WEEK 11: LIGHTING

Lighting – the science, theory, or method of providing

illumination through the use of electric lamps. Depende sa
surce: sun, moon, artificial lighting. Also called illumination. It
is the deliberation use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic
effects. Includes lights sources (lamps, lighting fixture) and
natural illumination (daylight from windows, skylights, light
shelves)

To achieve proper lighting:

✓ Enhances task performance Lights - Rays that travel in a straight line until they encounter
✓ Improves appearance of an area some objects. Rays are absorbed, reflected, or transmitted.
✓ Provides positivie psychological effects on occupants

Candlepower (CP) – unit of luminous intensity of light source

Candela (cd) – an SI unit; index of the ability of a light source

to produce illumination

Absorptance - The ratio of light absorbed by a material to the

incident Might falling on it. All materials absorb some light;
darker objects absorb more than lighter colored objects.

Lumen (lm) – quantitive unit for measuring flow of light

energy (luminous flux) emanating from 1 ft^2 of a 1 ft^2
surface of 1 candlepower/light output. 1 lumen = luminous
flux from 1m^2 of a 1m^2 surface of 1 candela.

Illumination – density of the luminous flux (lumens per unit

area) Lighting Design – The planning of our visual environment.
Good lighting design aims to create perceptual conditions
which allow us to work effectively and orient ourselves safely
while promoting a feeling of well-being in a particular
environment and the same time enhancing that same
environment in an aesthetic sense.

Natural lighting – through windows, clerestory, window wall,

Footcandle - 1 lumen of luminous flux spread uniformly over
an area of 1ft2 produces an illumination of 1 footcandle. [SI
units] - 1 lumen spread over 1m2, the illumination is
expressed in lux (lx)
skylight. Also known as daylighting. A method of providing
illumination through the use of light of day (sun), stars, or fire.
✓ bright areas attract attention.
✓ Indirect daylight can be used effectively
for task lighting.
✓ Changing patterns of light and shadows
animate space
✓ Light can be used to define space

Artificial lighting - Human-made. Lighting that emanates from

electric lamps. Generally, easily manipulated to achieve the
required lighting outcome.
➢ Equipments: Tungsten, Halogen, fluorescent, Mercury, - These types maybe mounted on surfaces like walls
Metal Haide, Sodium, Led (all are incandescent lamps). and ceiling, recessed, suspended on ceilings or
it’s heated through electric current. As the temp portable.
increases, it reaches the shortest wavelength.
Categories of interior lighting:

1. General/ambient lighting - Illuminates the whole

space Provides light for visual recognition. Supports
convenient occupant circulation

2. Focal/accent Lighting - Highlights features or

displays such as artwork, architectural features,
retail display

3. Task Lighting - Provides light to an area where

specific purposes like reading, cooking, working,
etc. are being done

4. Decorative Lighting – more decorative than

functional
Luminaires – Or lighting fixtures. The device which supports
the source or sources of electric light and redirects or helps
to control the light rays from the source. Control of the rays
is necessary to secure even distribution, to avoid glare, to
cut-off direct rays to the eyes, and eliminates disturbing
reflection of the rays from polished surfaces

➢ Types: Downlight, uplight, pendant, spotlight, wall light,

floor light, table/task light.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTING SYSTEM ➢ DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION - transmitted light is
scattered evenly
1. Direct lighting - 90%-
➢ Materials that transmit light in a diffuse pattern are
100% of the light output is
known as "TRANSLUCENT".
directed downwards

2. Semi-direct light - 60%-90% of

light is directed downwards; while 40%
to 10% is directed upwards

REFLECTANCE, REFLECTION FACTOR, REFLECTANCE

COEFFICIENT

➢ REFLECTANCE: the ratio of reflected radiant flux

3. Direct-indirect/general
diffuse - Provides approximately
equal distribution of light
upwards and downwards
4. Semi-indirect lighting -
60%-90% of the light is directed
upwards; 40% - 10% downwards
5. Indirect lighting - 90%-
100% of the light output is
directed towards the ceiling and
upper walls of the room
(optical power) to the incident flux at a reflecting
object
➢ REFLECTION FACTOR: the fraction of radiant energy
that is reflected from a surface.
➢ REFLECTANCE COEFFICIENT: used to define the
reflected wave with respect to the incident wave.
➢ SPECULAR REFLECTION: Regular reflection
(observed in mirror)
➢ DIFFUSE REFLECTION: reflected light is scattered in
all directions

TRANSMITTANCE, LUMINOUS TRANSMITTANCE,

TRANSMISSION FACTOR, COEFFICIENT OF TRANSMISSION

- ratio of light transmitted through a material.

➢ TRANSMITTANCE - the ratio of the light passing

through to the light incident on the specimens
➢ LUMINOUS TRANSMITTANCE - a measure of the
amount of light that passes through a transparent
material
➢ TRANSMISSION FACTOR - a measure of the ability of
anything to transmit radiation, equal to the ratio of the
transmitted flux to the incident flux; the reciprocal of
the opacity.
➢ COEFFICIENT OF TRANSMISSION - a measure of how
much of an electromagnetic wave (light) passes
through a surface or an optical element
➢ LIGHT TRANSMISSION - direct, diffuse or combination
➢ DIRECT TRANSMISSION - light passes through clear,
transparent materials
REFRACTION – bending of a ray of light as it passes
obliquely through a material
➢ FOOTLAMBERT (FL)- A quantitative unit for measuring
brightness.
➢ Brightness (luminance) - Index of the intensity of light
being emitted, transmitted or reflected from a surface
➢ Brightness - perceived light
➢ Luminance - measured quantity
➢ FOOTCANDLE - The illumination is on a surface
➢ FOOTLAMBERT - The brightness is from a surface
*circle yung immesure through foot candle
Glare - Effect of excessive brightness in the field of view,
causing annoyance, discomfort and interfering with vision
(direct from light/reflected from a shiny surface
Workstation – immediate contiguous area in which a
worker performs visual tasks
Work plane – surface on which visual task is performed and
at which the illumination is specified and measured
Primary Source: A luminous source where light energy is
generated and transmitted directly to a task.
Secondary Source: Surfaces that derive their brightness
from reflected incident illumination.
LAMP - A generic term for artificial light source.
➢ Bulb: incandescent filament lamps Tubes:
fluorescent lamp
➢ Lamps: High-intensity discharge (HID) light sources
Luminaire - A complete lighting unit consisting of a amp or
lamps, together with parts designed to distribute the light,
to position and protect the lamp/s. and to connect the
lamp/s to a power supply; referred to as a fixture.
REFLECTOR - Device for redirecting radiant energy of a lamp
by reflecting it in the desired direction
REFRACTOR - Device for redirecting radiant energy of a lamp
in the desired direction by refraction through a lens
EFFICIENCY - The ratio of light output (luminous flux) to the
light produced by the lamp.
EFFICACY - The ratio of output of luminous flux, expressed
in lumens, to the power input in watts, expressed in lumens
per watt.