BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
City of Malolos, Bulacan

“MANUALLY OPERATED HERBAL TABLET

MACHINE”

A Project Study Proposed to the

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

In Partial Fulfilment of
The Requirements of the Subject
PROJECT STUDY
(ME 501D)

Presented by:

Agustin, Adrian Paulo M.

Ramos, John Kenneth C.
Termulo, Aaron Jack C.
Yasin, Jakim Ysmael C.
BSME – 5

Presented to:
Engr. Adrian Flores
Professor

February 18, 2021

1st Semester S.Y. 2020-2021
Contents
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................................. 4
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND .................................................................................... 4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................. 6
Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................. 7
Scope and Delimitation .................................................................................................................... 7
Notes in Chapter I ................................................................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER II .......................................................................................................................................... 10
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................... 10
Relevant Theories .......................................................................................................................... 10
Related Literature........................................................................................................................... 13
Related Studies............................................................................................................................... 24
Rotary Tablet Press ........................................................................................................................ 26
Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................................. 28
Hypothesis of the Study ................................................................................................................. 29
Definition of Terms ........................................................................................................................ 29
Notes in Chapter II ............................................................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER III ........................................................................................................................................ 33
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 33
Methods and Techniques of the Study ........................................................................................... 33
Population and Sample of the Study .............................................................................................. 34
Research Instrument ....................................................................................................................... 35
Data Processing and Statistical Treatment ..................................................................................... 36
Notes in Chapter III ........................................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 40
PRESENTATION OF ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA .................................... 40
I. ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE EQUIPMENT ........................................................................ 40
II. DISCUSSION OF THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN ............. 40
III. EQUIPMENT FABRICATION ......................................................................................... 45
IV. OPERATING PROCEDURES .......................................................................................... 74
V. MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT .................................................................................... 78
VI. TROUBLESHOOTING ..................................................................................................... 79
VII. TESTING PROCEDURES ................................................................................................ 80

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 VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 83
IX. COSTINGS ........................................................................................................................ 84
X. TABULAR COMPARISON.................................................................................................. 85
XI. EVALUATION .................................................................................................................. 86
XII. EVALUATION RESULTS ............................................................................................... 87
CHAPTER V ......................................................................................................................................... 95
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 95
Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 95
Findings.......................................................................................................................................... 96

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Agriculture is one of the major sectors of our society that greatly contributes in

lives of every Filipino family. It has been the source of almost every basic needs of every

Filipino especially in foods and in the field of herbal medicine. Research and development

for new derivatives of its product in field of health and medicine is continuous and never

stops.

Many important medicines are natural products or derived from natural products.

More than one-thirds of all Food and Drug Administration approved drugs are derived

from natural products. Natural products are the key sources in the discovery of new

medicinal drugs. The presence of more than 200,000 natural metabolites presenting

various bioactive properties plays the key role in the discovery of new drugs derived from

natural products. (Boy, et al., 2018)

In the Philippines, the Department of Health presented a list of “Ten scientifically

validated” medicinal plants that can be found in the Philippines in 1992. It is part of the

R.A. 8423 or Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care. The list

comprises akapulko, ampalaya, bawang, bayabas, lagundi, niyug-niyogan, sambong,

tsaang gubat, ulasimang bato and yerba buena. The aforementioned medicinal plants are

used by people especially the indigenous tribes as an alternative and first aid medicine.

(Boy, et al., 2018)

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 Malunggay, widely known as Moringaoleifera or Moringa, is a plant that is often

called as drumstick tree or the miracle tree. It has been known for centuries for its

medicinal properties and health benefits. It contains vitamins such as Vitamins A, B1

(Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), Vitamin C (Folate and Ascorbic acid) and

minerals such as Calcium, Potassium, Iron and Zinc. Moringa uses ranges from health and

cosmetics to prevention and cure of some diseases. (Cadman, 2017)

In the Philippines, almost every parts of the Moringa plant are used for food and

traditional medicine. Moringa leaves and the oil extracted from its seeds are mainly used

as raw materials in food and nutrition industry, in cosmetics and herbal medicine.

Powdered Moringa leaves are used for food fortification as ingredients of bread, juices

and tea. Moringa capsules made of powdered leaves are used mostly as food supplements

and herbal medicines. The extracted oil is predominantly used in cosmetics and skin care

products. (Palada, 2017)

According to Musiba, from his dissertation, Formulation Development of Moringa

Oleifera Film Coated Tablets, powdered Moringa leaves has antimicrobial activity which

is retained after being granulated and compressed into tablets. It was found out that the

formulated Moringa leaves powder with 0.7 % PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) as binder and

9.1% corn starch as disintegrant resultant tablets are strong enough to pass friability test

and at the same time pass disintegration test. (Denis, 2012)

Tablets are known to be less expensive when compared to capsules. They are

manufactured by compressing and packing the material by great force. The tablets are also

known to have more shelf life and retain its potential for a longer period than the capsules.

Moreover, tablets are available in different sizes and shapes. The only drawback that can

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be seen with tablet is that large tablets can be hard to swallow. Here the only means to

take is to break it or crush it to powder. (Prabhat, 2011)

Tablet medicines are formed by compressing the granules using a compression

machine. The tablet making machine works under the principle of combined compression

of lower and upper punch and a die. Hydraulic pressure plays a key role in the working

principle of tablet making. It is the pressure that is transmitted unreduced through the static

fluid. Higher input pressure results more compressing force that will make the tablets

harder. (Choudhary, 2008)

Various researches and development efforts are being done that focuses on

utilization of the nutritional and medicinal values of Moringa. The primary goal of the

study is the design and fabrication of a manually operated machine that will be able

produce Moringa tablets as a food supplement for the purpose of additional livelihood

program for Church and Defense Hubog Asal Movement (CaDHAM). This is a non –

government organization that gives moral recovery, values and spiritual formation and

livelihood program for drug surrenderees.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is: “How to fabricate a manually operated tablet press

machine for Herbal Tablet making?”

Specifically, the study will answer the following questions:

1. How to design a rotary tablet press machine?

2. What are the materials and components needed to complete the machine?

3. Will the product be beneficial to the end users in terms of its;

3.1 Functionality

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 3.2 Reliability

3.3 Efficiency and Effectiveness

3.4 Accuracy

Significance of the Study

The Manually Operated Tablet Pressing Machine that will be used in the production of

herbal tablets will be beneficial to the following:

1. Church and Defense Hubog Asal Movement (CaDHAM). The tablet press will

provide additional livelihood program for its beneficiaries. The manually operated herbal

tablet pressing machine can help in production of herbal tablets at minimal cost since the

process involves manual operating procedures hence, it does not require electric power

input to do work. With its simple mechanism and acceptable end product, it will be a great

addition in the organization because the machine can be operated by anyone that

undergoes a short training. This machine will greatly help former drug surrenderees

integrate back into society through the program presented and provided by CaDHAM.

2. Future Researchers. This study would help present and future student researchers

to be aware and knowledgeable of the processes involved in the tablet making industry. It

would help them to be a better analyst and it can be a help as a future reference for more

studies in the future.

Scope and Delimitation

The study is focus on the design and fabrication of a manually operated tablet press

machine that will produce six herbal tablets with 10mm diameter for every batch. The

height of the tablet will be of about 5 mm, this will be based on the compression of the

powders between two punches that will happen on the die plate. The machine will be

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manually operated and should be able to be used even by one person. However, the study

will only focus on compressing pure, dry and fine malunggay powder. Since the machine

will be manually operated the time which is concerned about the production of the tablets

will greatly depend on how the operator of the machine will input work through the use

of the hand crank mechanism.

The study covers the design and fabrication of the machine which consists of

concentric plates, feeding mechanism, compression followers and handle mechanism.

Each part will have specific function in the tablet making process and will be design

accordingly. The fabrication of the machine will be done while following the design and

using materials of food grade quality. The machine will have an adjustable height for

compression however it will only be able to produce fixed diameter of the tablet.

The study includes the analysis and design of a cam profile that will dictate the

movement of followers that will compress the powder into tablet. The cylinder will be

profiled to cause the follower to go in an upward or downward motion in every rotation

which will allow feeding, compression and discharge of tablet.

The study includes basic tests for tablets as prescribed by the pharmaceutical

standards includes tests for its composition, moisture content, physical properties and if

the tablet is of food grade quality. It will be conducted for the safety of the produced tablets

and its end-users. The study also covers about the shelf life of the produced tablets from

pure malunggay powders.

