘training’
may be required either to improve the bacterium’s tolerance to the pollutant or to increase the capabilities of
pathways already existing in the bacterium to include the ability to degrade the pollutant, or a combination of
both.

44. 3 phases present in submerged bio filter (3)

Typically, a biofilter has two or three phases, depending on the feeding strategy (percolating or submerged
biofilter): a solid phase (media); a liquid phase (water); a gaseous phase (air).

45. Co-metabolism
Co-metabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the degradation of the
second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the first compound (the primary
substrate).

46. Three forces are in the global environment market

A number of forces over which it has little or no control affect a company's marketing activities. Taken together,
they make up its external marketing environment, which includes regulatory and political activity, economic
conditions, competitive forces, changes in technology, and social and cultural influences.

47. Phytodegradation
Phytodegradation which is also known as phyto-transformation is the breakdown of contaminants taken up by
plants through metabolic processes within the plant, or the breakdown of contaminants surrounding the plant
through the effect of enzymes produced by the plants.

48. Phytoremediation
The treatments of pollutants or waste (as in contaminated soil or groundwater) by the use of green plants that
remove, degrade, or stabilize the undesirable substances (such as toxic metals).

49. Three sources of dioxin production

According to the most recent US EPA data, the major sources of dioxins are broadly in the following types:
Combustion sources, e.g. municipal waste or medical waste incinerators and private backyard barrel burning.
Metal smelting. Refining and process sources.

50. Conjugation transduction plasmid difference

Conjugation is the transfer of circular DNA called plasmids through cell to cell contact. Transformation is the
uptake of 'free' DNA from the environment. Transduction is the transfer of DNA by bacteria-specific viruses
called bacteriophage.

51. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It
is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or some other vegetable
oil with an alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester.

2 Marks Questions

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52. What is activated sludge? (2)
The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial
wastewaters using aeration and a biological folk composed of bacteria and protozoa.

53. Mechanism of wastewater? (2)

Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater – water that is no longer needed or is no longer
suitable for use – into bilge water that can be discharged back into the environment. It's formed by a number of
activities including bathing, washing, using the toilet, and rainwater runoff.

54. Diagnosis of mercury intoxication? (2)

A diagnosis we put when we have special clinical picture and information of anamnesis, which specify on a
contact with mercury organic connections. The important diagnostic sign of intoxication is a presence of
mercury in blood, urine, and at heavy intoxications – in a cerebrospinal liquid.

55. Thermophiles and its uses in PCR? (2)

Thermophiles are organisms that grow and thrive at temperatures (60–80°C) that are often too high for
mesophiles— most thermophiles are Archaea. Thermus aquaticus is athermophilic microorganism from which
polymerase has been isolated and used for PCR (Taq-polymerase). DNA polymerases from other
thermophiles are also being used in PCR.

56. Taq polymerase use in PCR?

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus
aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976. ... It is frequently used in the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA.

57. Extremophiles and their categories in nature?

A variety of microbes inhabit extreme environments.
Categories:
1. Psychrophiles
2. Thermophiles
3. Hyperthermophiles
4. Halophiles
5. Xerophiles
6. Alkaliphiles
7. Acidophiles

58. Name enzymes, solution and equipment’s used in genetic engineering (2) Enzymes:
Restriction endonuclease or restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase
Equipment’s:
Gel Electrophoresis, plasmids, transformation or transduction, PCR, Identifying transgenic organisms

3 Marks Questions
59. What is wastewater and enlist its level?
Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities,
surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration”. Wastewater treatment levels
Primary treatment
Primary treatment includes screens, sedimentation and grit removal.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment process removes carbonaceous organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen
and phosphorus) from wastewater
Tertiary treatment
tertiary treatment includes filtering, disinfecting and preparing wastewater for recycling.

60. What is antibiotic and what is antibiotic resistance? 3

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An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of
antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once
could successfully treat the microbe. The term antibiotic resistance (AR or ABR) is a subset of AMR, as it
applies only to bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics . (Internet)

61. What is microbial pesticides name microbial biopesticides?

Pesticides based on microorganisms and their products have proven to be highly effective, species specific
and ecofriendly in nature, leading to their adoption in pest management strategies around the world.
Name: Biofungicides, bioherbicides, bioinsecticides (Internet)

62. What is the role of hormones in body and young children?

Hormones are the body's little messengers, which get produced in one part of the body, such as the thyroid,
adrenal or pituitary gland, pass into the bloodstream or other body fluid and go to distant organs and tissues
where they act to modify structures and functions.

63. Thermophiles and application of TAQ polymerase in PCR?

Thermophiles:
Thermophiles are organisms that grow and thrive at temperatures (60–80°C) that are often too high for
mesophiles— most thermophiles are Archaea.
Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus
aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976. ... It is frequently used in the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA.

64. Wastewater treatment definition?

Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater – water that is no longer needed or is no longer
suitable for use – into bilge water that can be discharged back into the environment. It's formed by a number of
activities including bathing, washing, using the toilet, and rainwater runoff.

