ANATOMY OF AN EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of
rock materials below the earth’s surface.
There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an earthquake
 Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is
calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called seismograph.
 Intensity on the other hand, is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by
people in a certain locality. 
 The focus is point inside the earth where the earthquake started, sometimes called
the hypocenter.
The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called the epicenter.
3rd part
Fault- A fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust.

Types of Fault
Normal Fault-a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative
to the block below.

Reverse Fault- the block above the fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. 

Strike-Slip Fault-vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved
horizontally.
PLATE BOUNDARIES
- Are locations where two tectonic plates meet.

 THERE ARE 3 DIFFIRENT TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – where the two plates are moving towards one another. Examples of
convergent boundaries are the boundary between the Eurasian and Indian plates in the Himalayan
Mountains.

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – where two plates are moving away from one another. Example, the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge, a “crack” in the Atlantic Ocean where the molten rock Iceches upward, and also the
boundary between the African and Arabian Plates in the red sea.

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY - in this type of boundary two plates are sliding past one another. Example,
the border between the Pacific and Australian Plates which is found in New Zealand. The sliding motion
of plates in this type of boundary is often causes shallow earthquakes.
Jamaica Tocles report
2nd part
Parts of Fault

Fault line- a line on a rock surface or the ground that traces a geological fault.

Fault Trace- describes the intersection of a geological fault with the Earth's surface.
Foot Wall- the block of rock that lies on the underside of an inclined fault or of a mineral
deposit.

Hanging Wall-The section of rock that extends above a diagonal fault line.

Elastic Rebound-what happens to the crustal material on either side of a fault during an
earthquake.
From an examination of the displacement of the ground surface which accompanied the 1906
earthquake, Henry Fielding Reid, Professor of Geology at Johns Hopkins University, concluded
that the earthquake must have involved an "elastic rebound" of previously stored elastic stress.
Shearing Stress-force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage along a plane or
planes parallel to the imposed stress.
FOR YOUR INFORMATION GUYS
Seismologist- study the internal structure of the Earth and try to determine factors that contribute
to or foretell an earthquake.
Seismograph- instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake.
Noelnick report
Last report
Seismic Waves

Seismic waves are caused by the sudden movement of materials within the Earth, such as slip
along a fault during an earthquake.
Types of Seismic Waves
Body Waves can travel through the Earth's inner layers. Body waves travel within the body of
Earth. They include P, or primary, waves and S, or secondary, waves.
P waves cause the ground to compress and expand, that is, to move back and forth, in the
direction of travel. They are called primary waves because they are the first type of wave to
arrive at seismic recording stations. P waves can travel through solids, liquids, and even gases.
S waves shake the ground in a shearing, or crosswise, motion that is perpendicular to the
direction of travel. These are the shake waves that move the ground up and down or from side to
side. S waves are called secondary waves because they always arrive after P waves at seismic
recording stations. Unlike P waves, S waves can travel only through solid materials.

Surface Waves are typically generated when the source of the earthquake is close to the Earth's
surface.
The two types of Surface waves
Love waves have a horizontal motion that moves the surface from side to side perpendicular to
the direction the wave is traveling. Of the two surface waves, Love waves move faster.
Rayleigh waves cause the ground to shake in an elliptical pattern. This motion is similar to that
observed in ocean waves.