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 Notes in Chapter I

Boy, H. I., Rutilla, A. J., Santos, K. A., Ty, A. M., Yu, A. I., Mahboob, T., & Tangpoong,

J. N. (2018, April 17). Recommended Medicinal Plants as Source of Natural

Products: A Review. Retrieved from ScienceDirect:

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377719300187

Cadman, B. (2017, November 4). Medical News Today.

Retrieved from www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319916.php

Choudhary, A. (n.d.). Pharmaceutical Guidelines. Retrieved from

www.pharmaguideline.com/2016/02/principle-of-tablet-

compressionmachine.html

Denis, M. B. (2012). Formulation Development of MoringaOleifera Film Coated

Tablets.

Palada, M. C. (2017). International Society for Horticultural Science.

Retrieved from www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1158_52

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 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK

This present chapter reviews various studies carried out related to the tablet

pressing machine recently and the past. This chapter consists of the review of

relevant theories, review of related literature and studies, conceptual framework

and definitions of terms.

Relevant Theories

A. Machine Design

Machine Design is about the creation of new and better machines and

improving the existing ones. It deals with the production of machines which are

more economical in terms of over-all production cost and operation. The process

of design is a long and time consuming one. To design is either to formulate a plan

for the satisfaction of a specified need or to solve a specific problem. If the plan

results in the creation of something having a physical reality, then the product must

be functional, safe, reliable, competitive, usable, and can be manufactured, and

marketable.

1. Cam and Follower. A cam is a rotating machine element which gives

reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known as follower. The cam

and the follower have a line contact and constitute a higher pair. The cams are

usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, but the follower motion is

predetermined and will be according to the shape of the cam. The cam and

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follower is one of the simplest as well as one of the most important mechanisms

found in modern machinery today. The cams are widely used for operating the

inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines, automatic attachment of

machineries, paper cutting machines, spinning and weaving textile machineries,

feed mechanism of automatic lathes. (Myszka, 2012)

2. Cam and Follower Displacement Diagram. A plot of follower

displacement versus time, or cam angular displacement, is termed a follower

displacement diagram. This diagram is indispensable in that the follower motion

and kinematics can be explored without regard to the shape of the cam itself. The

vertical axis of this diagram displays the linear follower displacement, expressed

in inches or millimeters. The horizontal axis displays time, measured in seconds

or minutes, or angular cam displacements, measured in degrees or fractions of a

revolution. This diagram is usually constructed to scale, and, along with follower

kinematic analysis, it is extremely useful in determining cam shape. (Myszka,

2012)

These principles regarding cam and followers are necessary to

conceptualize a well optimized design for the compression mechanism of the

Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Making Machine

3. Bevel Gears. Bevel gears are mainly used to change the direction of the

shafts rotation. Its main use is to transmit power between two intersecting shafts.

Their specialty lies in the fact that they transmit the power between two shafts

which are at right angles to each other; Bevel gears are classified on the basis of

their teeth which may be straight, spiral or hypoid shape. The bevel gears can also

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 be classified as internal, crown, and external bevel gears depending upon the pitch

angle. (Myszka, 2012)

This principle of bevel gears will be used in the design of the transmission

mechanism of the machine. The prime mover of the machine will be a hand crank

geared to the main shaft by means of bevel gears for the machine to have a more

optimized motion between the hand crank and the compression profile.

4. Bearings. A bearing is a machine element which support another moving

machine element (known as journal). It permits a relative motion between the

contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load. A little consideration

will show that due to the relative motion between the contact surfaces, a certain

amount of power is wasted in overcoming frictional resistance and if the rubbing

surfaces are in direct contact, there will be rapid wear. (Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

The concept of bearings will be used in determining what type of bearing

will be used to support the shafting and the rotating parts of the manually operated

herbal tablet pressing machine.

B. Material Science and Engineering

Material Science and Engineering is the understanding of different

properties of materials. By properly learning the different factors and aspect of

material, it can be used for proper utilization. Material Science and Engineering is

important in designing of machine because it will affect the performance of the

product.

Stainless Steel. It is characterized by the addition of chromium — at least 10.5

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percent of total composition. Chromium is very reactive to oxygen environments

and quickly forms a strong passivized barrier on its outer surface. This barrier is

highly resilient and protects internal structures from further corrosion.

The two types of stainless steel that are commonly used in food processing

industries are 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel. 304 stainless steel

contains between 16 and 24 percent chromium, as well as alloys such as nickel,

carbon and manganese. It has excellent anticorrosion properties, making it suitable

for most food products. The presence of chlorides, however, can compromise

passivized surfaces and cause pitting. 316 stainless steel is similar to 304 stainless

steel but with the addition of 2 to 3 percent molybdenum to increase resilience

against chlorides, making it more suitable for meat products and foods with mild

salt contents. (Stainless Steel in Food Manufacturing: Grade Selection and Care,

2018)

These types of stainless steel being used in food processing industries will

help the researchers in knowing the suitable material that will be used in the

fabrication of the Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Pressing Machine.

Related Literature

A. Malunggay as Herbal Medicine

Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) is a popular herbal medicine known for its

high nutritional value. Malunggay is a tropical climate-growing crop like the

Philippines, India, and Africa. Malunggay is commonly used in cooking as a

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vegetable ingredient, as herbal medicine for a variety of diseases and other

practical uses. (Comejo, 2018)

Malunggay is believed to contain high value nutrients and consumption of

which promotes general well-being. It is also called the “miracle tree” for almost

all of its parts are used as medication for various diseases and medical conditions.

It is used in treating scalp problems when its juices are mixed with coconut oil,

boost immune system, promotes breast milk production when boiled, treats coughs

and asthma when mixed with honey, treating skin diseases, lowering the blood

pressure and blood sugar and other various medical conditions.

(MedicalHealthGuide.com, n.d.)

With the indicated medicinal properties of Malunggay as herbal medicine,

it served as a scientific basis for the production of herbal tablets. The need for a

machine that can produce this tablets lead to the development of the manually

operated herbal tablet pressing machine.

B. Comparison between Tablet and Capsule Medicines

Tablets and capsules are the primary form of medicines used in oral

medications. They both work by delivering a drug or supplement via digestive

tract for a specific purpose. Although their functions are similar, they have key

differences that make one better than the other. This differences also helps in

determining what form is better suited for the end-user.

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 Figure 2. 1 Pharmaceutical Tablets (Google Images, 2013)

Tablet are the most common type of pill. They are an inexpensive, safe and effective

way to deliver oral medication. They are made by means of compressing one or more powdered

substances to form a hard, solid, smooth-coated pill that breaks down in the digestive tract. They

can be in the shape of circle, oblong or disc-shaped. Oblong shaped tablets are known as the

caplets, which can be easier to swallow. Some also have a line in the middle making those

tablets easier to be cut in half. Some tablets use a special coating that prevents them from

breaking down in the stomach. This coating ensures that the tablet will only dissolve after

entering the small intestine. Other tablets come in chewable forms or as orally dissolving tablets

(ODT), which breaks down on their own saliva. This type of tablets can be beneficial for people

who have trouble swallowing. (Vandegriendt, n.d.)

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 Figure 2. 2 Capsules (Google Images, 2017)

Capsules include medication that’s enclosed in an outer shell. This shell breaks

down in the digestive tract and the medication is then absorbed in the bloodstream and

distributed and metabolized in much the same way as the tablet. There are two main types

of capsules. These are the hard-shelled capsules and the soft-gel capsules. Hard-shelled

capsules h has and outside shell that consists of two halves. One half acts as the closed

casing and the other contains the dry medication in powder or pellet form. Other hard-

shelled capsules contain medications in liquid form, they are known as liquid-filled hard

capsules. Soft-gel capsules are typically wider and are usually semi-transparent as opposed

to opaque. They are also known as liquid gels as they contain medication suspended in

gelatin or a similar substance. (Vandegriendt, n.d.)

Tablets compared to capsules can be inexpensive for they are easier to manufacture.

Has longer shelf life than that of capsules. Tablets can accommodate higher dosages of an

active ingredient than a single capsule. They can be split into sizes to have a smaller dosage

if needed. Some of the tablets are chewable and some are orally- dissolving tablets which

is a major advantage for those who have a hard time swallowing the tablets. On the other

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hand, tablets can cause irritation, is slower acting compare to capsules and break down

inconsistently which can decrease the effectiveness and overall absorption of the

medication. (Vandegriendt, n.d.)

