Taguig City University

Republic of the Philippines
City of Taguig
Taguig City University
Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 05 SERIES OF 2018

Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the
Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS Criminology) Program
The Technical Committee herewith suggest the minimum Course Description and Course
Content for the courses prescribed under CMO 05, s. 2018 as follows;
COURSE TITLE: LEA 1 - LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

(INTER-AGENCY APPROACH)
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course provides the fundamental understanding of Organization,

Management and Administration, laws governing the organization of Law Enforcement and
Public Safety Agencies, their respective legal mandate, functions and responsibilities, and its
intra and inter agency relations, coordination and cooperation with other law enforcement and
public safety agencies.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Mode of Delivery
CONTENT
(HEI option or choice)
⮚ Principles of Organization, Management and Flexible Learning – applies in
Administration. times of crisis whether natural or
⮚ Organization of Law Enforcement and Public Safety man-made.
Agencies as provided under E.O. 292 s. 1987 and other
relevant law creating the agency. The delivery can be a
combination of either Online,
⮚ Law enforcement organizations include PNP, NBI,
Wired, Digital, Non-Residential
PDEA, Bureau of Immigration, Philippine Coast Guard,
or Offline, Non-Wired, Non-
Office of Transportation Security for Sea Ports and
Digital, Residential.
Airports Security, Bureau of Fire Protection, and Penal
Laws on Agricultural products, Wild Life, and
Asynchronous or Synchronous.
Environmental laws and other relevant law enforcement
agencies.
Under ordinary conditions when
⮚ History of Law Enforcement and Public Safety safety and security is not an
Agencies. issue, HEIs should use
⮚ Powers and Functions, Organizational Structure of Residential or Face or Face
various law enforcement and public safety agencies. mode of delivery.
⮚ Law enforcement and Policing system in the
Philippines.
TCU_CCJ_SY2022-2023_ProfMonisMM Page 1 of 19
Outcome-Based Module for Law Enforcement Organization and Administration Lesson2…
LESSON 2.
HISTORY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY AGENCIES
LAW ENFORCEMENT:
- This first pillar consists mainly of the police. The work of the police primarily involves
prevention and control of crimes by enforcing the laws, investigating crimes, arresting
offenders, and conducting lawful search and seizure to gather necessary evidence needed
to file a criminal complaint
- Law enforcement may refer to the policing body of society or the police force created by the
government.
- Law enforcement, used in another perspective, is the process of implementing the laws
enacted by the legislative body of the national and local government for the purpose
protecting the life, rights and properties of the people while maintaining the peace and order
in the society.
- Law Enforcement operations encompass the following:
- Prevention of crime,
- Repression of criminal activities,
- Preservation of peace and order,
- Protection of life and property,
- Enforcement of laws and ordinances,
- Regulation of non-criminal conduct,
- Apprehension of criminals,
- Prompt execution of the criminal processes of the courts,
- Coordination and cooperation with other law enforcement agencies,
- Safeguarding health and public morals
PUBLIC SAFETY
- A generic term that covers law enforcement, crime prevention and control, maintenance of
peace and order, fire safety and protection, jail management and penology. It includes all the
many elements that enable residents of a community to enjoy its streets, sidewalks, parks
and other public spaces providing them a sense of security in their homes, schools and
workplaces as well.
- It stretches from protection of children to concern for the elderly, from business security to
neighborhood watch. It includes working with at-risk youth and educating homeowners
against fraud. It ranges from preventing youths from involvement in crime, eliminating fire
hazards, protection from hazardous materials, calamities whether natural or man-made, to
helping inmates reenter the community productively.
- It also refers to the services and functions being performed by the police, fire and jail bureaus
as mandated by the law.
POLICE
- Branch of the Criminal Justice System that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law
and order and combating crime within the society.
- Etymology of the word “POLICE” (https://www.etymonline.com/word/police)
- 1530s, "the regulation and control of a community" (similar in sense to policy (n.1));
from Middle French police "organized government, civil administration" (late 15c.),
from Latin POLITIA "state, government and civil administration," from Greek POLIS
"city".
- Until mid-19c. used in England for "civil administration;" application to "administration
of public order, law-enforcement in a community" (1716) is from French (late 17c.),
and originally in English referred to France or other foreign nations.
- The sense of "an organized civil force for maintaining order, preventing and
detecting crime, etc." is by 1800; the first force so-named in England was the
MARINE POLICE, set up 1798 to protect merchandise at the Port of London. Meaning
"body of officers entrusted with the duty of enforcing laws, detecting crime, etc." is
from 1810.
- POLITEIA (πολιτεία) is an ancient Greek word used in Greek political thought, especially that
of Plato and Aristotle. Derived from the word POLIS ("city-state"), it has a range of meanings
from "the rights of citizens" to a "form of government".
POLICE POWER is the power of a government to limit civil liberties and exercise restraint and
compulsion over private rights, especially to advance or protect the public welfare.
