Lecture for Quiz 4

Conservation of Momentum
• The momentum equation is a statement of Newton's Second Law and
relates the sum of the forces acting on an element of fluid (Body force,
Pressure force and Boundary reaction) to its acceleration or rate of
change of momentum

The total force exerted on the fluid = rate of change of

momentum through the control volume
Momentum Equation
Rate of Change in Momentum
Momentum Equation
Sample Problem
• A hose and nozzle discharge a horizontal water jet against a nearby
vertical plate, as shown in the figure. The flow rate of water is 0.025
m^3/s, and the diameter of the nozzle tip is 30mm. Find the
horizontal force necessary to hold the plate in place.
Sample Problem

• Water flows from a large tank

through an orifice of 3 in diameter
and against a block, as shown in
figure. The water jets strikes the
block at the vena contracta. The
block weighs 50lb, and the
coefficient of the friction between
block and floor is 0.57. the orifice’s
coefficient (C) is 0.60, and its
coefficient of Contraction (Cc) is
0.62. what is the minimum height to
which water must rise in the tank in
order to start the block moving to
the right?
Sample Problem

• A jet having a diameter of 50 mm and a velocity of 15 m/s

is deflected through angle of 60deg by a curve vane.
• Determine the X component of the force exerted if the vane is
fixed.
• Determine the Y component of the force exerted if the vane is
fixed.
• Determine the X component of the force exerted if the vane is
moving at a velocity of 6 m/s in the same direction as the jet.
Sample Problem
• A 45deg, 300 mm x 200 mm reducing bend in a level pipe line carries
280 liters/sec. Determine the components of the forces necessary to
hold in position. The pressure at the entrance is 345 kPa and the
friction in the bend is negligible.
Sample Problem
• A vertical reducing bend 45deg carries 0.445 m3/s of water at a
pressure of 148 kPa entering the bend at A. The diameter of A is 0.60
m while that of B is 0.30 m. The force exerted by the water on the
bend is 35670 N. Neglecting any loss in the bend determine the
volume of the bend from A to B.
Hydraulic Jump

APRON

𝜸Q(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 ) = 𝜸𝒉𝟏 𝑨𝟏 − 𝜸𝒉𝟐 𝑨𝟐

Hydraulic Jump
According to Chaudhry (1993), the best
jumps occur when 4.5<F1<9.
Sample Problem
• A hydraulic jump occurs in a 6-m wide rectangular channel carrying 5 m3/s on a
slope of 0.0075. The depth after the jump is 2.01 m as shown below.

a. What must be the depth before the jump?

b. What is the loss of energy in the jump?
c. What is the loss of power in the jump?.
Sample Problem
• Water leaves the toe of a high spillway with a horizontal velocity of
9m/s and a depth of 0.25m flowing directly onto a level concrete
apron. What depth must be maintained on the apron if a jump is to
occur there? What horsepower is absorbed in the jump if the stream
be 60 m wide?
Water Hammer

• Water hammer or pressure surge is the sudden rise or

fall in pressure caused by an abrupt change in the
fluid velocity within the pipe system. The usual cause
of these flow changes is the rapid closing or opening
of valves or sudden starting or stopping of pumps
such as during a power failure. The most important
factors which influence the water hammer pressure in
a pipe system are the change in velocity of the fluid,
rate of change of the velocity (valve closing time),
compressibility of the fluid, stiffness of the pipe in the
“hoop” direction, and physical layout of the pipe
system.
Water Hammer

• If water is flowing along a long pipe and is suddenly brought to

rest by the closing of a valve, or by any similar cause, there will
be a sudden rise in pressure due to the momentum of the
water being destroyed. This will cause a wave of high pressure
to be transmitted along the pipe with a velocity equal to the
sound wave, which may setup noises known as Knocking. The
magnitude of this pressure will depend on (i) The mean pipe
flow velocity (ii) The length of the pipe (iii) The time taken to
Water Hammer
• This sudden rise in pressure in the pipe due to the stoppage of the flow generating a high
pressure wave, which will have a hammering effect on the walls of the pipe, is known as Water
Hammer.
• The cases that can be studied under this are:
• 1. Gradual closure of valve
• 2. Sudden closure of valve and
• a. Pipe is rigid
• b. Pipe is elastic
Critical Time:
• It is defined as the time required for the pressure wave generated due to closure
of valve to travel once from the point of origin to reservoir over the length of pipe
and back to the point of origination.
Celerity
• It is the velocity of the pressure wave equal to the velocity of sound wave
in water.

𝐸𝐵
𝑐= = 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠
𝜌

𝐸𝐵
𝑐= = Non − Rigid Pipes
𝐸𝐵 𝐷
𝜌(1 + 𝐸 𝑡 )
𝑝

𝐸𝐵 = 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑑
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
D = Internal diameter of pipe
t = thickness of pipes
Total time of travel of pressure wave,
2𝐿
𝑇=
𝑐

Instantaneous Change in pressure due to water hammer,

𝜌2𝐿𝑉
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑣𝑐 = Sudden Closure ∆𝑃 = = Gradual
𝑡
Closure
Sample Problem
• A hydraulic pipeline 3 km long, 500 mm diameter is used to convey water with a
velocity of 15 m/s. Determine the pressure growth of the valve provided at the
outflow end is closed in (i) 20 s (ii) 3.5 s. Consider the pipe to be rigid and take
bulk modulus of elasticity of water Kwater = 20 x 10^8 N/m^2
Sample Problem
• Water flowing with a velocity of 1.5 m/s in a rigid pipe of diameter 500 mm is
suddenly brought to rest. Find the instantaneous rise in pressure if bulk modulus
of water is 1.962 GPa.
Sample Problem
• If the velocity of flow in a 600 mm cast iron pipe 8.29 x 10^10 Pa be
changed in 0.25 s from 0.6 m/s to 0 by closing a valve 300 m from a
reservoir, what probable increase in pressure due to water hammer
will be obtained close to the valve? The pipe wall is 20 mm thick. K =
2.07 x 10^9 Pa