For the study, the researchers decided to produce Malunggay tablets instead of

capsules. As stated, tablets are far easier to manufacture compared to capsules. Tablets can

also store more active ingredient since it is compress and become denser. It can be divided

into smaller doses when needed and they would also provide longer shelf life. Some people

are also unable to digest the shell that enclosed the capsule and will hinder the effects of

medication.

C. Standard Tablet Properties

1. Tablet Size

According to an article published by the Food and Drug Administration, Center for

Drug Evaluation and Research of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services last

2015, for comparable ease of swallowing as well as patient acceptance and compliance

with treatment procedures, the Agency recommends that generic oral tablets and capsules

intended to be swallowed intact should be of a similar size to the corresponding reference

listed drug (RLD). The Agency recommends that the maximum permissible size (diameter)

for round tablet is 22 mm. The minimum permissible diameter for round tablets is of about

8 mm in measurement.

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Generic Medication and
Shape Sizes available (mm) -
Dose (mg) length
Acetaminophen
325 Round, oval, capsule 4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 17
500 Round, oval, capsule 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,
17,
18, 19, 21, 22
650 Round, oval, capsule 13, 19
Ibuprofen
200 Round, oval, capsule 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21
400 Round, oval 8, 13, 15
600 Oval, capsule 9, 17, 18, 19
Ondansetron
4 Round, oval 5, 6, 7, 10
8 Round, oval 6, 8 , 10, 12, 13
Ranitidine
75 Pentagon, round, hexagon 3, 7, 8
150 Pentagon, round, hexagon, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16
capsule
Amoxicillin Trihydrate
250 Capsule 18, 19, 22
500 Oval, capsule 17, 18, 20, 22, 23

Table 2. 1 List of Standard Tablet Dosage, Shape, and Size. (List of Standard
Tablet Dosage, Shape, and Size, n.d.)

The researchers used the range from 8 – 22 mm in deciding the

diameter of the tablet that will be produced by the Manually Operated

Herbal Tablet Pressing Machine. The researchers used the diameter of 10

mm which falls under the recommended range of sizes presented.

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2. Tablet Shape

Figure 2. 3 Common Tablet Shapes. (Common Tablet Shapes, n.d.)

For any given size, certain shapes may be easier to swallow than others.

Medical studies suggest that flat tablets have greater adherence to the esophagus

than capsule-shaped tablets. Studies in humans have also suggested that oval tablets

may be easier to swallow and have faster esophageal transit times than round tablets

of the same weight. Patient compliance with medication regimens may be

influenced by the size and shape of a tablet or capsule.

The shape that the researchers decided for the herbal tablet will be the flat

faced plain round shaped tablet. The shape would be the simplest for manufacturing

and will only need a basic design for the punch unlike the other given shapes which

requires special designs and considerations.

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D. Tablet Manufacturing Processes

1. Dry Granulation

Figure 2. 4 Dry Granulation Process. (Poole, 2016)

The powder mixture is condensed without the use of heat or solvent in the

dry granulation process. It's the least desirable of all granulation processes. The

two main methods are to compress a compressed product and then mill the compact

to produce a granule.

Dry granulation or slugging has the main advantages of using less

equipment and space. With moisture-sensitive material, heat-sensitive material and

enhanced disintegration can be used for advantages. Its disadvantages are it

requires a specialized heavy duty tablet press to form slug, it does not permit

uniform color distribution as where it can be achieved with wet granulation where

the dye can be incorporated into the binder liquid. The process tends to create more

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 dust than wet granulation, increasing the potential contamination. (Poole, 2016)

This principle of dry granulation process is one of the processes

involved in the production of herbal tablets using the Manually Operated

Herbal Tablet Pressing Machine. It was used for the tablet making for it

did not used a binder liquid in the process of production. It diminishes the

cost of production for it requires no binding liquid, and specifically, the

production only relies on the compression force brought by the pistons

designed for making tablets.

2. Direct Compression Process

Figure 2. 5 Direct Compression Process. (Direct Compression Process,2010)

This process is used when combining and putting a group of

ingredients in a tablet press to make a tablet without altering any of the

ingredients. This is not very popular as many tablets have active

pharmaceutical ingredients that do not allow direct compression due to

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 their concentration or are not conducive to direct compression due to the

excipients used in the formulation.

The prime advantage of direct compression is economic since the

direct compression requires fewer unit operations. This means less

equipment, lower power consumption, less space, less time and less labor

leading to reduced production cost of tablets. Direct compression is more

suitable for moisture and heat sensitive APIs, since it eliminates wetting

and drying steps and increases the stability of active ingredients by

reducing detrimental effects. Disintegration or dissolution is the rate

limiting step in absorption in the case of tablets of poorly soluble API

prepared by wet granulation. The tablets prepared by direct compression

disintegrate into API particles instead of granules that directly come into

contact with dissolution fluid and exhibits comparatively faster

dissolution. The high compaction pressure involved in the production of

tablets by slugging or roller compaction can be avoided by adopting direct

compression. The chances of wear and tear of punches and dies are less.

(Direct Compression Tablet, 2010)

The researchers use the concept of direct compression in the study.

This method of tablet making reduces the cost of production for it does not

require binder fluid in the process. The mixture of dried herbal plants was

directly compressed in the machine.

E. Pharmaceutical Tablet Pressing Machines

A pharmaceutical tablet pressing machine is an electro-mechanical device

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that uses compression force to transform powder into tablet of uniform

specifications. It is a mechanical device that is basically used in making tablets

through the compression of different powdered materials. It is also referred to as

tablet compression machine, pill press machine, tablet punching machine, or tablet

making machine. (Saintytec.com, n.d.)

The popular types of pharmaceutical tablet pressing machine are the single

station tablet pressing machine and multiple station tablet pressing machine.

The single station tablet pressing machine consist of one set of punch and

dies. The compaction force on the fill material is exerted by the upper punch while

the lower punch is static; such action is equivalent to hammering motion and as a

result this type of pressing machine is referred to as stamping process.

(Saintytec.com, n.d.)

The multiple station tablet pressing machine is commonly called as rotary

tablet press due to the nature of its design. It has set of dies with both upper and

lower punches that are in constant rotary motion. Unlike the single press, this type

of pressing machine has more complex design and structure. As it being a rotary

machine, this specification allows the punches to move up and down as they follow

the fixed cam tracks that controls the compression process. In rotary tablet press,

the compaction force on the fill material is exerted by both the upper and lower

punches leaving the powder granules to be compressed in the middle. This is

known as accordion type of compression. The number of tablets produced

depends upon the number of stations on the press. (Saintytec.com, n.d.)

The most prominent difference between a single punch tablet press and a

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rotary tablet is the type of compression they use for production of tablets. Single

punch tablet press utilizes a single-sided compression which means one punch is

compressing while the other punch is stationary. On the other hand, in multiple

punch tablet press utilizes the double-sided compression which uses both lower

and upper punch for tablet production. (Saintytec.com, n.d.)

The working principle of pharmaceutical tablet press machines will be

used in designing the manually operated herbal tablet pressing machine,

specifically the multiple station tablet press. This type of tablet press yields a

greater number tablets compared to the single station press machine.

Related Studies

Single Punch Tablet Press

Figure 2. 6 Single Punch Press. (LFA,2019)

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 Single punch tablet press also called eccentric press or single station press

is the simplest machine for tablet manufacturing. It is used for low-volume

production of basic shaped tablets that can be used in cosmetics and

pharmaceuticals to cleaning products. It is well suited to R&D departments that

need to produce small batches of new materials, or compounding pharmacists that

need to test new formulations, or suppliers of nutraceuticals, supplement or herbal

remedies that require low-cost method of producing relatively small batches of

products. In single station tablet pressing machine, tablets are made by

compressing powders in a single die with a punch or stamp. It may be hand

operated or it may be motorized. (LFA, 2019)

The main processes involved in the production of tablets incorporated in

single station tablet pressing machine are; filling which involves the feeding of

the powder material to the die cavity and the adjustment of the lower die for the

weight of the powder to be compressed and for the removal of excess powder,

compression in which tablets are formed and ejection which involves the

withdrawal of produced tablets as the lower punch pushes it upward with the guide

of the cam track.

The single punch tablet press is the simplest type of tablet press. This serve

us the foundation for the design of the manually operated herbal tablet press

machine. The researchers compared the design of the manually operated herbal

tablet pressing machine with the single punch tablet press and compare its

efficiency and performance of the machine.