POLICE STATE "state regulated by means of national police" first recorded 1865, with reference
to Austria.
POLICE ACTION in the international sense of "military intervention short of war, ostensibly to
correct lawlessness" is from 1933.
POLICE OFFICER is attested from 1794, American English.
POLICE STATION is from 1817.
POLICE DOG is by 1908.
POLICE (broadest sense) mean the internal organization or regulation of a state, the control and
regulation of a community or state through the exercise of the constitutions power of the
government.
POLICE (less broadest sense) it denotes the power of the government which concerns the
tranquility, public order, peace, security of persons and property and the protection of the public
health and moral.
In the very restricted sense, the word police refer exclusively to that body of armed men
which as an institution is capable of exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the
preservation and detection of crime and the execution of laws.
Police Activities:
1. The prevention of Criminality.
2. Repression of Crime.
3. Apprehending of offenders.
4. Recovery of Property.
5. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
6. Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLICING: FOREIGN SETTING
Primitive Policing/Law Enforcement can be traced back to the cave dwellers, who were
expected to follow certain rules or face banishment or death. The customs depicted in early cave
dwelling may represent the beginning of law and law enforcement. The prehistoric social order
consisted of small family groups living together as tribes or clans. Group living gave rise to
customs everyone was expected to observe. The tribe’s chief had executive, legislative and
judicial powers and often appointed tribe members to perform special task to include guarding
the community against depredation of lawless elements.
Ancient Law Enforcement
The Sumerians
The earliest record of ancient peoples need to standardize rules and methods of
enforcement to control human behavior dates to approximately 2300 B.C., when the Sumerian
rulers Lipithstar and Eshumma set standards on what constituted an offense against society.
The Babylonians
The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) during the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi,
he established rules for his kingdom that designated not only offenses but punishment as well.
The principle of the code was that the strong shall not injure the week. Hammurabi originated
the legal principle of LEX TALIONIS -- the eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth doctrine.
Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and court and a rudimentary rule of law. The first
account of a developing court system originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 B.C. the court
system was presided by judges who were appointed by the Pharaoh. They later organized
marine patrols and custom houses to protect commerce.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement called the EPHORI. Each year at
Sparta, a body of Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge,
jury and executioner. These five men also presided over the senate and assembly, assuring that
their rules and decrees were followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427
to347 B.C., was the idea that punishment should serve the purpose rather than simple retaliation.
Ancient Rome
The Romans had a high development system of administering justice. The 12 Tabulae
(12 Tables) were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures,
property ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes. At the reign
of Emperor Augustus, he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about 7000
men\soldiers to protect the palace and the City of Rome, together with the Urban Cohorts to
patrol the city. He created the so called VIGILES who were assigned as firefighters and
eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police force the Vigiles
sometimes kept the peace very ruthlessly; hence, the word vigilantes.
Another important event was the time of Justinian, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire
(527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman laws and put it into his Justinian Code-they became
known as the Corpus Juris Civilis which means Body of Law.
Fundamental Theories of Policing
1) HOME RULE THEORY
- Police are considered as servants of the community who defend for the effectiveness of
their function upon the express wishes of the people
- Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace and
security
2) CONTINENTAL THEORY
- Police are servant of higher authorities and the people have little or no share at all in
their duties, nor any direct connection with them
- The people have no share or have little participation with the duties nor connection with
the police organization
Concepts of Policing
1) OLD CONCEPT
- Police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive machinery
- This philosophy advocates that the measurement of police competence is the increasing
number of arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than trying to prevent them
from committing crimes.
- Means throwing more people in jail rather than keeping these out jail. Punishment is the
sole instrument of crime control. The yardstick of efficiency of the police is more on arrests.
2) MODERN CONCEPT
- Regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system, an organ of
crime prevention. Police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes
- Broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for its mission the welfare
of the individual as well as that of the community in general.
- Police service today has broadened its activities to include certain aspect service or
the welfare of the people. Their yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime
Early Policing System