65. How microbes degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?

Various bacteria have been found to degrade PAHs, in which degradation of naphthalene and phenanthrene
has been most widely studied. ... Principally, bacteria favor aerobic conditions for degradation of PAHs via
oxygenasemediated metabolism

66. Bacteria manipulation without genetic engineering in biotechnology?

A general procedure is to take a sample of bacteria from, at, or near, the site of contamination from which a
pure culture is obtained in the laboratory and identified, using standard microbiology techniques. Improve the
bacterium’s tolerance to the pollutant or to increase the capabilities of its pathways. Tolerance may be
increased by culturing in growth medium containing increasing concentrations of the pollutant.

5 Marks Questions

67. Recombinant microorganisms, yeast and bacteria 5 marks

Recombinant bacteria is a type of bacteria which have the genetic material DNA of the another organism.
Recombinant DNA is a technology which is developed by scientists that made it possible to insert a gene into
the genetic material of a bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism can now produce such type of protein
that coded by the gene. The scientists made the human insulin gene in the laboratory by using this
technology.
Uses
The Recombinant bacteria is used in different ways to produce different products which are given below:
• Recombinant chymosin
• Recombinant human insulin
• Recombinant human growth hormone

Recombinant yeast:

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The yeast in which introduce the characteristics according to our desire is called the recombinant yeast.
Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic microbial host cells that offer unique advantages in producing
biopharmaceutical proteins.

68. Detail note on environmental biotechnology?

Environmental biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that addresses environmental problems, such as
the removal of pollution, renewable energy generation or biomass production, by exploiting biological
processes.
Environmental Biotechnology deals with apparently less dramatic topics, though their importance may be every
bit as great, and thus their direct relevance is far less appreciated by bulk of the population.
The goals of Environmental Biotechnology are in everybody’s interest… But for most it is simply addressing a
problem that could have avoided already.

69. What are dioxins and write their sources?

Dioxins are a group of chemically-related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants (POPs).
Dioxins are found throughout the world in the environment and they accumulate in the food chain, mainly in the
fatty tissue of animals.
Sources:
Dioxins are mainly by-products of industrial processes but can also result from natural processes, such as
volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Dioxins are unwanted by-products of a wide range of manufacturing
processes including smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp and the manufacturing of some herbicides and
pesticides.

70. What is surfactants and what is its purpose?

Surface-active agents /surfactants molecules which are active at interfaces and possess both
polar(hydrophilic) and nonpolar(hydrophobic)characteristics in the same molecule. Surfactants lower the
surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid.
When surfactants are dissolved in water they orientate at the surface so that the hydrophobic regions are
removed from the aqueous environment.
Purpose:
Surfactant reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs
(alveoli) more stable. This keeps them from collapsing when an individual exhales. In preparation for breathing
air, fetuses begin making surfactant while still in the womb.

71. Write a note on zooplankton? 5

Zooplankton are heterotrophic plankton. Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh
water. The word "zooplankton" is derived from the Greek zoon, meaning "animal", and planktos, meaning
"wanderer" or"drifter”.
Ecology:
Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoans and large
metazoans. It includes holoplanktonic organisms whose complete life cycle lies within the plankton, as well as
meroplanktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the nekton
or a sessile, benthic existence.
Nutritional modes in zooplankton
Herbivores: feed primarily on phytoplankton
Carnivores: feed primarily on other zooplankton (animals)
Detrivores: feed primarily on dead organic matter (detritus)
Omnivores: feed on mixed diet of plants and animals and detritus

10 Marks Questions

72. What is symbiosis and symbiotic nitrogen fixation? 10 Symbiosis:

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of
both. Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or related

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nitrogenous compounds Atmospheric nitrogen, which is molecular dinitrogen (N2), is relatively nonreactive and
is metabolically useless to all but a few microorganisms The fixation process converts N2 into ammonia, which
is metabolized by most organisms Nitrogen fixation is essential to life because fixed inorganic nitrogen
compounds are required for the biosynthesis of all nitrogen-containing compounds As part of the nitrogen
cycle, it is essential for agriculture and the manufacture of fertilizer. It is also, indirectly, relevant to the
manufacture of all chemical compounds that contain nitrogen, which includes explosives, most
pharmaceuticals, and dyes Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in plants that harbornitrogenfixing bacteria within
their tissues. The best-studied example is the association between legumes and bacteria in the genus
Rhizobium Each of these is able to survive independently (soil nitrates must then be available to the legume),
but life together is clearly beneficial to both. Only together can nitrogen fixation take place.A symbiotic
relationship in which both partners benefits is called mutualism.