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Rotary Tablet Press

This a machine patented by Thomas Heinrich, Ingo Schmidt and Jan Naeve on 2010.

The rotary tablet press consists at least one filling station to fill the die holes with

Figure 2. 7 Rotary Tablet Press (Heinrich, T., Schmidt, I., & Naeve, J., 2019)

bind able material, one compression station in the rotational direction of the rotor

downstream of the filling station, one pressing tool that drives the upper and/or

lower punches into the die holes when the compression is taking place and at least

one pressing machine pushing the top and/or bottom punches into the die holes

while passing the compression station to press the filled material into the die holes

A rotating drivable rotor, having a die plate comprising die holes and

assigned to the die holes upper and lower punches, rotates synchronously with the

die plate, whose axial movement is controlled by upper and lower control cams.

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The material is feed in the filling station. The rotation moves the material into the

compression station where the upper and lower punches pressed into the die holes.

The formed tablet is ejected in ejection station. This happens simultaneously in the

rotary machine and provides continuous production. (Heinrich, T., Schmidt, I., &

Naeve, J., 2019)

The researchers adopted the principle of the machine where piston with the

cam and follower set-up was used in the compressing process. The idea of rotating

plate was also used in the study, where in the upper part plate which comprises the

cam is stationary while the middle plate is rotating in order for the cam and

follower to come in contact.

27 | P a g e
 Conceptual Framework

This framework will show the principle, process, and other factors needed in order to

fabricate the project.

Input Process Output

INFOWARE 1. Project Proposal

 Machine Design 2. Design and

Layout
 Cam and
3. Material Selection
Follower
4. Fabrication of
 Material Science Parts
Manually
and Engineering  Punches
Operated Herbal
TECHNOWARE  Plates
Tablet Press
 Food Grade  Rollers
Machine
Stainless Steel  Roller
 Bevel Gears Support
 Bearings  Main Shafts

 Frame

5. Assembly

6. Testing

Table 2. 2Paradigm of the Study

28 | P a g e
Hypothesis of the Study

This Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Making Machine delivered the acceptable

theoretical concepts of tablet making machine to the end users in terms of functionality,

reliability, efficiency, effectiveness and accuracy. The Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Pressing Machine was acceptable to the end users in consideration of its productivity and

cost. Therefore, machine be used in herbal tablet making process.

Definition of Terms

Cam and Follower. A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type

of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles, (Myszka, 2012).

As used in this study, the cam profile will control the movement of the compression

piston in the tablet press.

Compression Springs. A compression spring is an open-coil helical spring that offers

resistance to a compressive force applied axially, (Heinrich, Schmidt, & Naeve, 2019).

As used in this study, the compression spring will be responsible for the return

movement of the compression pistons.

Die. A part of single station tablet pressing machine that is used as mould of the powders

that will be compressed into tablets. (LFA, 2019)

As used in this study, this will serve as the nomenclature for the plate that will hold

the powders to be compressed into tablets.

Displacement Diagram. A displacement diagram is essentially a graph which plots the

movement of a cam follower against time. Since the cam's movement is usually constant

then equal time intervals can be represented by equal distances along the horizontal axis

and the resulting follower movement along the vertical axis, (Myszka, 2012).

29 | P a g e
 As used in this study, it will show the optimal configuration of the cam profile in

the tablet press.

Feeding System. A system that feeds powder that will be needed to be compressed to form

tablets/ pills. (Heinrich, Schmidt, & Naeve, 2019)

As used in this study, the feeding system will be incorporated in the tablet press

machine to automatically fill/feed the powder to the tablet press.

Food Grade Stainless Steel. A combination of metals, also known as an alloy. Food grade

metals are very stable and highly resistant to corrosion. (Stainless Steel in Food

Manufacturing: Grade Selection and Care, 2018)

As used in this study, it is the type of steel that will be used in tablet pressing

machine due to its durability and corrosion resistance.

Punches. A term used to define the part of a single station tablet pressing machine which is

used in imparting the compacting force to the powders which is then formed into tablets.

As used in the study, this will be used as the nomenclature for the compression

punches that will serve as the compression mechanism of the machine.

30 | P a g e
 Notes in Chapter II

Direct Compression Tablet. (2010, June 29). Retrieved October 22, 2019,

from Pharma Tips:

http://www.pharmatips.in/Articles/Direct-Compression-

Tablet.aspx

Stainless Steel in Food Manufacturing: Grade Selection and Care. (2018, August 2).

Retrieved October 22, 2019,

from

https://www.manufacturing.net/operations/article/13163098/s

tainless- steelinfood-manufacturing-grade-selection-and-care

Cornejo, G. (2018, January 17). Amazing health benefits of Malunggay.

Retrieved

October 22, 2019, from DZRH News:

http://dzrhnews.com.ph/amazinghealthbenefits-malunggay/

Khurmi, R., & Gupta, J. (2005). A Textbook of Machine Design (14th Edition).
Ram Nagar, New Delhi: Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd.

Kumar, A., Bellandi, G., Vercruysse, J., & Gernaey, K. (2014, September 20).

Experimental investigation of granule size and shape dynamics in

twin-screw granulation. Retrieved October 22, 2019, from Scientific

Figure on ResearchGate:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sch

31 | P a g e
 ematic- presentationofthe-wet-granulation-process_fig1_265861701

LFA. (2019). Retrieved from LFA:

www.lfatbletpresses.com/articles/single-station- tablet-presses)
Myszka, D. H. (2012). Machine and Mechanisms: Applied Kinematic

Analysis 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson

Education Inc.

Poole, T. S. (2016). TABLET GRANULATION TECHNIQUES. Retrieved

October 22,

2019, from SlidePlayer: https://slideplayer.com/slide/10773176/

Saintytec.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from Saintytec:

www.saintytec.com/what-is-a- pharmaceutical-tablet-press-
machine/1

Vandegriendt, C. (n.d.). Healthline.com. Retrieved from

Healthline: www.healthline.com/health/capsule-vs-tablet

32 | P a g e
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodology of research study particularly the research

methods and techniques to be used, selecting the population or subjects and determining

the appropriate size of the sample, the instrument and the data gathering procedure to be

used and their validation and the data analysis scheme which includes the application of

statistical tools for treatment of data yielded by the study.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

Research by definition is the gathering of information and data to be used for

investigation in order to establish facts (Bhat, 2019). This study utilized the descriptive

method and applied type of research.

Descriptive research describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon

that is being studied. This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the research subject

rather than the “why” of the research subject. It is a quantitative research method that

attempts to collect quantifiable information concerned about current status of the

phenomena to describe what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation

(Bhat, 2019). This method aided the researches to analyze useful information that was

collected in the study and would help the end users to have an idea about the research

acceptability study.

The researchers used applied type of research. Applied research refers to scientific

study and research that seeks to solve practical problems (Examples of

33 | P a g e
Applied Research, 2019). By using the applied research, the need of CadHAM to produce

tablets from their powdered herbal products that would provide additional livelihood

program for its beneficiaries were recognized by the researchers and proposed a solution

of developing a manually operated tablet pressing machine.

Population and Sample of the Study

The population of the study is the beneficiaries of CadHAM. The study uses cluster

sampling method in identifying the sample size of the study. In cluster sample, subgroups

of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population is

divided into sub groups, known as clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in

the study. CadHAM beneficiaries are divided into four clusters which are from Senior

Citizen, person with disability (PWD), drug surrenderees advocates and leaders. Five (5)

persons are randomly selected for each cluster. The total respondents in the study was

twenty (20) persons.

The researchers created a total sample by selecting participants on the provided

list of CadHAM beneficiaries. It is important that the size of sample is determined first by

using Slovin’s Formula. A margin of error of 5% is used in the study. (Ellen, 2018).

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

Where:

n = sample size

34 | P a g e
 N = total number of respondents

e = tolerable margin of error (0.05)

Data Gathering Procedure

Devising the solution of the problem through the use of different resources is

essential for the solution to be proven feasible. Necessary provision and processes in

accordance to the application of this machine have to be followed.

The researchers used various procedures in gathering data from different sources.

The data that was obtained by the researchers are primary data since the data is gathered

without having to go to a third party. It gave data that is often called original source data.