1) KIN POLICING
- an ancient system of law enforcement where law enforcement responsibility was held
by all citizens, and everyone was responsible for the conduct of their extended families.
- In this primitive system, members of a clan or tribe banded together to enforce the rules
of the group on rogue members. The essence of kin policing was the idea that an attack on one
member of the group was tantamount to an attack on the entire group.
- The family of the offended individual was expected to assume responsibility for justice
- The family of the victim was allowed to exact vengeance
PUNISHMENT
2) EGYPT
- Ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them; Created the MEDJAYS, a form of police
force whose duties include guarding of the tombs and apprehending thieves
- Introduced the use of dogs as guards and protectors
3) ROME
- Created the first organized police force called VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI
(watchmen of the city), which had the primary task of firefighting and policing
- The Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehending thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars
and hunting down runaway slaves, and were on occasion used to maintain order in the streets
- The Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and looked for disturbances of the peace
while they patrolled the streets
- Created a special unit called PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a special force of guards used
by Roman Emperors as the Emperors' personal guards
- As personal guards of the Emperor, their primary duty was to protect the Emperor from
assassination and other forms of attack against the Emperor
4) ENGLAND
a) Frankpledge System/Mutual Pledge System
- required all males aged 12 and above to join a group of nine to form a TYTHING
- members of the tything are called a TYTHINGMEN; a CONSTABLE served as a leader
of ten tythings; the primary task of the things was to protect their village from thieves and
animals
- tythings were later organized into SHIRES; a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE
REEVE, which is the origin of the word “sheriff”; their duty was to apprehend offenders
b) Parish Constables
- a parish official charged with controlling crimes; appointed to serve for one year
- duties included organizing watchmen to guard the gates
- during trouble, the watchman would raise a “HUE AND CRY”, a call to arms where the
rest of the parish would stop what they were doing and come to the aid of the constable
The Anglo-Saxon Period (c.400-1066)

