Ein  Eout  Eg  Est Conservation 

of Energy

When there are no contributions of kinetic, potential, internal energy and work
E in   qin and E out   qout
Can be written for control volume, control surface or differential volume
Control volume and control surface: Convenient, but do not give any 
information on actual temperature distributions
Differential volume: Mathematically complex, but can be used to 
determine temperature profiles.

4
 qz+dz qy

qx qx+dx
E g , E st
qy+dy

qz
 qx qx
q  q dx q  q  dx
xx x
x xx x
x
qy qy
qyy  qy  dy qyy  qy  dy
y y
qz qz
q zz  qz  dz q zz  q z  dz
z z

 T 
   k.Ax . 
q x  x   2T
.dx  .dx   k . (dy . dz ). .dx
x x x 2

 T 
   k . Ay .
q y   y   2T
.dy  .dy   k . (dx .dz ). .dy
y y y 2

 T 
   k . Az . 
q z  z   2T
.dz  .dz   k . (dx .dy ). .dz
z z z 2
Heat Equation

The Heat Equation
• A differential equation whose solution provides the temperature distribution in a
stationary medium.
• Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume 
through which energy transfer is exclusively by conduction.
• Cartesian Coordinates:

  T    T    T  T
k   k    k   
q   c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Net transfer of thermal energy into the  Change in thermal
Thermal energy
control volume (inflow‐outflow) generation
energy storage
Heat Flux Components

• Cartesian Coordinates: T x, y, z 
 T  T  T 

q  k i  k j  k k
x y z
q x q y q z

• Cylindrical Coordinates: T  r ,  , z 
 T  T  T 
q   k i k jk k
r r  z
qr q q z

• Spherical Coordinates: T  r ,  ,  
 T  T  T 
q   k i k jk k
r r  r sin  
qr q q
Heat Equation (Radial Systems)

• Cylindrical Coordinates:

1   T  1   T    T   T
 kr  2  k   k   q   c
 r     z  z
p
r r  r  t
• Spherical Coordinates:

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 kr    k    k sin    
q   c
 r 2 sin 2      r 2 sin     
p
r 2 r  r t
 Special Cases:
1‐ Steady state‐one dimensional with no generation:
 2T
0
x 2

2‐ Steady state‐one dimensional with heat generation:

.
 T
2
q
  0
x 2
k
3‐ Unsteady state one dimensional with no heat generation:

 2T  .c p  T 1 T
 .  .
x 2
k   
4‐ Steady state‐two dimensional with no generation:

 2T  2T
  0
x 2
y 2
Resistance Concept

Heat Transfer Ohm’s Law
1
q 
kA
TH  TC  I V1  V2 
L Re

heat transfer temperature difference current voltage difference

(thermal resistance)‐1 electrical resistance

1
q T H TC 
R pw

where Rpw is the thermal resistance associated with conduction through a plane wall:

L length you have to conduct

R pw  
k A  conductivity   area available for conduction 

Slide 19
Convection Resistance

q conv
fluid temperature = Tf

surface temperature = Ts

Newton’s law of cooling: q conv  h A s T s T f 

heat transfer temperature difference

(thermal resistance)‐1

1
q conv  T s T f 
R conv
1
where Rconv is the thermal resistance associated with convection: Rconv 
h As
Slide 20
Radiation Resistance
surrounding surfaces at temperature = Tsur

q
q rad rad  A s    Ts
4
 T 4
sur    5.67x10 -8 W
m2K 4
qrad  As   Ts2  Tsur
2
Ts  Tsur Ts  Tsur 
surface emissivity, 
surface temperature = Ts

heat transfer temperature difference
(thermal resistance)‐1

qrad 
1
Rrad
 Ts  T f  where Rrad is the thermal resistance associated with radiation:

1 1
Rrad  
As   Ts  Tsur Ts  Tsur  As   4 T
2 2 3

Slide 21