The data used in study is obtained using an inquiry forms or questionnaire given

to CadHAM Beneficiaries as the respondents of the study. The forms were distributed at

Banga 1st Plaridel, Bulacan. The researchers presented the machine to the respondents and

explained the features, operating procedure and the different parts of the machine. The

machine functionality is demonstrated and sample products was produced. The researcher

gave an opportunity for the respondents to try and operate the machine. After the

presentation and testing, the respondents answered the questionnaires and evaluated the

machine. The researchers collected the questionnaires and analyzed the data gathered.

Research Instrument

The researchers used the Acceptability Test Survey in the process of collecting

relevant data to be analyzed in order to define the performance and acceptability of the

machine (Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Pressing Machine). This form includes

35 | P a g e
questionnaires which will test the machine’s functionality, reliability, efficiency and

effectiveness, and its accuracy. The researchers used one research instrument in the study.

Each test includes 2-3 questions that will help in analyzing the machine’s features. The

test also includes a section which asks the respondent if they have any suggestions or

comments about the machine.

The functionality test is used in measuring the machine capability to do its primary

purpose which is to produce herbal tablets. It also tests if the machine can be installed

properly in the locations where it will be used and it also tests the machine’s durability.

The reliability test is used in defining if the machine produced a satisfactory user’s

needed output which is the herbal tablets. It also tests if the machine is capable of

producing adequate demanded output.

The efficiency and effectiveness tests measure the machine’s capability to produce

satisfactory outputs efficiently and effectively and that meets the user’s objectives and

requirements.

The accuracy test measures the machine’s maintenance needs if it requires only

minimal or other maintenances. It also tests if the machine produces tablets that meet the

standard dimensions used in tablet making processes.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

Statistical treatment is the analysis of data that will help the researchers to describe

or summarize data in meaningful way. (Ali & Bhaskar, 2016). Responses from the

evaluation form that were given to the CadHAM Beneficiaries were tabulated. It is

statistically analyzed with the information requirements of the study.

36 | P a g e
 The result of the survey regarding the acceptability of the project was treated

statistically using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistical tools like mean and standard

deviation are used to assess the perception of the respondents regarding the acceptability

of the research project.

Arithmetic means or commonly termed as average is the simplest and most widely

used in data analyzing and summarizing. It simply involves taking the sum of a group of

numbers, then dividing that sum by the count of the numbers used in the series. This

method can provide useful results, even with large groupings of number, which is exactly

needed in analyzing the results obtained from the survey. All of the results in every

question in the survey were summarized with the use of this tool.

Mean formula:

Σx𝑖
𝑀=
𝑛

Where:

M = Mean

Σ = add up

xi = all of the x-values

n = the number of items in the sample

37 | P a g e
 Standard deviation is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or

dispersion of a set of data values. It shows that if the data is heterogeneous or

homogeneous, it is a measure of the spread of scores within a set of data. This tool

provided an indication of how far the individual responses to a question differ from the

mean. It gave the researchers an idea if the respondents rate the machine in the middle of

the scale or, did some of the respondents satisfied or not.

Standard deviation formula:

Σ(𝑋 − 𝑀)2
𝑆2 =
𝑁−1

Where:

S = standard deviation

∑ = summation of

X = each value in the data set

M = mean of all values or the average of all values

N = number of values in the data set

By the use of these statistical tools, the researchers were able to present the data

systematically allowing accurate and precise interpretation of the data.

38 | P a g e
 Notes in Chapter III

Examples of Applied Research. (2019). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from

YourDictionary: https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-applied-

research.html

Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis.

Indian journal of anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.190623.

Bhat, A. (2019). What is Research- Definition, Types, Methods & Examples. Retrieved

November 13, 2019, from QuestionPro:

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/

Ellen, S. (2018, May 29). Slovin's Formula Sampling Techniques. Retrieved November

13, 2019, from Sciencing: https://sciencing.com/slovins-formula-sampling-

techniques-5475547.html

Rumsey, D. J. (n.d.). HOW TO INTERPRET STANDARD DEVIATION IN A

STATISTICAL DATA SET. Retrieved December 2, 2018, from Dummies:

https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-interpret-standard-

deviation-in-a-statistical-data-set/

39 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION OF ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the labeled isometric view of the project including the

discussion of the major parts of the equipment and design, equipment fabrication, testing

procedures, maintenance of equipment, troubleshooting, operating procedures, results

and discussion, costings, tabular comparison, evaluation, and evaluation results.

I. ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 4. 1Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Machine

II. DISCUSSION OF THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE EQUIPMENT AND

DESIGN

40 | P a g e
 The Top Plate will be stationary

and the Punch Guide is attached on the Top

Plate Head.

Figure 4. 2Top Plate

The Punch Guide guides the position

and movement of the upper punches.

Figure 4. 3Punch Guide

The Upper Punch Guide guides the

vertical motion of upper punches.

Figure 4. 4 Upper Punch Guide

The Lower Punch Guide

guides the vertical motion of lower

punches.
Figure 4. 5 Lower Punch Guide

41 | P a g e
 The Upper Roller applies

compression force to the upper

punches.

Figure 4. 6Upper Roller

The Lower Roller applies

compression force to the lower punches.

Figure 4. 7Lower Roller

The Bottom Plate guides the

position and movement of the lower

punches.

Figure 4. 8 Bottom Plate

42 | P a g e
 The Upper punch compresses

the granules into the die plate.

Figure 4. 9 Upper Punch

The Lower Punch compresses the

granules into the die plate.

Figure 4. 10 Lower Punch

The Die Plate is where powder

granules are compressed into tablets.

Figure 4. 11 Die Plate

43 | P a g e
 The Roller Support supports

the upper and lower rollers.

Figure 4. 12 Roller Support

The Feeder is connected to Hopper

to place the powder granules into the die.

Figure 4. 13Feeder

The Hopper holds the powder

granules that are to be compressed into

tablets.

Figure 4. 14 Hopper

The Tablet Collector collects all

compressed tablets.

Figure 4. 15 Tablet Collector

44 | P a g e
 The Ejection Support is connected

between the Die Plate and Tablet

connector.

Figure 4. 16 Ejection Support

The Ejection Guide guides

the compressed tablet to the

Ejection Support.

Figure 4. 17 Ejection Guide

III. EQUIPMENT FABRICATION

A. MATERIALS FOR COMPONENT FABRICATION

45 | P a g e
 Table 4. 1Shows the list of equipment needed in fabricating the machine

Mallet

Tape Measure

Vernier
Caliper

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 Tig Welding

Grinder

Lathe Machine

47 | P a g e
 Clamp

Sand Paper

Screw Driver

48 | P a g e
Allen Wrench

Adjustable
Wrench

Drilling
Machine

49 | P a g e
 Air
Compressor

B. COMPONENT FABRICATION

A. Main Parts

The Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Pressing Machine (MOTHPM) is composed of

many different parts. This section aims to help the end users to identify each part to make the

machine operation easier.

50 | P a g e
Label Part Name Label Part Name

A Top Plate* K Bevel Gear Assembly*

B Punch Guide L Hand Crank

Punch Guide and Die

C M Hopper
Plate Assembly*

D Upper Punches N Feeder

E Lower Punches O Ejection Guide and Support

F Bottom Plate P Tablet Collector

G Upper Roller Assembly* Q Upper Frame

H Lower Roller Assembly* R Lower Frame

I Roller Support S Keys*

J Main Shaft T Bearings*

Note: Parts with “*” is subdivided into subparts

Table 4. 2MOHTPM Main Parts Label and Part Name

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Figure 4. 18 MOHTPM Labelled Main Parts

52 | P a g e
 The Top Plate is bolted using

5mm Allen-screw and the bearing is

weld to the top plate head using tig-

welding machine.

Figure 4. 19Top Plate

The Punch Guide trim in actual for

guiding the punches to not hit the feeder

using lathe machine.

Figure 4. 20Punch Guide

Assemble the upper plates and

upper plate supports using tig-welding

machine.

Figure 4. 21Upper Punch Guide

Assemble the lower plates and

lower plate supports using tig-welding

machine.

Figure 4. 22Lower Punch Guide

53 | P a g e
 Assemble the parts of the upper

roller with the use of mallet hammer.

Figure 4. 23Upper Roller

Assemble the parts of the lower

roller with the use of mallet hammer.

Figure 4. 24Lower Roller

The Bottom Plate Guide trim in

actual to guide the lower punches using a

grinder and merge using a Tig-welding

machine.