The years between around 430, when Germanic peoples settled in eastern England, and
1066. The Anglo-Saxons were influential in developing the early police forces. Anglo-Saxons
were groups of people who came from mainland Europe to live in Britain in the 5th century. The
first group came from tribes in northern Germany and southern Denmark. There were several
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms before the supremacy of Wessex resulted in a single kingdom of
England in the 10th century. The following are the features of this period:
1. Tun Policing System- Tun is the forerunner of the word town. Under this system all male
residents are required to guard the town and to preserve the peace and control, to protect life
and property from harm or disturbance.
2. Hue and Cry – a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a complaint goes to the middle
of the street and shouts to call all males to assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the
assembly and gives the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then proceed
to locate and apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trial is conducted giving the culprit a
chance to depend himself.
3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal investigation and gives punishment.
Punishment usually fits the crime committed.
4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and innocence in the ancient times which was
based on painful test of skills. It is usually accompanied by harsh punishment. For instance,
suspects were required to place their hands in boiling oil or water. When not hurt, it indicated
guilt and the suspect placed under punishment.
The Norman Period of Policing (1066-1285)

Norman Conquest, the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy,
primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) and
resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.
King Edward the Confessor, last king of the Anglo-Saxon royal line had almost certainly
designated William as his successor in 1051 since he was involved in a childless marriage
and used his lack of an heir as a diplomatic tool, promising the throne to different parties
throughout his reign, including:
1. Harold Godwineson, later Harold II, the powerful earl of Wessex.
2. The exiled Tostig, who was Harold’s brother, and
3. King Harald III Hardraade of Norway, who had designs on the throne and threatened
invasion.
Amid conflicting claims, King Edward from his deathbed named Harold his successor on
January 5, 1066, and Harold was crowned king the following day. However, Harold’s position
was compromised, according to the Bayeux Tapestry and other Norman sources, because in
1064 he had sworn an oath, in William’s presence, to defend William’s right to the throne.
From almost the beginning of his reign, Harold faced challenges to his authority. Tostig began
raiding the southern and eastern coasts of England in May, eventually joining forces with Harald
III. By August 1066, William had assembled a force of 4,000–7,000 knights and foot soldiers and
started his conquest which led him to be crowned in Westminster Abbey, Christmas Day, 1066.
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the turning points in the legal history of the English
common law. William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy successfully invaded and killed
the then King of England, Harold II, and therefore, William became the King of England by the
right of conquest becoming the first Norman King of England. The conquest linked England more
closely with Continental Europe and made Scandinavian influence less important. It created one
of the most powerful monarchies in Europe.
Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, originally pagan barbarian pirates from
Denmark, Norway, and Iceland who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom),
together with their descendants. The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out
expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland.
1. Shire-Reeve System- England was divided into 55 military districts known as the Shire-
Reeve. Shire was the district, Reeve was the ruler who makes laws, pass judgment and impose
punishment. He was assisted by a constable (forerunner of the word constabulary).
2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment, which was taken from the Shire-
Reeve in view of some abuses by the Reeves.
3. Leges Henri - the laws of King Henrie I, youngest and ablest of William I the Conqueror’s
sons, who, as king of England (1100–35), strengthened the crown’s executive powers and, like
his father, also ruled Normandy (from 1106). During this period:
a. offenses were classified as against the king and individual
b. police men were considered public officials
c. police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest
d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
4. The Magna Carta (1215) - English Great Charter, charter of English liberties granted by King
John (reign 1199-1216, youngest son of Henry II) on June 15, 1215, under threat of civil war and
reissued, with alterations, in 1216, 1217, and 1225. By declaring the sovereign to be subject to
the rule of law and documenting the liberties held by “free men,” the Magna Carta provided the
foundation for individual rights in Anglo-American jurisprudence. Laws were enacted upon the
demand of the Knights of the Round Table and forced the king to sign the same. Examples of
the principles of law include the following:
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal
judgment of his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.
The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)
Statutes of Westminster England [1275, 1285, 1290] three statutes important in medieval
English history, issued in “parliaments” held by Edward I at Westminster. Each comprised a
miscellaneous series of clauses designed to amend or clarify extremely diverse aspects of the
law, both civil and criminal.
1. Statute of Westminster 1275, written in Old French, was issued at Edward’s first “general”
parliament, to which representatives of the commons had been summoned; the other two
statutes were promulgated in parliaments attended only by the great lords and councillors.
2. Statute of Westminster 1285 has become known as De donis conditionalibus
(“concerning conditional gifts”) from its first clause, which sought to restrain alienation of
land and preserve entail.
3. Statute of Westminster 1290 generally referred to by its opening words, Quia emptores
terrarum . . . (“because sellers of lands . . .”), called by a contemporary chronicler, forbade
subinfeudation (the letting out of parcels of land upon feudal tenure) in an attempt to
restrict practices that cheated existing lords of their dues. It has been called the first
English conveyancing act.
Statute of Winchester of 1285 codified the system of social obligation; also known as the
Statute of Winton, was a statute enacted by King Edward I of England that reformed the system
of Watch and Ward (watchmen) of the Assize of Arms of 1252 and revived the jurisdiction of
the local courts. It received royal assent on 8 October 1285. Cited as the primary legislation
regulating the policing of the country since the Norman Conquest. It provided that:
(1) it was everyone’s duty to maintain the king’s peace, and any citizen could arrest an offender;
(2) unpaid, part-time constables operating at various levels of governance had a special duty to
do so, and in towns they would be assisted by their inferior officers, the watchmen;
(3) if the offender was not caught “red-handed,” a hue and cry would have to be raised;
(4) everyone was obliged to keep arms and to follow the cry when required; and
(5) constables had among their varying responsibilities a duty to present the offender at court
tests.
Justice of the Peace Act of 1361 began the process of centralizing the administration of justice
in England. It established the office of justice of the peace, the responsibilities of which
encompassed police, judicial, and administrative duties. Justices of the peace were appointed
by, and derived their authority from, the monarch. The period of the Justice of the Peace Act
marked the end of the law enforcement system based upon obligatory service to the community
by all individuals.
Court of Star Chamber, 1487 has its origins in the English institution of the same name that
tried people too powerful to be brought before the ordinary common-law courts; the fear was
corruption; the court made up of judges and privy councilors that grew out of the medieval king’s
council as a supplement to the regular justice of the common-law courts.
From the Middle Ages, the Star Chamber consisted of a committee of the English king’s council.
It was reorganized in 1487 under King Henry VII, so that it was composed of four high officers
of state, with the power to add to their number a bishop, a temporal lord of the council, and two
justices of the court of Westminster. Henry VIII’s chancellor and cardinal Thomas Wolsey
encouraged plaintiffs to appeal first to the Star Chamber before filing in the ordinary courts.
The jurisdiction of the Star Chamber included forgery, perjury, riots, maintenance, fraud, libel,
and conspiracy. It could impose fines, whipping, the pillory, prison sentences, and mutilation, but
it could not impose the death penalty. The Star Chamber received its name from the room in
which it met in Westminster Palace — a room in which stars were painted on the ceiling.
It achieved great popularity under Henry VIII for its ability to enforce the law when other courts
were unable to do so because of corruption and influence, and to provide remedies when others
were inadequate.
At first, the court was popular for protecting ordinary people from their oppressors. But eventually
it abused its powers, using torture to obtain confessions. Jurors were punished for finding
verdicts against the Crown. King Charles I used the Star Chamber to crush opposition to his
policies. In 1641 the Long Parliament abolished the court.
1. The Statute of 1295- this law prescribed the closing of the gates of London at sundown. Start
of curfew systems.
2. Justice of the Peace- this was position which gives a person the power to arrest, pursue and
impose imprisonment.
3. The Star Chamber Court - a special court that try offenses against the state. Later on, it
became both a court of law to determine civil rights and a court of revenue to enrich treasury.
Modern Policing System
A. Bow Street Runners