73. What is cloning vector? Why it is important in genetic engineering? (10)

A cloning vector is frequently a plasmid or a bacteriophage (bacterial virus) Must be fairly small and fully
sequenced, able to replicate itself when reintroduced into a host cell, thus producing large amounts of the
recombinant DNA for further manipulation. Also it must carry on it ‘selector marker’ genes, which are indicators
of genomic integrity and activity. A common design of a cloning vector is one which carries two genes coding
for antibiotic resistance. The ‘foreign’ gene is inserted within one of the genes so that it is no longer functional
therefore it is possible to discriminate by standard microbiology techniques, which bacteria are carrying
plasmids containing recombinant DNA and which are not. To make the manipulations easier, selector marker
genes normally contain a multi cloning site (MCS) which is a cluster of sites for restriction enzymes. Insertion
of foreign DNA in vector at MSC site causes disruption of these marker genes resulting in loss of the function
of that gene. For example, if that gene codes for antibiotic resistance, it will no longer be functional and will not
protect the bacterium from that antibiotic.
Viruses may be used as vectors i.e., the DNA of viruses can be used to carry foreign DNA. Most such
recombinant viral DNA vectors need phage particles to perform proper gene transfer i.e. transduction. Transfer
of naked viral recombinant vector to host cells is called transfection, and tends to have lower uptake rates as
compared to transduction.

74. Explain in detail the principles of transformation of the plants? 10

transformation is the geneticalteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of
exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane.

Principle:
There are number of principles which are used for the transformation of the plants which are given below:
Vector method:
There are two vector methods which are given below:
Agrobacterium
Viral transformation
Vector Free method:
There are different vector free methods which are given below:
Gene gun
Electroporation

Vector method
There are two vector methods which are given below:
Agrobacterium
Viral transformation Agrobacterium:
Agrobacterium mediated transformation is the easiest and most simple plant transformation. Plant tissue (often
leaves) are cut into small pieces, e.g. 10x10mm, and soaked for 10 minutes in a fluid containing suspended
Agrobacterium. The bacteria will attach to many of the plant cells exposed by the cut. The plant cells secrete
wound-related phenolic compounds which in turn act to up regulate the virulence operon of the Agrobacterium.

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Vector method
Viral Transformation:
Package the desired genetic material into a suitable plant virus and allow this modified virus to infect the plant.
If the genetic. material is DNA, it can recombine with the chromosomes to produce transforman cells. However,
genomes of most plant. viruses consist of single stranded RNA which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected
cell. For such genomes this method is a form of transfection and not a real transformation, since the inserted
genes never reach the nucleus of the cell and do not integrate into the host genome. The progeny of the
infected plants is virus-free and also free of the inserted gene.

Vector less method

There are two vector less method which are given below:
Gene gun Electroporation
Gene Gun:
It is referred as particle bombardment or biolistics. Particles of gold or tungsten are coated with the DNA and
then shot into young plant cells.
Electroporation:
Formation of transient holes in cell membranes using electric pulses of high field strength this allows DNA to
enter as described above for bacteria.

75. What is Recombinant?

Recombinant is the anything which have the mixture of two hereditary materials one is of the organism and
the second is of the another which hereditary material is introduced into the body of first.

76. Advantages of Yeast in Recombinant?

Yeasts have been used for thousands of years in food and fermentation processes to produce alcoholic
beverages and breads. In recent times, the industrial importance of yeasts has extended beyond its traditional
use in fermentation into various healthcare sectors, such as in the production of therapeutic recombinant
proteins. Yeast cells are particularly advantageous as hosts for biopharmaceutical production in that they are
generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms.

77. Types of pollution?

There are different types of the pollution which are given below: Air pollution
Water pollution
Land pollution
Environmental pollution
Light pollution
Noise pollution

78. Mitochondrial disease & diabetes mellitus

Mitochondrial diseases are long-term, genetic, often inherited disorders that occur when mitochondria fail
to produce enough energy for the body to function properly.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by
high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination,
increased thirst, and increased hunger. (Internet)

79. Transformation Plant?

Plant transformation is a scientific approach whereby DNA from any organism is inserted into the genome of a
species of interest. The inserted DNA is called a “transgene”, and the resulting plant is said to be “transgenic”.
Transgenic plants are vital for both research and agriculture.

80. Bioaccumulation ?
The collection of substances e.g. toxins and chemicals, in an organism‘s body is called bioaccumulation‖.
Sources: substances from any source e.g. air, water, soil, could be stocked through bioaccumulation.

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Substances to be gathered through bioaccumulation have following properties;
They are preferably relentless, lipophilic and stable
Unable to translocate throughout the body
Have low catabolic rate
High affinity for proteins
Pollutants take entry to the organism‘s body or tissue through inhalation, ingestion, epithelial contact or by
additional means.

81. What is toxicity?

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an
organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well
as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver
(hepatotoxicity).

82. Use of recombinant yeast?

Yeast in medicine Industries
Pharmaceutical proteins comprise one of the fastest growing groups of molecular medicines and currently play
important roles in the treatment of many diseases. The estimated market value of biopharmaceuticals,
including recombinant therapeutic proteins, nucleic acid-based products, and engineered cell-based products.

83. What is plac z expression vector?

Lac –Z promoter operator is in frame with lac-Z alpha fragment (the NH3 terminal part of Galactosidase gene.
Multiple cloning sites are found in the border of NH3 end including ATG sequence.
The presence of such restriction site sequences should not disturb the functional activity of the protein, which
complements with the omega fragment of the Lac-Z produced by the bacterial cell as the complement.
If any gene is placed in proper frame in the MCS the protein expressed will be is fused form. The expression
of the gene can be regulated by IPTG (Isopropyl thio b-Galactoside).

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