Figure 4. 25Bottom Plate

54 | P a g e
 Measure and cut 20mm by 150mm

cylinder (6pcs) and trim it by using the

lathe machine.

Figure 4. 26 Upper Punch

Measure and cut 20mm by 130mm

cylinder (6pcs) and trim it by using the lathe

machine.

Figure 4. 27Lower Punch

Measure and cut 200 mm by 10mm

disc (2pcs) using lathe machine and bore

40mm in the center and bore six 19mm

around the center with 75mm distance from

Figure 4. 28 Die Plate
the center using drilling machine.

55 | P a g e
 Measure and cut a 348.5mm by

104mm rectangular plate and trim fitting the

upper and lower rollers by using a grinder.

Bore 4 screw holes in corners and two holes

fitting the upper and lower shafts using

drilling machine.

Figure 4. 29 Roller Support

B. Sub- Parts

1. Top Plate

Label Part Name Fabrication

Measure and cut 200mm by 10mm disc

using a Lathe Machine, grind 40x80x10 mm

A1 Top Plate Cover in the corner using a grinder and bore 40mm

at the center and three screw holes around

the center hole using a drilling machine

A2 Top Plate Head Cut a 68.50mm on a 4.5" steel pipe

Cut 10mm on a 75mm stainless steel plate

A3 Bearing Holder and bore 55mm on the center and three 5mm

for screw hole

Table 4. 3Top Plate Label and Part Name

56 | P a g e
 Figure 4. 30Top Plate Labelled Main Parts

2. Punch Guide and Die Plate Assembly

Label Part Name Fabrication

Combine the upper plate supports and two upper plates

C1 Upper Punch Guide
by using a Tig-welding machine

Measure and cut 200mm by 20mm disc using lathe

machine and bore 45mm in the center and bore six

C2 Die
12mm around the center with 75mm from the center

using a drilling machine

57 | P a g e
 Combine the lower plate supports and two lower plates
C3 Lower Punch Guide
by using a Tig-welding machine

Table 4. 4Punch Guides and Die Plate Assembly Label and Part Name

Figure 4. 31 Punch Guides and Die Plate Assembly Labelled Parts

58 | P a g e
3. Upper Roller

Label Part Name Fabrication

Cut 25mm on a 70mm tube using lathe machine

G1 Upper Roller and bore a 52mm on the center using a drilling

machine

Cut 82mm solid 1" stainless steel round bar and

G2 Upper Roller Shaft
trim using a lathe machine

Cut an 80mm by 35mm by 10mm plate using a

G3 Upper Roller Plate
grinder and bore five screw holes

Table 4. 5Upper Roller Labels and Parts Name

Figure 4. 32 Upper Roller Labelled Parts

59 | P a g e
4. Lower Roller

Label Part Name Fabrication

Cut 25mm on a 2" round steel bar and bore a 24mm

H1 Lower Roller
hole for bearing

Cut a 75mm on a ¾" stainless steel round bar and weld

H2 Lower Roller Shaft
a 19mm by 17.5mm round key

Cut a 50mm by 28mm by 10mm plate and drill a

H3 Lower Roller Plate
15mm hole on the center and five screw holes

Table 4. 6Lower Roller Labels and Parts Name

Figure 4. 33Lower Roller Labelled Parts

5. Bevel Gear Assembly

Label Part Name

K1 Bevel Shaft

60 | P a g e
 K2 Bevel Gear
Table 4. 7Lower Roller Labels and Parts Name

Figure 4. 34 Bevel Gear Assembly Labelled Parts

6. Keys

Label Part Name Fabrication

Cut a 55.5mm on a 5mm-by-5mm square bar

R1 Upper Key
using a grinder

Cut a 40mm on a 5mm-by-5mm square bar

R2 Middle Key
using a grinder

61 | P a g e
 Cut a 35mm on a 5mm-by-5mm square bar
R3 Lower Key
using a grinder

Table 4. 8Key Labels and Part Names

Figure 4. 35Key Labelled Parts

7. Bearing

Label Model Position

S1 B# 6802 Lower Roller

S2 B# 6004 Upper Roller

62 | P a g e
 S3 B# 32006 x J Bottom Plate/Top Plate Head

S4 B# 6006 Top Plate Cover

Table 4. 9Bearing Labels and Parts Name

Figure 4. 36Bearing Labelled Parts

C. Assembly

8. Before Operation

Upon arriving to a new location, check that no physical damage had occurred

to the machine during transportation. Check for each part for possible damages. Owing

to its weight, the press should be taken out properly. After making sure that all parts

63 | P a g e
are complete and with no faults, proceed in machine assembly. For proper assembly

of the press, refer to the labeled parts and following instructions for guidance.

1. Frame Assembly

Figure 4. 37Frame Assembly

a. Locate a flat surface and place the Lower Frame.

64 | P a g e
 b. Carefully and firmly attach the Upper Frame into the Lower

Frame.

c. Make sure that the orientation is the same as show in the

illustration.

2. Erecting the Main Shaft

Figure 4. 38Erecting Main Shaft

a. Attach the Bottom Plate to the base of Upper Frame and secure it using

M6 x 40 mm Allen Bolt.

b. Attach the Bottom Key to the Main Shaft.

c. Insert the Main Shaft to the Bevel Shaft. Make sure that the Main Shaft

is secured in its position and standing straight.

65 | P a g e
3. Placing the Punch Guide and Die Plate Assembly

Figure 4. 39 Frame Assembly

a. Attach the Middle Key to the erected Main Shaft.

b. Carefully lift the Punch Guide and Die Plate Assembly and insert

it to the Main Shaft.

c. Place the Top Key on the key hole above the Punch Guide and Die

Plate Assembly.

66 | P a g e
4. Inserting the Upper and Lower Punches

Figure 4. 40Inserting Punches

a. Individually insert the Upper Punches into the Upper Punch Guide.

b. Make sure that the tip of each punches is not damaged.

c. Individually insert the Lower Punches into the Lower Punch Guide.

d. Rotate the Punch Guide and Die Plate Assembly each time a lower punch is

inserted. Make sure that the tip of each punches is not damaged.

67 | P a g e
5. Assemble the Top Plate

Figure 4. 41Top Plate Assembly

a. Attach the B# 32006 x J bearings to their respective bearing

holders on the Top Plate Head.

b. Secure the Top Plate Cover with M6 x 25 mm Allen Bolt.

6. Attaching the Top Plate

Figure 4. 42Attaching Top Plate

a. Carefully lift the Top Plate and insert it to the Main Shaft.

68 | P a g e
7. Upper Roller Assembly

Figure 4. 43Upper Roller Assembly

a. Attach the Upper Roller Plate to the Top Plate using M6 x 40 mm

Allen Bolt.

b. Attach the B# 6004 bearing in the Upper Roller.

c. Insert the Upper Roller Shaft into the Upper Roller.

d. Set aside the assembly.

69 | P a g e
8. Lower Roller Assembly

Figure 4. 44Lower Roller Assembly

a. Attach the Lower Roller Plate to the Bottom Plate using M6 x 20

mm Allen Bolt.

b. Attach the B# 6802 bearing in the Lower Roller.

c. Insert the Lower Roller Shaft into the Lower Roller.

d. Set aside the assembly

70 | P a g e
 9. Securing the Rollers

Figure 4. 45Attaching the Rollers

a. Insert the assembled Upper Roller to the Upper Roller Plate and secure it using M6

x 15 mm Allen Bolt.

b. Insert the assembled Lower Roller to the Lower Roller Plate and secure it using M6

x 10 mm Allen Bolt.

c. Insert the other ends of Upper Roller Shaft and Lower Roller Shaft to the Roller

Support.

d. Screw the Roller Support to the Top Plate and Bottom Plate using M6 x 40 mm Allen

Bolt. Screw the top and bottom of the Roller Support using M6 x 10 mm Allen Bolt

71 | P a g e
 to secure the Roller Shafts.

10. Attaching Accessories

Figure 4. 46Placing Accessories

a. Place the Feeder in the Die Plate and screw it to the Upper Frame using the designated

screw.

b. Screw the Hopper to the Top Plate using the designated screw.

72 | P a g e
c. Attach the Ejection Guide to the Top Frame.

d. Insert the Tablet Collector to the Top Frame.

e. Attach the Ejection Support to the Top Frame

11. Punches Adjustment

Upper Punches is designed to have an adjustable vertical

displacement.

Follow this step to adjust the displacement of Upper Punches.