- are considered the First British Police Force.
- the law enforcement officers of the Bow Street Magistrates' Court in the City of Westminster.
They have been called London's first professional police force. The force originally numbered
six men and was founded in 1749 by magistrate Henry Fielding
- worked out of Fielding's office and court at No. 4 Bow Street and did not patrol but served
writs and arrested offenders on the authority of the magistrates, travelling nationwide to
apprehend criminals and taking them to Bow Street for examination and commitment to trial.
- When Henry Fielding died in 1754, he was succeeded as Magistrate by his brother Sir John
Fielding, who had previously been his assistant for four years. Known as the "Blind Beak of
Bow Street", John Fielding refined the patrol into the first truly effective police force for the
capital, later adding officers mounted on horseback, and remained chief magistrate of
Westminster until his death in 1780.
Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754)

- An English novelist, irony writer and dramatist known for earthy humour and satire. His comic
novel Tom Jones is still widely appreciated. He and Samuel Richardson are seen as founders
of the traditional English novel. He also holds a place in the history of law enforcement,
having used his authority as a magistrate to find the Bow Street Runners, London's first
intermittently funded, full-time police force.
Sir John Fielding (16 September 1721 – 4 September 1780)
- A notable English magistrate and social reformer of the 18th century. He was also the
younger half-brother of novelist, playwright and chief magistrate Henry Fielding. Despite
being blinded in a naval accident at the age of 19, John set up his own business and, in his
spare time, studied law with Henry.
- Appointed Henry's personal assistant in 1750, John helped him to root out corruption and
improve the competence of those engaged in administering justice in London. They formed
the first professional police force, the Bow Street Runners. Through the regular circulation of
a police gazette containing descriptions of known criminals, Fielding also established the
basis for the first police criminal records department.
- When Henry died in 1754, John was appointed magistrate at Bow Street in his place,
becoming renowned as the "Blind Beak", and allegedly being able to recognize three
thousand criminals by the sounds of their voices. He also continued to develop his ideas on
crime prevention and youth employment, helping to find the Asylum for Orphan Girls in
Lambeth in 1758. He was knighted in 1761.
B. Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

- An Act of Parliament introduced by Sir Robert Peel. The Act established the London
Metropolitan Police Force replacing the previously disorganized system of parish
constables and watchmen.
- The Act was the enabling legislation for what is often considered to be the first modern police
force, the "bobbies" or "peelers" (after Peel), which served as the model for modern urban
police departments throughout Britain. Until the 1829 Act, the Statute of Winchester of 1285
was cited as the primary legislation regulating the policing of the country since the Norman
Conquest
Sir Robert Peel (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850)

- He is regarded as the Father of Modern British Policing, owing to his founding of the
Metropolitan Police Service.
- He reformed and liberalized the criminal law and created the modern police force, leading
to a new type of officer known in tribute to him as "BOBBIES" and "PEELERS".
- In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police Force and his
commissioners established a list of policing principles that remain as crucial and urgent today
as they were two centuries ago. They contain three core ideas and nine principles.
3 CORE IDEAS
1. The goal is preventing crime, not catching criminals. If the police stop crime before it
happens, we don’t have to punish citizens or suppress their rights. An effective police
department doesn’t have high arrest stats; its community has low crime rates.
2. The key to preventing crime is earning public support. Every community member must share
the responsibility of preventing crime, as if they were all volunteer members of the force.
They will only accept this responsibility if the community supports and trusts the police.
3. The police earn public support by respecting community principles. Winning public approval
requires hard work to build reputation: enforcing the laws impartially, hiring officers who
represent and understand the community, and using force only as a last resort.
9 POLICING PRINCIPLES
1. To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and
severity of legal punishment.
2. To recognize always that the power of the police to fulfill their functions and duties is
dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior, and on their ability to
secure and maintain public respect.
3. To recognize always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public
means also the securing of the willing cooperation of the public in the task of securing
observance of laws.
4. To recognize always that the extent to which the cooperation of the public can be secured
diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for
achieving police objectives.
5. To seek and preserve public favor, not by pandering to public opinion, but by constantly
demonstrating absolute impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and
without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering
of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth
or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humor, and by ready
offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life.
6. To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to
be insufficient to obtain public cooperation to an extent necessary to secure observance of
law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is
necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective.
7. To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition
that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members
of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every
citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.
8. To recognize always the need for strict adherence to police-executive functions, and to
refrain from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary of avenging individuals or the
State, and of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty.
9. To recognize always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder,
and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.
C. Boston Police Department

- The history of American law enforcement begins in Boston. It is the oldest municipal police
department in the United States and the 20th largest law enforcement agency in the
country.
- The people of the town of Boston established a Watch in 1631. Shortly after that, the
Town Meeting assumed control of the Watch in 1636. Watchmen patrolled the streets of
Boston at night to protect the public from criminals, wild animals, and fire.
- In 1854, the City replaced the Watch organizations with the Boston Police Department
which holds the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the
American city of Boston, Massachusetts.
- The department was closely organized and modeled after Sir Robert Peel's (London)
Metropolitan Police Service.
- The department bought its first patrol car in 1903 and its first patrol wagon in 1912. In
later years, police would use motorcycles to deal with ever-increasing traffic.
D. New York Police Department
- then New Amsterdam, Watchmen in 1647
- created in 1845 in New York, USA
- recognized as the first modern style police department in the US
- the largest and one of the oldest municipal police departments in the United States
- modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of London
- other US Police Department were established such as:
1. New Orleans and Cincinnati (Ohio) in 1852;
2. Boston and Philadelphia in 1854;
3. Chicago and Milwaukee (Wis.) in 1855; and
4. Baltimore (Md.) and Newark (N.J.) in 1857.
- those early departments all used the London Metropolitan Police as a model. Like the
Metropolitan Police, American police were organized in a quasi-military command
structure. Their main task was the prevention of crime and disorder, and they provided a
wide array of other public services. There were no detectives.
August "Gus" Vollmer (March 7, 1876 – November 4, 1955)

- the First Police Chief of Berkeley, California, and a leading figure in the development of the
field of criminal justice in the United States in the early 20th century. He has been described
as Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contributions in the development of the field of
criminal justice in the US.
- Vollmer played an influential role in introducing early 20th-century police reforms, which
increasingly militarized police departments in the United States. A veteran of the Spanish
American War in the Philippines and the Philippine–American War, Vollmer introduced
reforms that reflected his experiences in the U.S. military.
- Author of the book, Police Administration, which served as the basic guide in the
administration of the police organization in the US
Noted Reference/s:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Norman-Conquest
https://www.britannica.com/topic/police/English-and-American-policing-in-the-late-19th-century
https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/820/star-chamber
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Star-Chamber
HISTORY OF EARLY POLICING: PHILIPPINE SETTING
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of Barangay Chieftain
to select able-bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night. Among the duties of
those selected were to protect the properties of the people in the barangay and protect their
crops and livestock from wild animals.
Organized policing started in 1500s when NIGHTMEN or BANTAYANS patrolled the

streets of Manila. The Nightmen were under the direction of the ALGUACILMAYOR who
provided them with muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication.
The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of
carrying the regulations of the department of state and outlaws of the Spanish government. They
were armed and considered as the mounted police. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of
sergeant under the command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen
in the history of the Philippine Police System. Years after, they discharged the duties of a port,
harbor and river police.
The Guardrilleros/Cuadrillo was a body of rural police organized in each town and
established by the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836; this decree provided that 5% of the able-
bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization for three
years.
In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping duties in the
islands under a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852. Guardia Civil in the
provinces was composed mainly of Filipinos who worked under the jurisdiction of the Alcaldes
or Mayors. They followed a military structure and received semi-military training yet lacked other
dimensions of today’s police service.
The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the First Philippine Republic,
signaled the start of the American occupation of the Philippines. Maintaining peace and order,
particularly in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans. The Americans
failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen. Macario Sakay. Hostilities continued in
Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Bohol and Samar. A military solution to the peace and order problem
was ruled; hence, the birth of the Philippine Constabulary.
The Pacification Campaigns

To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into
constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits
as TULISANES. The style of fighting of the early American Constables and the bandits was
“man-to-man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos.”
The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanes in their fight in the
mountains as their enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases
that the afflicted the American troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in the hinterlands.
The Insular Force
The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the principal
instrument of the civil authorities for the maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a
small unit—the Insular Force in 1901.
The Philippine Constabulary was a gendarmerie-type police force of the Philippines from
1901 to 1991. It was created by the American colonial government to replace the Spanish
colonial Guardia Civil. It was the first of the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Second Philippine
Commission on July 18, 1901. The Constabulary then was composed of six thousand men led
by American officers and former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close American
direction and control, it functioned as a military organization.
Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging police law
enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers and men had served with distinction both in
the field of law enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in various aspects
of public service.
There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of teachers, sanitary
inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters.
The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15, 1945
when it was placed under the general supervision of the Interior then later transferred to the
Secretary of National Defense on March30, 1950.
The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January
13, 1939 until the outbreak of World War II. As an insular police force, the officers of the
Constabulary carried the civilian title of “inspector.”
Its peacekeeping duty was limited to areas where military rule had been lifted.
The American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General
Howard Taft as its first Governor-General. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force
of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70 of the Taft Commission. This has become the
basis for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9 th.
Act No 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary”, enacted on July 18, 1901.
Capt. Henry Allen - the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901
Act No 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901
Capt. George Curry - the first Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1901
Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
enacted on October 3, 1901
Executive Order No 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940
The Constabulary at War
The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second World War began
upon President Roosevelt’s declaration of a state of emergency in the United States. Manila
prepared for war.
The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far
East. Filipinos woke upon the morning of December 8, 1941 to the news that the Japanese had
attacked Pearl Harbor.
The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of Pan-American
Airways installation at San Pedro, Makati in the afternoon of December 8. Six Constables from
the Headquarters Company were wounded.
The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the country’s
landmarks, airfields and naval bases.
The Death March