Figure 4. 47Adjusting Upper Punches displacement

a. Untighten the screw on the top of the Roller Support.

b. Rotate the Upper Roller Shaft based on how much height is to be

adjusted.

c. Tighten the screw on the top of Roller Support to lock.

73 | P a g e
IV. OPERATING PROCEDURES

A. TABLET OPERATION

Refilling of Powder

a. Prepare the moringa powder.

Figure 4. 48 Moringa Powder

b. Open the Top Cover.

Figure 4. 49Removing Top Cover

74 | P a g e
c. Fill the Hopper with moringa powder until full.

Figure 4. 50Filling the Hopper

d. Close the upper cover.

Figure 4. 51Closing the Top Cover

75 | P a g e
B. TABLET PRODUCTION

a. Make sure the Hopper have enough powder and the Tablet

collector is not full.

b. Hold the handle and rotate it in clockwise direction.

c. Keep rotating until the Hopper is empty or the tablet collector is

full.

Figure 4. 52Rotating the Handle

Note: Always rotate the handle in clockwise direction.

76 | P a g e
C. TABLET COLLECTION

a. Pull the Tablet Collector from the machine.

b. Remove the moringa tablets from the Tablet Collector.

c. Return the tablet collector before tablet production.

Figure 4. 53Pulling the Tablet Collector

D. AFTER OPERATION

 Remove and clean the Feeder, Hopper, Ejection Guide and the Tablet

Collector.

 Remove and Clean the Lower and Upper Punches.

 Search and Remove left powder on the plates of the machine.

Pressurizes air is recommended for this process.

  Store the machine in a cool and dry place.

V. MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

A. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE

1. Regularly clean the machine after use.

2. Have at least two persons when lifting the machine but three

persons is more recommended.

Figure 4. 54 Three persons is recommended in lifting the machine.

3. Apply correct amount of lubrication on the machines moving

part. Only use food grade grease oil for the machine.

Figure 4. 55 Lubricating the Bearings

78 | P a g e
VI. TROUBLESHOOTING

The following problems were encountered during testing.

PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION

Remove the stacked lower

The lower punches The powder may enter the
punches and clean it with
sometimes stack-up and clearance between the lower
clean towel until it can
don’t fall down. punched and die.
smooth fall down.

Sometimes when the

The upper punches Simply pull up the upper
stainless steel slides into
sometimes stack-up on the punches that have been
another stainless steel it may
punch guide. stacked.
cause friction.

The powder inserted in the The stainless steel is not

hopper sometimes gets stack
and doesn’t flow down
smoothly.
Just cover the inner part of
smooth enough for the
hopper of wax paper before
powder to flow down
inserting the powder on it.
properly.

Table 4. 10 Shows the possible cause and solution when such problems occur.

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VII. TESTING PROCEDURES

a. First, prepare the moringa powder.

Figure 4. 56 Moringa Powder (Malunggay)

b. Fill the Hopper with moringa powder.

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 Figure 4. 57 Filling the Hopper with moringa powder.
c. Set the timer of machining operation for 10s.

Figure 4. 58 Setting the timer of machining operation.

d. Hold the handle and rotate it in a clockwise direction for 10s.

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 Figure 4. 59 Rotating the Handle in clockwise direction.
e. Check the processed tablet coming out from the Die Plate.

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 Figure 4. 60 Processed Tablet coming out from the Die Plate.
f. Check the thickness of processed tablets made.

Figure 4. 61 Checking the thickness of processed tablets.

VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Time Thickness No. of

Trial Interpretation
(seconds) (mm) Tablets

No residue on the upper and lower

1 10 5.4 12
punches at the starting point

Has a moderate amount of residue

2 10 5.6 11 on the lower punches at the starting

point

Has a high amount of residue on the

3 10 5.7 10
lower punches at the starting point

Table 4. 11 Trial Results

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 After a series of trials, the best attained results of tablet are in the first

trial. At first, the trial has no residue on the upper and lower punches since it is

in the starting point. The powder inserts in the clearance of punches resulting to

stacking up of the punches. So, in the second trial after 10 seconds, some of the

lower punches did not move resulting to skipping of one hole in the die plate.

After the third trial, high amount of powder inserts in the clearance of some

lower punches resulting to hard stacking of punches.

Since the machine has a best performance while in the first session of

testing, the researchers selected the first trial of the machine to test the

performance of the project.

IX. COSTINGS

The following materials that were used on fabricating the machine.

Item Description Quantity Amount

Punches 1 Pc Php 4,270.00
Upper & Lower 4 Pc Php 8,680.00
Middle Plate 1 Pc Php 3,850.00
Lower Plate, Upper Plate E, Roller Support A 1 Lot Php 3,900.00
Bevel & Main Shaft 1 Lot Php 3,980.00
Upper Roller & Upper Lower B 1 Lot Php 1,150.00
Lower Roller 1 Pc Php 660.00
Upper Punch Plate Support 1 Lot Php 2,000.00
Lower Roller Plate B (Punch Guide) 1 Pc Php 1,540.00
Ejection Guide 1 Pc Php 120.00
Ejection Support 1 Pc Php 100.00

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 Hand Crank 1 Pc Php 350.00
Table Collector 1 Pc Php 750.00
Hopper 1 Pc Php 1,240.00
Feeder 1 Pc Php 1,100.00
Upper Roller Plat C (Plate Body) 1 Pc Php 320.00
Lower Roller Plate E (Bearing Cover) 1 Pc Php 120.00
Lower Roller Plater D (Holder Support) 1 Pc Php195.00
Main Frame 1 Pc Php 6,000.00
Lower Roller Plate F, Upper Roller Plate, Upper Roller G &
1 Pc Php 4,450.00
Upper Roller H
Labor Php 3,500.00
TOTAL Php 48,275.00
Table 4. 12 Material Costings of Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Machine

Table 4.12 shows the detailed costing for each material used and labor. The total amount

cost of the machine is Php 48,275.00 for a single production.

X. TABULAR COMPARISON

Manually Operated Herbal Manual Single Press Tablet

Parameters
Tablet Machine Machine

Appearance

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 Weight of the
Approximately 45kg 5kg
Machine

Production
9-12 tablets 2 tablets
Capacity per 10s

Cost Php 48,275.00 Php 13,000.00

Dimension 12in x 12in x 24in 5in x 5in x 18in

Mixed materials of steel and

Material Used Stainless steel grade 304
stainless steel

No. of Punches 6 1

Table 4. 13 Tabular Comparison of Two Machines

Table 4.13 shows the comparison of “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Machine” and “Manual Single Press Tablet Machine” in terms of appearance, weight of

the machine, production capacity, cost, dimension, material used, number of punches.

The Manually Operated Herbal Machine can make more tablets in a matter of seconds

than the Manual Single Press Tablet Machine and the material used for Manually

Operated Herbal Tablet Machine is not prone of corrosion.

XI. EVALUATION

The respondents of the survey will be the beneficiaries of CaDHAM at Banga

1st Plaridel, Bulacan. The respondents will be grouped in clusters which includes Senior

Citizens, Persons with Disability (PWD), Drug Surrenderees Advocates and Leaders.

For each cluster, the researchers will randomly select five (5) persons which will be

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 answering the survey questionnaires. The total respondents in the study will be twenty

(20) persons. The survey is conducted to determine the level of functionality and

acceptability in terms of functionality, reliability, efficiency and effectivity, accuracy,

physical properties and appearance. The weighted mean will be used on the scale

presented below.

(5) Strongly Agree (4) Agree (3) Moderately Agree

(2) Disagree (1) Strongly Disagree

The descriptive rating will be based on the following:

4.50 – 5.00 Strongly Agree

3.50 – 4.49 Agree

2.50 – 3.49 Moderately Agree

1.50 – 2.49 Disagree

1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree

XII. EVALUATION RESULTS

A. Functionality

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 Frequency Mea Standard Verbal
Variables
5 4 3 2 1 n Deviation Interpretation
1. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine function
according to its
intended
purpose.
15 5 0 0 0 4.75 0.44443 Strongly Agree
(Gumagana ng
tama ang
Manually
Operated
Herbal Tablet
Pressing
Machine.)
2. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine can be
transferred
easily.
12 8 0 0 0 4.6 0.50262 Strongly Agree
(Madaling ilipat
ng pwesto ang
Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine.)
3. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine is
Durable.
(Matibay ang 14 6 0 0 0 4.7 0.47016 Strongly Agree
Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet
Pressing
Machine.)
Overall
Grand Mean=4.68
Functionality Strongly Agree

Table 4. 14 Tabulated results for the Functionality parameter

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 Statistical results of the evaluation were summarized and presented in Table

4.14. The respondents have strongly agreed that the “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Machine” functions according to its considered purpose and its durability. This is

supported by the mean computed values ranging from 4.6 − 4.75 reflected on the Table

4.14.