The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting
to be captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry
regiments with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino soldiers.
The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp
o’ Donnelin Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as the “Death March.” Because of torture
and starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march.
The Postwar Constabulary

The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in ruins. Loose
firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. This was also the period when communist ideology
had been propagated in the countryside and hardline supporters had been won.
The Hukbong Mapagpalayang Bayan or HUKBALAHAP became a force to reckon with in
Central Luzon. The HUKBALAHAP was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land
system in the province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an “ideal ground” for the agrarian
unrest. It achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged with the guerilla
forces in fighting the Japanese.
The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the
country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as
well as the sprawling haciendas in the south.
Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central
Luzon. It was during this turbulent period that the Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into
the Military Police Command.
Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was suffering from
its own internal crises.
The last war had killed many Constables. There was a dearth for trained personnel who
would be utilized to address the problems.
Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000 Hukbalahaps in Luzon in
1946. The Military Police Command, on the other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees.
Reorganization
On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive
Order No.94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and men
were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC was in
charge of the country’s peace and order “except those which were purely military in nature.”
Brig. Gen. Mariano Castañeda became Chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June
21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered general amnesty to the HUKs. Taruc, who had
been elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila. But Taruc had
no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and used the money
for his comrades’ operations in Central Luzon.
President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the HUK movement by mobilizing
the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the “friendly touch” for winning over the HUKs,
building roads for them and giving them lands.
Post-American Period
Republic Act 4864 known as Police Act of 1966, September 8, 1966; created the Police
Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalization
of the local police forces under the Office of the President; later reorganized as the National
Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) in 1972.
The PC Metropolitan Command

The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and
the expansion efforts of the communist movement triggered the creation of the PC Metropolitan
Command.
To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on
July 14,1967 establishing the PC MetroCom which became the PC’s striking force as it was
authorized to conduct 24/7patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to “supplement or
complement local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes…”
The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines

The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the
decimation of the HUKs.
On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University
of the Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the Philippines.
The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan
Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to
become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New People’s
Army.
But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9, 1969 in the hands of the
Constabulary who killed the most number of communist leaders in one encounter in Orani,
Bataan.
Martial Law and the PC

The Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos declared
Martial Law on September 21, 1972.
Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle
the “unconstitutional opposition” and to prevent widespread hooliganism and gangsterism.
Convinced that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred lawlessness, Marcos
reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in the social, economic
and political structures.
On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential Decree 421
unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila. The move was significant as it
created an elite force, the Metropolitan Police Force that was placed under the aegis of the
PCMetroCom. The decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional mandate for an
integrated national police force.
The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units
nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A. Olivas, commanding general of the MetroCom,
was assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V. Ramos and
Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters. General Olivas would
have the power and direction over the MetroCom, including tactical, strategic movements,
deployments, placements and utilization of the entire force and the training thereof.
On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the
Integrated National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers
as components.
They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.
Martial Law Period

Presidential Decree No. 765, August 8, 1987– otherwise known as the Integration Act of
1975, enacted on August 8, 1975; established and constituted the Integrated National Police
which shall be composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the integrated police
forces as components, under the Department of National Defense, transferred the NAPOLCOM
from the Office of the President to the Ministry of National Defense.
Post Martial Law Regime

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1012, March 22, 1985. The operational supervision and direction
exercised by the Philippine Constabulary over all units of the Integrated National Police (INP)
force stationed or assigned in the different cities and municipalities all over the country, is hereby
transferred to the city or municipal governments concerned, until further orders from the
President of the Philippines.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1040, July 10, 1985. The National Police Commission shall
henceforth be under the Office of the President of the Philippines. As may be directed by and
under the control of the President of the Philippines, it shall exercise administrative control and
supervision over all units of the Integrated National Police (INP) force throughout the country.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975, December 13, 1990. Department of the Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police,
Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public
Safety College.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551, February 25, 1998. Philippine National Police Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998; this law amended certain provisions of RA 6975.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9708, August 12, 2009. An Act Extending For Five (5) Years The
Reglementary Period For Complying With The Minimum Educational Qualification For
Appointment To The Philippine National Police (PNP) And Adjusting The Promotion System.
Important Filipino Personalities in The Evolution Of Philippine Policing
BRIG GEN RAFAEL CRAME - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917
COL ANTONIO TORRES - the first Filipino Chief of police of Manila Police Department in 1935
COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA - the first Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department after
the Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946
P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - the first Chief of the Philippine National Police
Other Important Related Laws
1973 CONSTITUTION (ratified and proclaimed in force by President Marcos on January 17,
1973) provided under ARTICLE XV SECTION 12, “The State shall establish and maintain
integrated national police force whose organization, administration, and operation, shall be
provided by law”.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1162, June 8, 1977. Providing supervisory authority of Local
Executives over certain units of the Integrated National Police.
1987 CONSTITUTION (ratified on February 2, 1987 by a plebiscite and proclaimed in force by

President Aquino on February 11, 1987) provided under ARTICLE XVI SECTION 6, “The State
shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in
character, to be administered and controlled by a national police commission. The authority of
local executives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law”.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 292 Instituting the “Administrative Code of 1987”, July 25, 1987.
BOOK IV/Title VIII/Subtitle II/Chapter 1 - General Provisions under Section 18 states that the
Integrated National Police shall be under the supervision and control of the Department of
National Defense.
BOOK IV/Title VIII/Subtitle II/Chapter 11 - Integrated National Police under Section 63 states
that the Integrated National Police shall be composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the
nucleus, and the Integrated Police Force, Fire Services and Jail Management Services as
components, under the Department of National Defense.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 379, November 24, 1989. REALIGNING THE FUNCTIONS OF
SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OVER THE INTEGRATED NATIONAL POLICE PURSUANT
TO SECTION 31, CHAPTER 10, BOOK III OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 292. In the exercise
of its powers to maintain peace, law, order and public safety, the Integrated National Police (INP)
shall be subject to the command, supervision and control of the President and shall function as
such under the Office of the President. The National Police Commission shall exercise
administrative control and supervision over all units of the Integrated National Police (INP).
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11200, February 8, 2019. An Act Providing for The Rank Classification In
The Philippine National Police, Amending For The Purpose Section 28 Of Republic Act No. 6975,
As Amended, Otherwise Known As The "Department Of The Interior And Local Government Act
Of 1990".
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11279, April 12, 2019. An Act Transferring the Philippine National Police
Academy (PNPA) And The National Police Training Institute (NPTI) From The Philippine Public
Safety College (PPSC) To The Philippine National Police (PNP), Amending For The Purpose
Sections 24, 35, 66, 67 And 68 Of Republic Act No. 6975, Otherwise Known As The “Department
Of The Interior And Local Government Act Of 1990”, As Amended, Appropriating Funds Therefor
And For Other Purposes.
JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 4 s2009, June 17, 2009. Joint Resolution Authorizing The President
Of The Philippines To Modify The Compensation And Position Classification System Of Civilian
Personnel And The Base Pay Schedule Of Military And Uniformed Personnel In The
Government, And For Other Purposes.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 201 s2016, February 19, 2016. Modifying The Salary Schedule For
Civilian Government Personnel And Authorizing The Grant Of Additional Benefits For Both
Civilian And Military And Uniformed Personnel.
JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 1 s2018, January 1, 2018. Joint Resolution Authorizing the Increase
In Base Pay Of Military And Uniformed Personnel In The Government And For Other Purposes.

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Republic of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 05 SERIES OF 2018

COURSE TITLE: LEA 1 - LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course provides the fundamental understanding of Organization,

Ancient Law Enforcement

Early Policing System

The Anglo-Saxon Period (c.400-1066)

The Norman Period of Policing (1066-1285)

The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)

Modern Policing System

A. Bow Street Runners

Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754)

B. Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

Sir Robert Peel (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850)

C. Boston Police Department

August "Gus" Vollmer (March 7, 1876 – November 4, 1955)

Organized policing started in 1500s when NIGHTMEN or BANTAYANS patrolled the

The Pacification Campaigns

The American Period

The Death March

The Postwar Constabulary

The PC Metropolitan Command

The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines

Martial Law and the PC

Martial Law Period

Post Martial Law Regime

Other Important Related Laws

1987 CONSTITUTION (ratified on February 2, 1987 by a plebiscite and proclaimed in force by

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