B. Reliability

Frequency Standard Verbal

Variables Mean
5 4 3 2 1 Deviation Interpretation
1. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine can
meet/satisfy the
user’s needed
output.
(Naabot ang dami 8 12 0 0 0 4.4 0.50262 Agree
ng produkto na
kailangan ng
gumagamit ng
Manually Operated
Herbal Tablet
Pressing Machine.)

2. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine is reliable
in terms of capacity
and
9 11 0 0 0 4.45 0.51042 Agree
performace.
(Maasahan
pagdating sa
kapasidad at
kakayanan
ang Manually

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 Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine.)

Overall
Grand Mean=4.43 Agree
Functionality

Table 4. 15 Tabulated results for the Reliability parameter

Statistical results of the evaluation were summarized and presented in Table

4.15. The respondents have agreed that the “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Machine”

is reliable considering that it can satisfy the user’s needed output and reliable in terms

of capacity and performance. This is supported by the mean computed values ranging

from 4.4 – 4.45 reflected on the Table 4.15.

C. Efficiency and Effectivity

Frequency Standard Verbal

Variables Mean
5 4 3 2 1 Deviation Interpretation
1. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine meets the
user’s objectives and
requirements.
(Naabot ng
gumagamit ang 10 10 0 0 0 4.5 0.51299 Strongly Agree
layunin at
kinakailangan mula
sa Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine.)

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2. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine can be used
to its maximum
design
capacity.
(Nakakamit ang
10 8 2 0 0 4.4 0.68056 Agree
todong dinesenyong
kapasidad ng
Manually Operated
Herbal Tablet
Pressing
Machine.)

Overall
Grand Mean=4.45 Agree
Functionality
Table 4. 16 Tabulated results for the Efficiency and Effectivity parameter
Statistical results of the evaluation were summarized and presented in

Table 4.16. The respondents have agreed that the “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Machine” is efficient and effective considering that the machine can meet the user’s

objectives and requirements. The respondents also agreed that the machine can be used

to its maximum design capacity This is supported by the mean computed values ranging

from 4.4 – 4.5 reflected on the Table 4.16. Two respondents have responded a

Moderately Agree to the statement that the machine can be used to its maximum design

capacity.

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 D. Accuracy

Frequency Standard Verbal

Variables Mean
5 4 3 2 1 Deviation Interpretation
1. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine can be
used with
minimal
maintenance.
(Magagamit ng
Strongly
may kaunting 16 4 0 0 0 4.8 0.41039
Agree
pagpapanatili
ang
Manually
Operated
Herbal Tablet
Pressing
Machine.)

2. The Manually
Operated Herbal
Tablet Pressing
Machine is
accurate in terms
of tablet
dimension
and strength.
(May wastong
Strongly
sukat at tibay 16 4 0 0 0 4.8 0.41039
Agree
ang
nagagawang
tableta ng
Manually
Operated
Herbal Tablet
Pressing
Machine.)

Overall Strongly
Grand Mean=4.8
Functionality Agree
Table 4. 17 Tabulated results for the Accuracy parameter

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 Statistical results of the evaluation were summarized and presented in Table

4.17. The respondents have strongly agreed that the “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Machine” is accurate in terms of tablet dimension and strength. The respondents also

agreed that the machine can be used with minimal maintenance. This is supported by

the mean computed values of 4.8 reflected on the Table 4.17.

E. Physical Properties

Frequency Standard Verbal

Variables Mean
5 4 3 2 1 Deviation Interpretation
1. The Malunggay
Tablets has an
accepatable
weight.
Strongly
(Ang mga Tableta ng 13 7 0 0 0 4.65 0.48936
Agree
Malunggay ay may
katanggap-tangap
bigat.)

2. The Malunggay
Tablets has an
acceptable
hardness.
Strongly
(Ang Tableta ng 12 8 0 0 0 4.6 0.50262
Agree
Malunggay ay may
katangap
tangap na tigas.)

3. The Malunggay
Tablets has an
acceptable texture.
(Ang Tableta ng Strongly
12 8 0 0 0 4.6 0.50262
Malunggay ay may Agree
katangap
tangap na gaspang.)

Strongly
Overall Functionality Grand Mean=4.62
Agree

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 Table 4. 18 Tabulated results for the Physical Properties parameter

Statistical results of the evaluation were summarized and presented in Table

4.18. The respondents have strongly agreed that the “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Machine” has an acceptable weight, hardness and texture. This is supported by the mean

computed mean values ranging from 4.6 – 4,65 reflected on the Table 4.18.

F. Appearance

Frequency Standard Verbal

Variables Mean
5 4 3 2 1 Deviation Interpretation
1. The Malunggay
Tablets has an
accepatable shape.
(Ang mga Tableta ng Strongly
12 8 0 0 0 4.6 0.50262
Malunggay ay may Agree
katanggap-tangap
hugis.)

2. The Malunggay
Tablets has an acceptable
size.
(Ang Tableta ng
Malunggay ay may 7 13 0 0 0 4.35 0.48936 Agree
katangap
tangap na laki.)

Overall Functionality Grand Mean=4.48 Agree

Table 4. 19 Tabulated results for the Appearance parameter

Statistical results of the evaluation were summarized and presented in

Table 4.19. The respondents have agreed that the “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet

Machine has an acceptable appearance and acceptable size. This is supported by the

mean computed values ranging from 4.35 – 4.6 reflected on the Table 4.19.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the summary of what the research is all about, the findings,

conclusions drawn from the findings and recommendations based on the conclusion.

Summary

The purpose of this project “Manually Operated Herbal Tablet Pressing machine” is to

create tablets from Medicinal herbal powdered plants. However, this project mainly used

Malunggay because it is believed to contain high value nutrients and consumption of which

promotes general well-being. Tablets are the most common type of pill. They are inexpensive,

safe, and effective way to deliver oral medication.

The research is focus on the design and fabrication of manually operated tablet press

machine that will produce six herbal tablets for every batch. The machine will be manually

operated and should be able to be used by one person.

To design is either to formulate a plan for the satisfaction of a specified need or to solve

a specific problem. If the plan results in the creation of something having a physical reality, then

the product must be functional, safe, reliable, competitive, usable, and can be manufactured,

and marketable.

The main components needed to complete the machine are the Top Plate, Bevel Gear

Assembly, Punch Guide, Hand Crank, Punch Guide and Die, Plate Assembly, Hopper, Upper

Punches, Feeder, Lower Punches, Ejection Guide and Support Bottom Plate, Tablet Collector,

Upper Roller Assembly, Upper Frame, Lower Roller Assembly, Lower Frame, Roller Support,

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Keys, Main Shaft, and Bearings. The materials mostly used are stainless steels and metals.

The product will be beneficial to the end users due to its functionality, reliability, and

efficiency. Because this machine does not rely on electricity therefore can be used by only one

person. It is also efficient because in one rotation of the machine you can produces 6 tablets

efficiently.

Findings

Strength of the Project Conclusion

User-friendly
Easy to understand on how to use and

uncomplicated

Easy to produce The machine has six punches so that every

revolution of the plates, there will have six

tablets.

Adjustable height of tablet Can create different height of tablet since

the machine’s upper roller can be adjusted.

Table 5. 1 Strength of the Project

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 Weakness of the Project Conclusion Recommendation

Difficult to move. The machine is too heavy Put wheels on the lower

because of the material frame of the machine.

used.

Machine is too heavy The material used for the Use other material for the

frame is solid stainless upper and lower frame to

steel. reduce the weight of

machine.

Stuck lower punches The powder gets inside in Fabricate an adjustable die

the hole of lower plate. and punch and fabricate

rotary ball bushing and

place it inside the punch

guides for smooth vertical

motion.

One upper punch gets stuck The punch is not well Fabricate another upper

fitted. punch.

The rate of production is The operator’s physical Install a motor for stable

inconsistent. strength is different. rate of production and

longer period of operation.

Table 5. 2 Weakness of the Project

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